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The rising global importance of social network sites (SNS) transforms them into a relevant new theatre for negotiating and constructing perceptions of reality. Aiming to bridge the material-semiotic divide, this study harkens back to Lotman’s semiosphere theory and Gell’s theory of the art nexus to throw light on fundamental mechanisms of SNS interaction involving human and non-human actors, and communities holding different norms, perceptions, and presuppositions. It asks: How are messages and meanings created, shared and translated in communication involving diverse points of view on social network sites? How does semiotic agency circulate between human and non-human entities (messages, their authors and readers, other affected bodies, as well as underlying norms, perceptions and presuppositions) involved in SNS communication? How could communication on social network sites be formally represented to account well for processes of semiotic translation and distribution of agency between human and non-human actors in actual SNS interactions? To address these questions, it uses as case study an SNS conversation on the removal of a public monument to a controversial author of the Soviet period in contemporary Lithuania. It applies the Connective ontology, a formal conceptual domain model of SNS communication, to represent interactions between users in this conversation as a process of semiotic translation involving opposing semiospheres with very different assumptions of what is real, what is important, and what is right. It illustrates how key ontology entities can serve to represent the circulation of meanings in an SNS conversation and the role of semiospheres in blocking interpretations and catalysing meaning-making. Following Gell, it elaborates a conceptualisation of SNS interactions as communicative nexus, involving Authors, Indexes, Prototypes and Recipients in binary relationships where semiotic agency circulates between them in a process of recursive abduction, demonstrating how agents of meaning involve not just human but also non-human actors in situated contexts of SNS interaction that are affected by and have implications across a blended, virtual-physical reality.

Coastal residents are quite often expected to consume a significant amount of aquatic resources, though historical evidence often reveals a rather complex diet. To better understand the actual consumption and the distribution of various foods, stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) analyses were employed to skeletal remains from three coastal communities, Palanga, Kretinga and Smeltė, ranging in date from the medieval period to the early modern ages (14th-early 20th c.) near the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Sea in Lithuania. Animal bones from the region, covering the same time periods, were also analysed. Stable isotope results were compared with historical records. According to historical sources different types of diet were prevalent during that period of time: Medieval Prussian-Lithuanian peasant, Lithuanian fisherman, German urban, and religious-based. Elevated δ15N values for Smeltė samples suggest a diet consisting of considerable amounts of freshwater fish protein, which is in contrast to historical sources. There were no significant differences in stable isotope values between males and females, while subadult δ15N values were significantly higher than adult ones, indicating that those children were breastfed for an extended period. Meanwhile, Palanga and Kretinga samples had isotope values suggesting a high reliance on terrestrial resources and a peasant type of diet.

Urban heritage preservation (UHP) is an important venue of public administration, in which the adoption of novel IT solutions is highly desired, yet the novelty and the sophistication of the technology creates challenges to decision makers in their task of choosing and/or funding appropriate innovation projects. In this paper, we report on the development of a prototype tool for automated urban heritage preservation risk monitoring. Our aim is twofold: 1) to provide analysis on different reality capture strategies and AI-based imagery recognition in the domain of UHP, and 2) to explain the function and the interaction of different elements in the reference architecture for AI-based urban heritage preservation risk monitoring tool. Our research contributes to the rhetoric of digitization of government services. Specifically, the project reported findings are expected to reduce technology innovation-related uncertainties and facilitate government decision making in projects with comparable aims.

We studied the use of archaeological scholarly knowledge for supporting and promoting national identity by global non-professional communities. The data collection consisted of asynchronous online text-based Facebook focus group discussions in Croatia, Cyprus, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, and Spain. After, we conducted a qualitative content analysis of posts and comments we collected. Our research’s main result is the identification of framing schemas that communicatively connect the personal perception and interpretation of scholarly archaeological knowledge with existing community knowledge on national identity. We identified, analysed, and discussed ten different framing schemas in this article: Uniqueness, Succession, Language, Christianity, Western civilization, Nature, Stranger civilizations, Double identities, National heroes, and Future expectations. The different framing schemas are interconnected, but application of the framing schemas varies in different countries.

Anksčiausios užuominos apie sodus Lietuvoje mus pasiekė dar iš viduramžių, tačiau vaismedžių veislių sąrašai buvo sudaryti tik XIX amžiuje. Tyrimo metu buvo susisteminta informacija apie 1820–1914 m. Lietuvoje augintų obelų veisles. Panaudoti 22 rašytiniai šaltiniai. Analizuojant duomenis taikytas kritinis lyginamasis istorinio tyrimo metodas. Sudarytas 165 identifikuotų naminės obels (Malus domestica Borkh.) veislių, rekomenduotų auginti ir / ar augintų Lietuvoje, sąrašas. Nustatytos tendencijos: (i) dauguma obels veislių dėl gamtinių priežasčių nepasiteisino Lietuvos klimato sąlygomis; (ii) veislių pasirinkimas sodams grindžiamas ne tik gamtiniais ar ekonominiais, bet ir kultūriniais motyvais (vaismedžiai – asmens, sodo, dvaro reprezentavimo priemonė, sekant laikmečio madą); (iii) vaismedžių sodų įveisimas koreliavo su bendra parkų įrengimo tendencija (poslinkis nuo sodo kaip egzotikos rinkinio link sodo kaip vietos kultūros atradimo erdvės); (iv) XIX a. pabaigoje stebimas veislių pavadinimų vienodėjimas, rodantis profesionalios Lietuvos pomologijos formavimąsi; (v) ryškus sąrašų autoriškumas (rašantys pomologijos tema deklaravo ir savo subjektyvų požiūrį); (vi) stebimas sodininkystės demokratėjimas (XIX a. II pusėje sodai vis dažniau įveisiami ne tik dvaruose, miestuose, bet ir valstiečių sodybose). Raktažodžiai: sodai, istorinės obelų veislės, J. Strumila, A. Hrebnickis, V. Montvila. The oldest mentioned gardens in Lithuania are from the Middle Ages. However, the oldest lists of fruit tree cultivars were compiled only in the 19th century. The article presents systematised information on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars recommended for cultivation and cultivated in Lithuania from 1820 to 1914. A total of 22 written sources in Polish, Russian and Lithuanian from the period that mention specific apple cultivars were analysed. A list of 165 old apple cultivars was compiled during the study. The apple cultivars mentioned in historical sources have been identified as contemporary apple cultivars or those described in other historical pomology sources. The original names of the old apple cultivars recorded in written sources are also provided. The compiled list of apple cultivars reveals characteristics of the development of apple orchards in the cultural context of this period. Keywords: orchards, historical apple cultivars, J. Strumiłło, A. Hrebnicki, W. Montwiłł.

The subject of the article is implication of concepts of tradition and creative freedom in gastronomical culture of the 17th–19th century Lithuania. The study follows two methodological paths: theoretical definition of the above-mentioned concepts, adapting them to investigate gastronomical culture, and empirical research – namely, analysis of the borscht recipes published in the books on gastronomy of the 17th–19th century Lithuania.When seeking theoretical definition of the relationship between tradition and creative freedom in gastronomical culture, it is possible to use the theory of semiosphere coined by Yuri Lotman, according to which opposition between tradition and creative freedom is perceived as systemic and mutual interaction of two factors belonging to the same semiosphere rather than two mutually excluding factors. In the context of semiosphere, the source of this research (a manuscript or published recipe) is perceived as a descriptive structure turning a dynamic object (continuous gastronomical tradition) into a static pattern – a kind of momentous photograph. When this fixation takes place, knowledge characteristic to the gastronomical culture of certain time and space is recoded and turns from even reality into a discreet one (a recipe is a discreet text). Simultaneously, a transition takes place from more liberal and less structured level of knowledge towards more strictly structured level of data and information.When interpreting the relationship between tradition and creative freedom in the Lithuanian gastronomical culture (as a case study of the borscht recipe development), it is possible to distinguish two different self-regulative mechanisms in the structure of this semiosphere. The first of them can be interpreted using the concept of gusteme formulated by Claude LéviStrauss and making the basis for the self-regulative mechanism that enforces and supports the gastronomical tradition, blocking the creative freedom in the kitchen. However, analysis of the gastronomical culture reveals it as an evolving system, open to innovations. Such development in gustemes can be explained by the second self-regulative mechanism of the gastronomical culture as a structure of semiosphere, based on the system theory developed by Ilya Prigogine and maintaining that gastronomical culture is an open evolving system experiencing periods of even development and mutations. The main “mutagenic” factors encouraging changes in the gastronomical culture include activities of creative individuals and cultural context. In the long-term historical development, interaction of both selfregulative mechanisms of the gastronomical culture as structure of semiosphere ensures effective interaction of tradition and creative freedom. Creative freedom is impossible in the gastronomical culture without good knowledge of tradition, while immutable tradition that does not integrate products of creative freedom eventually becomes dead.

In Memoriam - Nastazija KeršytėAssociate Professor in the Faculty of Communication at Vilnius University Nastazija Keršytė (b. 1948-09-22) died suddenly on 18 May 2016 – International Museum Day. She began work in the Communication Faculty’s Institute of Library and Information Sciences in 1996, after completing her doctoral dissertation “On the Development of Museums and Museum Practice in Lithuania during 1918–1940” (1994) at Vilnius University’s Faculty of History.More in PDF.

In the modern multicultural, globalizing, and simultaneously locally radicalizing world, evident limitations of understanding the cultural impact on even basic social capital processes open up a complex and challenging research frontier. Cultural policy experiments are time-consuming, too costly, and risky. Thus, there is a clear need to have feasible simulation models, which could help to foresee some consequences of social and cultural policies. However, there is a lack of available metrics, conceptual approaches, not to mention simulation models. In this paper, we present a scaled-down simulation of stylized cultural events' impact on social capital dynamics using NetLogo agent-based simulation model. The presented abstract model of social capital dynamics is based on well-known principles of Axelrod's model for culture dissemination, which we expanded for the agents' interaction not only in the physical space but also in the cultural features' space as well. Due to the added extensions, the presented simulation model is capable of simulating the impact of broadcasted cultural events. It is aimed to model not only neighborhood (pair-to-pair) interactions between simulated agents but also larger-scale social networking and mass media impact. Simulation results, among other things, reveal a plausible mechanism of culture impact to social capital, and cultural conditions for the emergence of various social cohesion states like globalization, polarization, or radicalization.

Preservation of immovable cultural heritage is one of the main challenges for contemporary society. Nowadays very often organizations responsible for heritage management constantly have to deal with lack of resources, which are crucial for proper heritage preservation, maintaining and protection.The possible solution of these problems could be automated heritage monitoring, based on the 3D and AI technologies. 3D scanning technology is the most accurate method to capture the situation of an evolving cultural heritage object or complex at a given time. As a cultural heritage object or complex is evolving continuously, AI based comparison of two 3D point clouds created at different time allow to reliably trace potential changes. Proposed solution is realized by project financed by Research Council of Lithuania „Automated monitoring of urban heritage implementing 3D technologies”. The first results of the project are presented at this article.

Modern societies are very rapidly changing in the context of complex and dynamic technological, economic and cultural environments. Admittedly, the latter environment is very vague and much less understood in terms of formal modelling of underlying processes. Evidently, in the era of globalization and radicalization, there is an urgent need to have some applicable models to simulate and foresee how particular cultural activities form social cohesion, dispersion, clusterization or radicalization in social groups or society in general. In this regard, presented multidisciplinary research paper is focused on modelling and simulation of stylized cultural events impact to social capital dynamics and distribution. Presented agent-based simulation approach rests upon conceptual model, which employs CIDOC-CRM methodology. OECD scheme is used to estimate social capital metrics - personal relationships, social network support, civic engagement, trust and cooperative norms. Agent-based simulation model is described using ODD standardized protocol. NetLogo MAS platform is used as a simulation environment. Obtained simulation results start from a well-known Axelrod agent-based physical neighbourhood interaction model, which we, following modern empirical observations, expanded for (i) the long-range interaction approach (broadcasted cultural events) and (ii) neighbourhood interaction in the social capital dimensions. Simulation results reveal some basic conditions under which cohesion, clustering or radicalization behavioural patterns can emerge in the simulated society.

Coastal residents are quite often expected to consume a significant amount of aquatic resources, though historical evidence often reveals a rather complex diet. To better understand the actual consumption and the distribution of various foods, stable isotope (δ

Drinks and customs related to their consumption play a special role in the social history (essentially, that of the human community). However, research of the customs of alcohol consumption in Lithuania (along with the history of daily life in general and the culture of the nobility’s daily life in particular) is rather sporadic so far. The article presents a research work in cultural anthropology on the alcohol consumption as means (or prerequisite) of achieving more important aims of religious, social, economic or other kind. Because of the big scope of research and low level of prior investigation, the subject of this article is limited to a single aspect – namely, the custom of drinking from the same glass; to the culture of only one social layer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) – the nobility; and to a distinct period – the 17th–18th centuries. The aim of analysis is revealing sources of this custom, its development and meaning in the social community of the given period.According to the research, the GDL presented a sphere of interaction between the local pre-Christian Lithuanian culture, which had been developing for an incredibly long period – even until the end of the 15th century, and the Western European cultural tradition. The Western European culture, formed in the course of joining together elements of the antique heritage, the Christian worldview and the inculturized “Northern barbarism”, acquired in the 14th–16th century Lithuania one of its essential constituents – namely, the culture of the “Northern barbarism” still alive and functioning. On the other hand, the nobility of the GDL, raised in pre-Christian Lithuanian culture, had no trouble recognizing elements of its local heritage in the Western Christian culture. The local custom of drinking from the same glass characteristic to the higher social layers supposedly stemmed from the drinking horns. Along with Christianity and spread of the wine culture, the local pre-Christian custom of drinking from the same glass should have been abandoned by the nobility, surviving instead solely in the lower social classes. The western custom of drinking from the same glass spread in Lithuania along with Christianity and the wine consumption. However, its influence on the nobility was rather limited. In the 15th–16th centuries, when this custom was still rather widespread in Europe, the Lithuanian nobility was just beginning its acquaintance with the wine culture, while in the 17th–18th centuries, when the wine culture grew popular in Lithuania, the western-like custom of drinking from the same glass had already waned in other European countries. Therefore, the western custom of drinking from the same glass was rather a marginal phenomenon among the Lithuanian nobility, affected by the cultural exchange with the Polish nobility (which grew especially intense following the union of Lublin) and the ideology of Sarmatianism. The custom of drinking from the same glass disappeared in the culture of the Lithuanian nobility at the turn of the 18th–19th century due to the ideas of Enlightenment and the altered notions of healthy lifestyle and hygiene. However, drinking from the same glass, as a distant echo of the ancient customs representing social community was quite popular in the peasant culture as late as the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries.

Effective simulation and prediction of the social impact of culture is one of the most important questions in contemporary social science and formative cultural policy. After a comprehensive review of the current simulation approaches, we found an evident lack of systematic conceptual models, however. It gave an impetus to investigate some novel conceptual approaches. In general, we admit that cultural events take part in the formation of social capital via the ability to communicate behavioral information in social networks. Following the bottom-up approach, implications of the social impact of cultural events are taking place on the individual (agent or actor) level first. Consequently, the aggregated effect can be simulated and predicted for the group or society (multiagent) level as well. For several reasons, we used CIDOC-CRM cultural ontology, which gives a structured framework of main cultural entities. We discovered that relations between them are not trivial and require fundamentally different viewpoints and simulation frameworks, which would better conform to the emergent complexity of social networks. For this reason, we analyzed in more detail Youri Lotman‘s semiosphere concept and OSIMAS (an oscillations-based multiagent system) paradigm. Consequently, in the proposed agent-based conceptual model, there is employed not only classical pair-to-pair based Axelrod’s neighborhood interaction model but also a one-to-many information broadcasting model. Such conceptual approach is able to provide simulation models for the complex emergent relations between cultural participation and social capital.

Archaeology and material cultural heritage enjoys a particular status as a form of heritage that, capturing the public imagination, has become the locus for the expression and negotiation of regional, national, and intra-national cultural identities. One important question is: why and how do contemporary people engage with archaeological heritage objects, artefacts, information or knowledge outside the realm of an professional, academically-based archaeology? This question is investigated here from the perspective of theoretical considerations based on Yuri Lotman’s semiosphere theory, which helps to describe the connections between the centre and peripheries of professional archaeology as sign structures. The centre may be defined according to prevalent scientific paradigms, while periphery in the space of creolisation in which, through interactions with other culturally more distant sign structures, archaeology-related nonprofessional communities emerge. On the basis of these considerations, we use collocation analysis on representative English language corpora to outline the structure of the field of archaeology-related nonprofessional communities, identify salient creolised peripheral spaces and archaeology-related practices, and develop a framework for further investigation of archaeological knowledge production and reuse in the context of global archaeology.

SUNKUSIS PAVELDAS IŠŠŪKIŲ KANKINAMAME PASAULYJEŠi tekstą rašau tuo metu, kai karas vyksta Ukrainoje, Sirijoje, Irake ir daugelyje kitų šalių, kai taip vadinamosios Islamo Valstybės kovotojai grobia ir naikina ne tik kultūros paveldą, bet iš greta gyvenančius žmones, kai tiek mažoje Eritrėjoje, tiek didžiulėje Rusijoje klesti diktatūra, o daugelyje Afrikos šalių siaučia nekontroliuojamos, sukarintos plėšikų gaujos. Į Europos Sąjungos šalis plūstantys karo pabėgėliai savo širdyse nešasi šiuos žiaurius išgyvenimus. Mokslininkai vadina juos „trauminėmis patirtimis“. Praeities trauminės patirtys mokslininkų vadinamos dar vienu reikšminiu žodžiu – „sunkusis paveldas“. Kai kurie tyrėjai kelia hipotezes, kad šios patirtys (o kartu ir sunkusis paveldas) yra paveldimi, perduodami iš tėvų vaikams. Tai yra vienas paaiškinimų, kodėl tragiškus sukrėtimus pergyvenę visuomenės atsigauna lėtai, neretai tam reikia dešimtmečių. [...]

Tikslus vizualus trimačio pasaulio fiksavimas mokslo tyrimams visuomet buvo iššūkis. Plėtojantis skaitmeninėms ir lazerinėms technologijoms, atsirado naujų trimačių tikrovės modelių kūrimo priemonių. Šio straipsnio objektas yra trimatės technologijos (3D) taikymas Lietuvos archeologijoje. Straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti trimatės technologijos sampratą, taikomąsias galimybes bei problemas informacijos gyvavimo ciklo požiūriu ir pateikti praktinį šios technologijos taikymo pavyzdį Lietuvoje, moksliniame projekte „Lietuvos valstybės ištakos Dubingių mikroregiono tyrimų duomenimis“. Taikomojoje straipsnio dalyje pristatomas 3D nuskaitymo taikymas Jutonių (Dubingių) pilkapyje (Švenčionių r. sav.) 2011 metais. [...] Aim of the scientific project "The origins of Lithuanian state based on the research data in Dubingiai micro-region" is to justify the methodological model of archaeological objects on the three levels. The first level methods should be non-interventional as well as providing opportunities to acquire a reasonable amount of data from large territories by comparatively small expenditure of time and low expenses. The basic method on this level was 3D scanning, which is on one hand quite exact in fixating visible archaeological evidence on the ground surface (bumps, holes, dams) that is important for the future research, on the other hand it is quite a cheap way to scan large territories (when the device is equipped into the plane). After the analysis of the surface models accessible nowadays it became obvious that the data possessed in LiDAR databases are non-applicable to the analysis of separate objects of the archaeological heritage. However, they would still be useful for the larger territories, where the major scale is needed; they could be a good tool for the analysis of the terrain relief or implementing search of new archaeological objects. The LiDAR method is theoretically the best for the receiving of a more comprehensive digital model of the ground surface, however, the archaeologists of Lithuania have no opportunities to possess the service of minuteness needed at the moment. Thus, one of the affordable methods is over-ground 3D scanner. The Jutoniai barrows is proves that it is possible to make a topographical plan, with exactly mapped barrows and their attributes, using traditional geodesic measures, while the expenditure is similar to the method of the 3D scanner. Still, there is the main difference between the two methods, which is the minuteness and the quality of the surfaces generated. The over-ground 3D scanner provides with a number of dense points (pickets), which make the relief, interpolated from the point cloud provided, remarkably similar to the reality, while the results of traditional geodesic tools are much worse. So, the over-ground 3D laser scanner appeared to be the best measuring method providing with comparatively good results. The greatest drawback of the method is the lack of experience when deciphering point clouds or joining the points into meaningful planes. It is higly possible that in the future researches the collaboration of geodesists and archaeologists will bring good results and solve the problems we are facing today. The most obvious benefit of the 3D scanning is archaeological structure fixation and heritage preservation (archaeological heritage records, monitoring, heritage preservation planning). [...]

The identification, investigation and preservation of cultural heritage is one of the main challenges for con­temporary society. It’s closely connected with several dimensions: technology transfer, scientific investiga­tions, global-local rhetoric, cultural tourism, armed conflicts, immigration, cultural changes, investment flows, new transport infrastructures etc. Nowadays, organizations responsible for heritage investigation and management are very often forced to deal with a lack of resources, which are crucial for proper heritage identification, investigation and preservation, as well as their maintenance and protection. It is particularly problematic for countries with low GDP or an unstable political situation. The possible solution of these problems could be an information management-based methodology, connected with an automated and semi-automated he­ritage investigation and monitoring software system, which based on 3D technologies. Two cases of cultural heritage (burial mounds and old towns) and two system prototypes are presented in this article. The first prototype – The System of Automated Detection of Prehistoric Burial Mounds Margo was developed and tested by Vilnius University as a part of the project The Beginnings of Lithuanian Statehood According to the Exploration of the Dubin­giai Microregion (2011–2015); the other prototype was developed and tested by Vilnius University and Terra Modus Ltd. in frame of the project The Creation of Automated Urban Heritage Monitoring Software Prototype (2014). In this article, we present the main results of both projects. 3D scanning technology is the most accurate method of finding the heritage objects in a natural landscape and capturing the situation of an evolving cultural heritage object or complex at a given time. As a cultural heritage object or complex is evolving continuously, two 3D point clouds created at different time allow to reliably trace potential changes. The monitoring of large scale heritage complexes, such as urban heritage objects, is a resource demanding task and in such cases a semi-automatic, computer-based 3D visual analysis is appropriate. A comparison of 3D visual data, captured during different times, advances to a next level when utilizing methods of 3D photo­grammetry, which make it possible (at least partially) to create 3D point clouds from old photos, giving us opportunities to expand research by adding empirical data captured before 3D scanning equipment and also lowering the costs of conducting such research.

Straipsnio objektas – kultūros paveldo skaitmeninimo strateginis valdymas Lietuvoje. Nagrinėjama, kaip Lietuvoje 2005–2013 metų programavimo laikotarpiu formavosi konceptualus požiūris į skaitmeninto kultūros paveldo vientiso turinio kūrimą, pristatomas besikeičiantis socialinis kontekstas, nauja Lietuvos kultūros paveldo teisinės bazės paradigma ir jos finansavimo klausimai. Straipsnis taip pat supažindina su Lietuvos nacionalinės Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekos ir Vilniaus universiteto Komunikacijos fakulteto ekspertų patirtimi ir šių institucijų bei kitų dvidešimties reikšmingiausių šalies kultūros institucijų veikla plėtojant kultūros ir informacinės visuomenės politiką, kultūros paveldo skaitmeninimo strateginį valdymą ir šios veiklos iniciatyvas 2014–2020 m. programavimo laikotarpiu. The article focuses on the strategic management of digitization in Lithuania. It elaborates on the development process of a conceptual approach to the creation of seamless content of the digital cultural heritage and presents the changing social context and a new paradigm of the legislation on the cultural heritage as well as its financing issues. The period of 2005–2009 should be considered a turning point in the cultural policy of Lithuania as the approval of the Concept for the Digitization of the Lithuanian Cultural Heritage and the Strategy for the Digitization of the Lithuanian Cultural Heritage, Digital Content Preservation and Access and its Implementation Framework in 2009–2013 by the Lithuanian government, which resulted in a new paradigm for the consolidation of memory institutions, oriented to cross-sectoral collaboration in digitizing Lithuania’s cultural heritage. These documents also provided more possibilities to receive financial support from the State budget and the EU Structural Funds for the digitization of the national cultural heritage and its long-term preservation and access. The major unsolved problems of the previous period have evolved from the inappropriate interpretation of strategic documents within the institutional environment. When interpreting these documents, conservative non-compatible institutional models were applied for strategic managing. Therefore, digitization was carried out without fully evaluating the social context and consolidating resources, thus resulting in poor quality digitization products, which were unrelated and satisfied the needs of institutions rather than of the users. The environment of the strategic management in the new programming period of 2014–2020 is shaped by the development of the network society, as it is defined by social sciences, the experience of the previous strategic period, and the highest level strategic documents defining the new period. The article also introduces the experience of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania and Vilnius University’s Faculty of Communication, activities by these and other twenty main cultural institutions of Lithuania in the development of the cultural and information society policy and the strategic management of cultural heritage digitization, and initiatives within these activities for the 2014–2020 programming period.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kaip Lietuvoje formavosi konceptualus požiūris į skaitmeninio kultūros paveldo vientiso turinio kūrimą. Pirmosios straipsnio dalies tema – nauja Lietuvos kultūros paveldo teisinės bazės paradigma ir jos finansavimo klausimai. Antroji dalis supažindina su patirtimi įgyvendinant Lietuvos nacionalinės Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekos ir devynių kitų atminties institucijų kultūros paveldo vientiso turinio kūrimo iniciatyvas bei su formaliosios pamatinės ontologijos CIDOC CRM ir jos plėtinio CRMdig taikymu skirtingiems duomenų formatams. Taip siekiama užtikrinti dokumentų turinio bei prasmės išsaugojimą atliekant automatinius duomenų transformavimo iš lokalių algo­ritmų į nacionalines duomenų struktūras (t. y. Virtualią elektroninio paveldo sistemą). Pirmoje dalyje aptariamas ir semantinių užklausų apie Virtualios elektroninio paveldo sistemos skaitmeninius objektus, jų kilmę ir metaduomenis atlikimas, kuriant ir naudojant Bendrą Lietuvos asmenvardžių, vietovardžių ir istorinės chronologijos tezaurą (BAVIC).

Straipsnyje pateikiami socialinės organizacijos tyrimo rezultatai. Remiantis I. Prigogine’o sistemų teorija ir socialinio kapitalo teorijomis, pagrindžiamas bendrasis Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės visuomenės socialinės organizacijos proceso teorinis modelis ir konkretaus Dubingių mikroregiono bendruomenės socialinės raidos modelis nuo vietinės geležies rūdos gavybos pradžios (senasis geležies amžius) iki Valakų reformos XVI a. viduryje. Remiantis požiūriu, kad populiacijos dydis yra vienas svarbiausių socialinės sistemos parametrų, straipsnyje modeliuojamo visuomenės raidos proceso atskaitos tašku pasirinktas gyventojų skaičius (populiacijos dydis), o socialinės organizacijos raidos stimuliuojančia jėga pripažįstamas gyventojų skaičiaus augimas. Tolygios evoliucijos laikotarpiais gyventojų skaičiaus augimas skatino ūkininkavimo pokyčius ir inovacijų diegimą, Lietuvos atveju tai didino žemdirbystės reikšmę bendroje ūkininkavimo struktūroje, lėtino žemės nualinimo procesus ir mažino bendruomenių mobilumą. Tokie ekonominiai pokyčiai lėmė socialines permainas ir galiausiai turėjo paskatinti „demografinį šuolį“, kuris stimuliavo modeliuojamo ciklo pasikartojimą kokybiškai aukštesniu lygiu (spirale) iš naujo tolygiai didėjant gyventojų skaičiui. Dubingių mikroregiono socialinės organizacijos raida modeliuojama remiantis ekonomine raida ir išskiriant mažiausiai tris I–XVI a. chronologinius laikotarpius: pirmasis – lydiminės žemdirbystės, antrasis – ariamosios, dirvoninės ir dvilauke sėjomaina pagrįstos žemdirbystės ir trečiasis – ariamosios, trilauke sėjomaina pagrįstos žemdirbystės. Pirmuoju laikotarpiu (I-II, IV a.) Dubingių mikroregione vyravusi ūkinės veiklos struktūra skatino visus bendruomenės narius veikti kartu, bendruomenės buvo nedidelės, pakankamai mobilios ir išsibarsčiusios dideliuose plotuose, skirtingų bendruomenės narių (grupių) socialinė diferenciacija nebuvusi ryški, o paskiro individo ar nedidelės šeimos išgyvenimo galimybės atskirai nuo bendruomenės buvo menkos. Dėl bendros veiklos ir santykinai nedidelio bendruomenės narių skaičiaus (apie 20-30 asmenų) asmeniniai ryšiai bendruomenės viduje buvo labai stiprūs, o dėl didelių atstumų tarp bendruomenių šie ryšiai už bendruomenės ribų – decentralizuoti ir silpni. Dėl neryškios socialinės diferenciacijos asmeniniai ryšiai buvo vien horizontalūs (nehierarchiniai). Bendruomenės viduje vykusios socialinės interakcijos taip pat buvo horizontalios. Jos turėjo būti stipriausios asmeniniu lygmeniu, nes mažoji šeima (kaip asmenų grupė) dar nebuvo tapusi įtakingu socialiniu vienetu. Socialinės interakcijos tarp skirtingų bendruomenių taip pat turėjo būti horizontalios. Jos buvo silpnos, ritualinio (bendros šventės, vedybų ryšiai ar pan.) ar ekonominio (resursų mainai) pobūdžio. Socialinės interakcijos su geografiškai nutolusiomis bendruomenėmis (kitų kultūrų žmonėmis) buvo atsitiktinės. Remiantis nusistovėjusiais teoriniais modeliais, šis laikotarpis gali būti įvardytas kaip „segmentuotos visuomenės“ laikotarpis. [...] The article presents the results of social organization change. Based on I. Prigogine’s systems theory and theories of social capital, a general theoretical model of the social organization process in the society of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and a model of social development in the community of a specific microregion of Dubingiai during the period from the beginning of local iron ore extraction (Early Iron Age) to the Wallach reform in the middle of the 16th century is substantiated. Based on the point of view that the population size is one of the most important social system parameters, the number of residents (population size) was chosen as the benchmark of the social development process modelled in the article, and the increase of population was acknowledged to be a stimulating force of the process of social organization development. During the periods of sustainable evolution, the increase of population induced the changes in farming and introduction of innovations what, in case of Lithuania, increased the significance of arable farming in the general structure of farming, slackened the processes of land degradation and reduced the mobility of communities. Such economic changes induced social changes what, as a final result, had to cause ‘demographic jump’, which stimulated the recurrence of the modelled cycle in a qualitatively higher level (spiral) as the population was evenly increasing again. The social organization development of the Dubingiai microregion is modelled on the grounds of economic development by singling out at least three chronological periods in the 1st-16th centuries: the first – slash-and-burn agriculture, the second – arable, fallow agricultures and agriculture based on two-field crop rotation, and the third – arable agriculture and agriculture based on three-field crop rotation. The structure of farming activity that prevailed in the Dubingiai microregion during the first period (1st-2nd/4th centuries) encouraged all the community members to act together, communities were small, quite mobile and scattered over expansive areas, social differentiation of different community members (group) was not strong, and the opportunities for survival of a single individual or small family separately from the community were poor. Due to common activities and a relatively small number of community members (around 20-30 persons), personal relationships inside the community had to be very strong, and due to long distances between the communities, personal relationships outside the communities had to be decentralized and weak. Due to poor social differentiation, personal relationships were all horizontal (not hierarchic). Social interactions inside the communities were horizontal too. They had to be the strongest in the personal level because the small family (as a group of persons) was not an influential social unit yet. Social interactions between different communities had also to be horizontal. They were weak, of ritual (common festivals, marital relationships, etc.) or economical (exchange of resources) nature. Social interactions with geographically remote communities (people from other cultures) were of accidental nature. Adhering to the settled theoretical models this period may be named as a period of “segmented society”. [...]

Straipsnyje susipažindinama su 2011 m. atlikto paveldo ir lituanistinių mokslo duomenų skaitmeninimo situacijos Lietuvoje tyrimo svarbiausiais rezultatais: apžvelgiamos, palyginamos esamos sistemos ir skaitmeninancos institucijos; aptariami skaitmeninimą lemiantys aplinkos veiksniai, istekliai. Straipsnio pabaigoje pateikiamos svarbiausios esamos problemos, diskutuojami jų sprendimo būdai. Tyrimą atliko Vilniaus universiteto Komunikacijos fakultetas, kartu su UAB „IO Projects“ vykdydamas Lietuvos mokslo tarybos finansuojamą projektą „Lituanistinių mokslo tyrimų ir paveldo infrastruktūrų tinklo kūrimas: projektavimo fazė“. Reiksminiai žodžiai: paveldas, lituanistiniai mokslo duomenys, skaitmeninimas Lietuvoje. Digitization of c ultural h eritage and s cientific d ata of Lithuanian s tudies in L ithuania: the 2011 s ituation Rimvydas Laužikas, Ingrida Vosyliūtė Summary The article presents the main data on the situation with the digitization of heritage and Lithuanian studies scientific data in Lithuania in 2011. The study was carried out at the Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University when implementing the project Development of the National Network of Infrastructure of Lithuanian Studies Scientific Research and Heritage: the Design Phase financed by the Research Council of Lithuania. The digitization of cultural heritage and Lithuanian studies scientific data has been going on in Lithuania for already more than 15 years. During that time, near 100 different information infrastructures have been developed. Most of scientific data are digitized by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, Vilnius University, Vytautas Magnus University and Kaunas University of Technology. From the quantitative point of view, the number of IS controlled by a memory institution is less, but this is determined by a higher concentration and level of strategic management in this sector, which is supervised by the Ministry of Culture. The environmental analysis has shown that the strategic priority given to the scientific research of Lithuanian studies, digitization of their scientific data, heritage data and the legal, political, financial, technological, institutional environment in Lithuania are favourable. There is no factor or reason to be singled out for its strongest influence on the development of infrastructures in Lithuania, because their development is determined by the totality of interrelated factors. When assessing systematically, it was established that the creation and development of the network of Lithuanian studies infrastructure would be most greatly influenced by institutional, technological and function distribution factors; legal and administrative factors would influence them less, while the influence of economic and social factors would be the least. An important source of problems in the digitization of heritage and scientific data of Lithuanian studies in Lithuania is the fact that these sciences, scientific institutions and their infrastructures are supervised by the Ministry of Culture and Science, whereas the memory institutions and information infrastructures of the most important sources (heritage) are in the competence of the Ministry of Culture. Therefore, the creation of specialized information systems and databases in research and memory institutions is almost non-coordinated, and the interoperability of created infrastructures is not ensured. In the existing infrastructures of Lithuanian studies scientific research and heritage, the accumulated digital and digitized content has a great social and cultural significance, but it could be accessed and used much more efficiently upon merging the resources stored in different infrastructures into one single network and upon implementing the strategic management tools in the sphere of digitization of scientific data and creation of research infrastructures. Based on the study results, the following prospects for infrastructure development should be singled out: the further development of the created infrastructures in the technological sense as well as in the sense of contents; creation of inter-institutional infrastructures by optimising the resources and avoiding the duplication of activities; promotion of cooperation and networking by decreasing decentralization and the use of general standards. 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">

The initial knowledge about the representative buildings, which used to be in the Dubingiai castle place, can be traced back to the 15th c, when, in 1415 Vytautas, the grand duke of Lithuania, invited the king Jogaila to stay at Dubingiai castle place. There is no doubt that since the 15th c a stone palace stood in that place. There, as a sourcebooks claim, the queen Barbora made a stay in the middle of the 16th c. The excavated palace is dated from the end of the15th c to the beginning of the 16th c. It was a moderate building (about 17 m in the East–West direction and 15 m in the South–North direction). It was of an almost square shape, had a ground floor, first floor and a cellar, made of stone, not plastered from the outside, attributed to the gothic style. The parts which persisted and were explored during the research are: the staircase to the ground floor, a segment of the flooring of the ground floor, the ceramic tiles, and the remains of the annex (initially the watchman place, later it was transformed into the kitchen), which was projected above the cylindrical cellar arch and was of a 4 x 9 m in size (S–N x E–W direction). Above the cellars the flooring remained, it was set-up of the ceramic, non-glazed tiles (21 x 17.8 x 5.4 cm), together with that, a section of the ground floor walls, which have a thickness of a 1–1.115 m, endured. The walls were made of red bricks (27.5–30 x 13.5–14.5 x 7–8 cm), using a whitish fine-grained grout together with bulky stones, of about 0.5 x 0.6 m in size.In the middle of the 16th c, after the fall of the cellar arch in 1547, repair works were done: the old building was fortified with a counterfort sustaining the southern wall; the staircase was attributed to the guard annex on the northeastern side, it served as a separate exit to the northerly household yard; on the northeastern angle of the palace, close to the staircase, a latrin (a toilet and a leakage accumulator) was set, its shape was of a small turret, it was obviously connected to the halls of the ground and the first floor.In the beginning of the 17th c, by the initiative of Kristupas Radvila (1585–1640), the palace was reconstructed, it was enlarged in double. The evidence for the date of the annex building is the Dutch pipe piece, which was found in the base pit close to the Southern wall. It has a repousse inscription on its stem, it says “IONAS” (letters N and S written backwards), and 1633. The length of the new annex – 11.5 m (E–W direction), the width – about 10.5 m2. Accordingly, the area of the western lodgments (hall and a hallway) took 38.4 m and 17.9 m2, while the second hall and the hallway, which were attached to the old palace, took 18.5 m2 and 7.5 m2. The outer walls of the annex were 0,75–0,85 m in thickness. They were tied in renaissance way with the 28 x 14 x 7 cm bricks with passes. Comparatively thin outer walls of the building show, that the annex had only one floor. The annex floor was reveted with square, ceramic, non-glazed tiles, their measurements are 27.5 x 27.5 x 5 cm. The lodgements had stained glass windows, as they are mentioned in the stock. During the researches quite a lot of greenish glass (0.2 cm in thickness) was found, most of the lightplates had a shape of a triangle. The inner hall walls of (0.5 m high persisted) were plastered with white daub. It is possible that the ceiling was wooden, the roof was covered with flat tilings (a were found in the remains of the palace).One of the most interesting elements of the palace interior is the place of a former tile stove, it was detected in the annex hall. During the research the bakestone of the stove was found, it was of a 1.62 m length, the legs of the bakestone persisted very well. They are circular, 14 cm in diameter, 7 cm in high, the bricks were made in a round shape reminding columns.Among the palace findings there are a lot of building materials: bricks and brickbats, calcimine, flat tiling, more seldom pantiles, fragments of stained-glass and frames. Another large part of findings consists of tiles and kitchen-ceramics. Traditional techniques such as modeling and throwing prevail, it points to the rough moulding, grinded stone, usage of wide clay straps, the articles were burned in oxidation. Some articles were decorated using the round stamp ornament. Very few fragments of gothic or black – urban ceramics were found: the bottom parts of a bowl, decorated with a round stamp ornament, and a thin-pane jar. The tiles were undamaged and very different: concave, cylindrical and square tiles; decorated with the vegetal ornaments and blazonry; backgrounds differ in colour, some of them white, some blue, or green. In the middle of the tile there is an armorial brown eagle with yellow legs, a shield. The green-glazed tiles were decorated with the initials of Žygimantas Augustas, the armorial tile, with Vytis, the square tiles decorated with religious ornaments (Madonna and a pear). The tiles of the 17th c were decorated with vegetal ornaments and covered with a green glaze, or were not glazed at all.Other findings were: segments of chalices, a knife, an ax, a ring, a fingertip, the bottom part of a glass mug, the sole of a wineglass, stylus (medieval tool for writing), a chess counter made of bone, a tip of a bow arrow, a stone spindle, bone planking ornamented with geometrical motives, coins (a coin of Kazimieras Jogailaitis (3rd type), Aleksandras half-penny, half-pennies of Žygimantas Augustas, shilling of Karolis the XIth, half-penny of Žygimantas the Old, Jonas Kazimeras shillings etc).The research of Dubingiai palace will continue. It is foreseen to investigate the gothic cellars and the yard of the palace. The excavated masonry were registered in detail, all the cultural layers were fixed with the 3D scanner. A detailed photofixation was made, the course of the research is being filmed, the initial stylistical cartogram of the masonry is already prepared, about 10 000 archaeological findings are already inventorized.The excavated parts of the palace are covered with a temporal mantle and partly mothballed, but in the short run a special, modern museum-like mantle is going to be built. The author of the mantle project is an architect R. Zilinskas.

Lietuvos muziejų situacijos tyrimo idėja kilo sklaidant užsienio autorių tyrimus panašia tematika. Skirtingose šalyse (Australijoje, JAV, Jungtinėje Karalystėje, Norvegijoje ir kt.) ir skirtingu laiku atlikti tyrimai rodo, kad daugumoje šalių viešasis kultūros paveldo ir atminties institucijų sektorius suprantamas kaip kuriantis įvairių kapitalo formų pridedamąją vertę, ta vertė skaičiuojama, o šiam sektoriui skiriamos lėšos traktuojamos kaip investicijos. [...]

Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais Lietuvos valstybė ir visuomenė patyrė kardinalių pokyčių. 1990 m. kovo 11 dieną tapusi nepriklausoma valstybė Lietuva išgyveno visas transformacijas nuo postsovietinės respublikos iki pilnateisės Europos Sąjungos narės. Kartu kito ir visuomenė. Be šių politiškai determinuotų pokyčių, Lietuvos visuomenė ir jos institucijos (kaip ir kitų šalių visuomenės ir institucijos) susidūrė su daugybe naujų iššūkių: globalizacija, informacinių ir komunikacinių technologijų plėtra, migracija, demografine kaita, kurie, kai kurių sociologų nuomone, leidžia kalbėti apie naujos, globalios tinklaveikos visuomenės atsiradimą (Castells, 2006). Taigi, nagrinėdami pokyčius, turime atkreipti dėmesį ne tik į technologinį aspektą, t. y. naujas priemones muziejaus tikslams įgyvendinti, bet ir į socialinį aspektą – pasikeitusius visuomenės poreikius. Naujų technologinių galimybių ir poreikių derinimas yra ypač svarbus viešojo sektoriaus institucijoms (muziejams, bibliotekoms), kurių tiesioginė funkcija yra tarnauti visuomenei. [...]