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To determine whether breakfast-skipping, late-lunch, and late-dinner eating are cross-sectionally associated with higher BMI and obesity. Also, to identify obesogenic behaviors and circadian-related variables, associated with late eating.Participants(n = 776) were part of exploratory, population-based research, with data collection in a virtual environment. They were grouped into breakfast-eaters (first meal until 10:00) and skippers (first meal after 10:00), and the population median for the lunch and dinner timing was used to stratify participants into early (lunch/dinner-time before 12:34/20:55) and late (lunch/dinner-time after 12:34/20:55) eaters. Student's t-test and chi-square test were performed to assess differences in characteristics and lifestyle traits between groups. Logistic regression models were used to assess differences in obesity between groups. Linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the association of the clock time of meals with BMI. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders variables.BMI raised of 0.74 Kg/m2 for each additional hour of lunch-time [95 %CI= 0.31;1.18,P ≤ 0.001]. Breakfast-skippers [OR(95 % CI):1.84(1.02;3.31);P ≤ 0.05] and late-lunch eaters [OR(95 % CI):1.61(1.04;2.49),P ≤ 0.05] had higher odds of having obesity, compared with breakfast-eaters and early-lunch eaters, respectively. These associations were independent of age, gender, diet quality, physical activity duration, and region. No statistically significant differences were found in the comparison between early and late-dinner eaters.Our results suggest that skipping breakfast and eating late-lunch are associated with BMI and higher odds of having obesity. Insights into the obesogenic behaviors/characteristics related to breakfast-skipping and late-eating may be helpful for future nutritional recommendations and obesity prevention and treatment.

Although childhood obesity is increasing in low-income regions, theoretical models cannot be adequately applied due to the lack of prospective studies with under 2-year-old children from impoverished populations.To analyse direct and indirect effects of environmental, maternal, and individual factors on excess weight gain among low-income children during the first year of life.We analysed data from a prospective birth cohort conducted in Brazil, which followed infants at birth, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month of life (n = 205). The weight-for-age z-score was used to calculate the conditional weight gain (CWG). Direct and indirect effects on CWG were estimated using structural equation modelling.Children's consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) ≥1 time/day, breastfeeding duration90 days, and maternal obesity showed a statistically significant direct effect on children's CWG. We observed a positive indirect pathway linking the maternal intake of UPF ≥4 times/day to the CWG, given its direct effect on the infant's UPF consumption.In this low-income population, women who were frequent users of UPF tended to introduce these products more frequently into their children's diets. The early trade-off trend in children's diet between breastfeeding and UPF was the leading cause of excessive weight gain.

Ultra-processed drinks (UPDs) consumption is increasing, and this intake has been associated with the risk of illness and death. Data on individuals (n = 430) and food stores (n = 231) were collected in an economically vulnerable area in Recife-Brazil, and multilevel regression models were applied to assess the association between UPDs consumption with food environment characteristics. The results show 29.5% of individuals consume UPDs, higher UPD consumption was significantly associated with age (OR: 0.96), lower educational levels (OR:2.06), high density of stores predominantly selling UPFs (OR:2.34) and lower availability of FV in stores (OR:0.49). The applied methodology can inform food environment interventions to reduce UPDs consumption.

Context There is an increasing prevalence of overweight during early childhood in the most impoverished areas in Brazil, although there is a lack of evidence regarding its onset. Objectives To investigate the incidence and risk factors associated with overweight among low-income children during their first year of life. Methods We analysed data from a prospective birth cohort study conducted in Brazil, which followed-up children at birth, 3rd, 6th and 12th months (n = 196). The overweight incidence (zBMI/A > 2SD) was analysed using the Kaplan-Meier survival estimator and its associated factors by the Coxs regression model. Missing data were addressed with multiple imputations and results on the final adjusted model were calculated by pooling the estimates generated for each imputed dataset. Results The overweight incidence was 17 events/100 children-year, and most cases occurred before the 6th month. The final model showed that children exclusively breastfed up to 30 days (vs. >30 days; HR 2.68; 95%CI 1.11-6.49) and whose mothers consumed ultra-processed foods more than 4 times/day (vs. ≤4 times/day; HR 3.02; 95%CI 1.28-7.13) presented a higher risk of developing overweight. Conclusion The overweight incidence was high in this impoverished population. Shorter exclusive breastfeeding duration and an unhealthy household food environment provided a short-term risk increase.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a tendência temporal e os fatores associados ao consumo de refrigerante ou suco artificial entre adultos no Brasil. Estudo desenvolvido a partir de dados secundários do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico, realizado com adultos brasileiros entre 2007-2014. Foi verificada a frequência e a intensidade do consumo (quantidade de copos ou latas por semana) de refrigerante ou suco artificial. Dados sociodemográficos e comportamentais foram as variáveis independentes. A tendência temporal do consumo anual foi avaliada por meio de Regressão Linear. Os fatores associados (idade, sexo, região, trabalho, escolaridade, hábito de assistir TV) ao consumo dessas bebidas foram investigados por Regressão de Poisson. Houve redução de 32,7% do consumo de refrigerante ou suco artificial entre 2007 e 2014. Os fatores associados ao maior consumo foram: sexo masculino (p = 0,000); faixa etária de 18-29 anos (p = 0,000); residência nas regiões centro-oeste, sudeste e sul (p = 0,000); menor escolaridade (p = 0,616); estar empregado (p = 0,007) e assistir TV mais de 3 horas por dia (p = 0,000). As análises descrevem uma tendência de queda no consumo de refrigerante ou suco artificial entre os adultos no Brasil de 2007 a 2014. Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the time-series trend and factors associated with the consumption of soft drinks or packaged fruit juices among adults in Brazil. It is a study based on secondary data from the System of Surveillance of Risk Factors and Protection for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey conducted among Brazilian adults between 2007 and 2014. The consumption frequency and intensity (number of cups or cans per week) of soda or packaged juice was checked. Socio-demographic and behavioral data were the independent variables. The time-series trend of annual consumption was evaluated by means of Linear Regression. The factors (age, sex, region, work, schooling and TV screen time) associated with the consumption of these beverages were investigated by Poisson regression. There was a 32.7% reduction in soft drink or packaged juice consumption between 2007 and 2014. Factors associated with higher consumption were: male sex (p = 0.000); 18-29 year-age-range (p = 0.000); residence in the central-west, southeast and southern regions (p = 0.000); lower schooling (p = 0.616); being employed (p = 0.007) and more than 3 hours of TV screen time per day (p = 0.000). The analyses describe a downward trend in the consumption of soda or packaged fruit juice among adults in Brazil from 2007 to 2014.

Objective: To identify the factors associated with excessive weight gain in preschool children enrolled at daycare centers in a capital of the Northeast region of Brazil. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the five daycare centers located in the city’s district of most socioeconomic vulnerability. The study included 326 preschool children (17 to 63 months old) from both genders. The dependent variable was the conditional weight gain (CWG), that represents how much a child, according to their gender, deviated from their peers in relation to the expected weight gain, given sample’s birthweight, gender, and age at the survey. Univariate tests (t-test and analysis of variance) were used to compare CWG means according to environmental and biological factors, considering the independent variables with p

The aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional status of children under five in the most populated municipalities of Alagoas, and to compare the results with the population referring in the Northeast of Brazil and all of Brazil, using data from SISVAN, 2013. The populations studied, according to the municipalities were 10,642, 4,351, 1,752, 803 and 3,207 children in Maceio, Arapiraca, Palmeira dos Indios, Rio Largo and Uniao dos Palmares, respectively. For the northeast region, the total was 225,252 children and for Brazil, 527,243. The cross-sectional study used as outcome variables, stunting and overweight, the Body Mass Index/Age and Height/Age, respectively, according to the WHO classification. The stunting ranged from 9% to 15% in the cities studied. In Alagoas, Brazil, and the Northeast, prevalence was approximately 14%. Regarding the risk of overweight, prevalence rates were found between 16% to 20%. Overweight was approximately 13% and obesity from 7.6% to 12.8% in the municipalities of Alagoas. Brazil, Alagoas and the Northeast showed a prevalence for overweight from 17.1% to 19.5%. Excess weight showed high among children, in the evaluated areas without malnutrition has been eradicated. Therefore, the importance of SISVAN for the nutritional diagnosis and the implementation of health improvement policies of the population assisted by the SUS must be recognized.

ResumoObjetivoDescrever a prevalência do déficit estatural entre crianças da povo karapotó.MétodosEstudo transversal, de base populacional, incluiu crianças entre seis e 59 meses da aldeia Plak‐Ô e do povoado Terra Nova, São Sebastião (AL), feito entre 2008 e 2009. O déficit estatural foi avaliado pelo índice estatura/idade, adotou‐se como ponto de corte escore z≤−2. A prevalência de déficit estatural foi determinada pela comparação das frequências simples e relativas. As curvas de crescimento da população foram comparadas com as curvas de referência da OMS. A análise dos dados contemplou a variável de desfecho estatura/idade e as variáveis preditoras local de moradia, sexo, idade, anemia, peso ao nascer, renda familiar, alfabetização materna. Para comparação das variáveis categóricas dos grupos foi usado o teste do qui‐quadrado e o teste do qui‐quadrado com correção de Yates para as variáveis dicotômicas, consideraram‐se como significância estatística p‐valores≤0,05.ResultadosA prevalência de déficit estatural foi de 15,6% para as crianças do povoado Terra‐Nova e 9,1% para as da aldeia Plak‐Ô. A prevalência de déficit estatural da povo karapotó foi de 13,4%. As variáveis: alfabetização materna, renda familiar e baixo peso ao nascer se relacionaram estatisticamente com o déficit estatural.ConclusõesAs prevalências de déficit estatural verificadas são expressivas, são caracterizadas como problema de saúde pública. Destacam‐se, entre os fatores associados, condições desfavoráveis de alfabetização materna, renda familiar e baixo peso ao nascer. O planejamento de estratégias para mudar a situação precisa levar tais fatores em consideração.AbstractObjectiveTo describe the prevalence of short stature among children of Karapotó ethnic background.MethodsCross‐sectional, population‐based study that included children between 6 and 59 months of age from the Plak‐Ô native village and the Terra Nova settlement, São Sebastião, Alagoas, carried out between 2008 and 2009. Short stature was evaluated by the Height/Age index, using as cutoff z score ≤−2. The prevalence of short stature was determined by comparing simple and relative frequencies. The population growth curves were compared to the WHO reference curves. Data analysis included the outcome variable: Height/Age and the predictor variables: place of residence, gender, age, anemia, birth weight, family income, maternal literacy. The chi‐square test was used to compare the categorical variables, whereas the chi‐square test with Yates correction was used for dichotomous variables, considering as statistically significant p‐values≤0.05.ResultsThe prevalence of short stature was 15.6% for children from the Terra Nova settlement and 9.1% for those from Plak‐Ô native village. The prevalence of short stature among the Karapotó ethnicity was 13.4%. The variables: maternal literacy, family income and low birth weight were statistically associated with short stature.ConclusionsThe observed short stature prevalence rates are significant, being characterized as a public health problem. Among the associated factors, the following are noteworthy: unfavorable conditions of maternal literacy, family income and low birth weight. The planning of strategies to reverse the situation must take such factors into consideration.

Objective: To identify the age at which ultra-processed foods are introduced in the diet of infants enrolled in public daycare centers and analyze these foods' nutritional composition according to the Traffic Light Labelling system adapted to the Brazilian norms and recommendations.Methods: Cross-sectional study including 636 nursery age children attending day care centers. Their mothers were interviewed about the age of introduction of instant noodles, snack chips, encased meat, chocolate, ice cream, and stuffed cookies. The proximate composition of these foods was evaluated according to the Traffic Light Labelling adapted to the Brazilian norms and recommendations, which classifies total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, fiber, and sodium amounts as green, yellow, or red indicators.Results: It was found that before 12 months of age 70.6% of children had consumed instant noodles, 65.9% snack chips, 54.7% encased meat, 67.1% chocolate, 36.9% ice cream, and 68.7% stuffed cookies. In addition, all foods were classified as red for saturated fat and sodium and 50.0% were classified as red for total fat.Conclusion: The introduction of ultra-processed foods in the children's diets occurred early, but it is worth mentioning that such foods have an inadequate nutritional composition, contributing to the excess consumption of total fat, saturated fat, and sodium, as well as low fiber. Objetivo: Identificar a idade de introdução de alimentos ultra-processados na alimentação de lactentes matriculados em creches públicas e analisar suas composições nutricionais segundo a ferramenta de classificação nutricional Traffic Light Labelling, adaptada às normas e recomendações brasileiras.Métodos: Estudo transversal com 636 crianças de berçários de creches, cujas mães foram entrevistadas sobre idade de introdução de macarrão instantâneo, salgadinhos, embutidos, chocolate, sorvete e bolacha recheada. Avaliaram-se as composições centesimais desses alimentos comparando-as com a ferramenta Traffic Light Labelling, adaptada às normas e recomendações brasileiras. Esta ferramenta classifica as quantidades de gordura total, gordura saturada, gordura trans, fibra e sódio em verde, amarelo ou vermelho.Resultados: Verificou-se que, antes dos 12 meses de idade, 70,6% das crianças haviam consumido macarrão instantâneo, 65,9% salgadinhos, 54,7% embutidos, 67,1% chocolate, 36,9% sorvete e 68,7% bolacha recheada. Em adição, todos os alimentos foram classificados como vermelho para gordura saturada e sódio, e 50,0% obteve classificação vermelha para gordura total.Conclusão: A introdução dos alimentos ultra-processados ocorreu precocemente na dieta das crianças, ressaltando que os mesmos apresentaram composição nutricional inadequada, fornecendo excesso de gordura total, gordura saturada, sódio e baixa quantidade de fibras.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a tendência e fatores associados à insegurança alimentar no Brasil nos anos de 2004, 2009 e 2013, utilizando microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD). A insegurança alimentar foi avaliada por meio da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. As variáveis independentes foram selecionadas a partir de modelo conceitual de determinação da insegurança alimentar, sendo esse também utilizado para a elaboração dos modelos lineares generalizados múltiplos. Os resultados descrevem tendência de redução na prevalência de insegurança alimentar entre 2004-2013, especialmente, quanto à insegurança alimentar moderada e grave que passou de 17% (IC95%: 15,7-18,4) em 2004 para 7,9% (IC95%: 7,2-8,7) em 2013. Por outro lado, apesar das importantes reduções na prevalência de insegurança alimentar moderada e grave, observou-se que, independentemente do nível de determinação, os estratos populacionais com menor prevalência em 2004 apresentaram redução relativa de maior magnitude. Quanto aos fatores associados à insegurança alimentar moderada e grave, permaneceram os mesmos nos dez anos cobertos pela PNAD, sendo eles: as macrorregiões Norte/Nordeste, área urbana (na presença de saneamento inadequado), densidade domiciliar > 2 pessoas/dormitório, possuir ≤ 4 bens de consumo e a pessoa de referência do domicílio ser do sexo feminino, ter idade < 60 anos, a raça/etnia ser diferente de branca, ter escolaridade ≤ 4 anos e estar desempregada. Entre 2004-2013, a prevalência de domicílios brasileiros em situação de insegurança alimentar moderada e grave caiu pela metade; contudo, dentro da perspectiva da equidade, destaca-se que os avanços ocorreram de modo desigual, sendo menores nos estratos de maior vulnerabilidade social, econômica e demográfica. The aim of this study was to analyze trends and factors associated with food insecurity in Brazil in 2004, 2009, and 2013, using microdata from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). Food insecurity was assessed using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Independent variables were selected from a conceptual model of determination of food insecurity, which was also used in the elaboration of multiple generalized linear models. The results show a downward trend in food insecurity prevalence from 2004 to 2013, especially for moderate and severe food insecurity, from 17% in 2004 (95%CI: 15.7-18.4) to 7.9% in 2013 (95%CI: 7.2-8.7). Despite important decreases in the prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity, regardless of the level of determination, the population strata with the lowest prevalence in 2004 showed the largest relative reduction. As for factors associated with moderate and severe food insecurity, they remained the same in the ten years covered by the PNAD survey, namely: the North and Northeast regions, urban areas with inadequate sanitation, household density > 2 persons per bedroom, ≤ 4 household durable consumer goods, and households headed by females, individuals < 60 years, and non-whites, ≤ 4 years of schooling, and being unemployed. From 2004 to 2013, the prevalence of Brazilian households with moderate and severe food insecurity dropped by half, but from the perspective of equity the advances occurred unequally and were lower in strata with greater social, economic, and demographic vulnerability. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la tendencia y factores asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria en Brasil durante los años 2004, 2009 y 2013, utilizando microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional por Muestra de Domicilios (PNAD). La inseguridad alimentaria se evaluó mediante la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria. Las variables independientes se seleccionaron a partir de modelo conceptual de determinación de la inseguridad alimentaria, siendo utilizado también para la elaboración de los modelos lineales generalizados múltiples. Los resultados describen la tendencia de reducción en la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria entre 2004-2013, especialmente, en cuanto a la inseguridad alimentaria moderada y grave, que pasó de un 17% (IC95%: 15,7-18,4) en 2004, hasta un 7,9% (IC95%: 7,2-8,7) en 2013. Por otro lado, a pesar de las importantes reducciones en la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria moderada y grave, se observó que, independientemente del nivel de determinación, los estratos poblacionales con menor prevalencia en 2004 presentaron una reducción relativa de mayor magnitud. En cuanto a los factores asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria moderada y grave, permanecieron los mismos durante los diez años cubiertos por la PNAD, siendo estos: las macrorregiones Norte/Nordeste, área urbana (con presencia de saneamiento inadecuado), densidad domiciliaria > 2 personas/dormitorio, poseer ≤ 4 bienes de consumo y que la persona de referencia del domicilio sea del sexo femenino, tener una edad < 60 años, de raza/etnia diferente a blanca, tener escolaridad ≤ 4 años y estar desempleada. Entre 2004-2013, la prevalencia de domicilios brasileños en situación de inseguridad alimentaria moderada y grave disminuyó a la mitad; no obstante, dentro de la perspectiva de la equidad, se destaca que los avances se produjeron de modo desigual, siendo menores en los estratos de mayor vulnerabilidad social, económica y demográfica.

The scope of this article is to analyze the time-series trend and factors associated with the consumption of soft drinks or packaged fruit juices among adults in Brazil. It is a study based on secondary data from the System of Surveillance of Risk Factors and Protection for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey conducted among Brazilian adults between 2007 and 2014. The consumption frequency and intensity (number of cups or cans per week) of soda or packaged juice was checked. Socio-demographic and behavioral data were the independent variables. The time-series trend of annual consumption was evaluated by means of Linear Regression. The factors (age, sex, region, work, schooling and TV screen time) associated with the consumption of these beverages were investigated by Poisson regression. There was a 32.7% reduction in soft drink or packaged juice consumption between 2007 and 2014. Factors associated with higher consumption were: male sex (p = 0.000); 18-29 year-age-range (p = 0.000); residence in the central-west, southeast and southern regions (p = 0.000); lower schooling (p = 0.616); being employed (p = 0.007) and more than 3 hours of TV screen time per day (p = 0.000). The analyses describe a downward trend in the consumption of soda or packaged fruit juice among adults in Brazil from 2007 to 2014.O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a tendência temporal e os fatores associados ao consumo de refrigerante ou suco artificial entre adultos no Brasil. Estudo desenvolvido a partir de dados secundários do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico, realizado com adultos brasileiros entre 2007-2014. Foi verificada a frequência e a intensidade do consumo (quantidade de copos ou latas por semana) de refrigerante ou suco artificial. Dados sociodemográficos e comportamentais foram as variáveis independentes. A tendência temporal do consumo anual foi avaliada por meio de Regressão Linear. Os fatores associados (idade, sexo, região, trabalho, escolaridade, hábito de assistir TV) ao consumo dessas bebidas foram investigados por Regressão de Poisson. Houve redução de 32,7% do consumo de refrigerante ou suco artificial entre 2007 e 2014. Os fatores associados ao maior consumo foram: sexo masculino (p = 0,000); faixa etária de 18-29 anos (p = 0,000); residência nas regiões centro-oeste, sudeste e sul (p = 0,000); menor escolaridade (p = 0,616); estar empregado (p = 0,007) e assistir TV mais de 3 horas por dia (p = 0,000). As análises descrevem uma tendência de queda no consumo de refrigerante ou suco artificial entre os adultos no Brasil de 2007 a 2014.

Background: Hypertension is an important public health problem in Brazil, and has been affecting individuals of different ages and social strata. Objective: To determine the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors in Brazilian adult population. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving Brazilian adults aged 18 years and older. Data were obtained from the National Health Survey conducted in 2013. A multistage sampling method was used to select a national representative sample of the Brazilian population. The selected sociodemographic variables studied were: sex, age, race, marital status and education level. Behavioral variables included physical activity, smoking status, self-perceived health status and reported salt intake self-perceived. Body Mass Index calculated from weight and height values obtained during household visits. Comorbidities diabetes type 2, high blood cholesterol, cardiovascular diseases, stroke and chronic renal failure were assessed by self-report. Results: Hypertension increased with age in both sexes, and the men were more likely than women to have that disease in all age categories analyzed. Male sex, older age, not living with partner, low educational level, physically inactive, smoking, overweight, diabetes type 2 and high blood cholesterol were associated with hypertension. Conclusion: These results reinforce the need for adoption and implementation of measures, based on strategies for prevention, treatment and control of hypertension, still present in expressive way in Brazil and different parts of the world.

Objective: To identify the age of introduction of ultra-processed food and its associated factors among preschool children. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out from March to June 2014 with 359 preschool children aged 17 to 63 months attending day-care centers. Time until ultra-processed food introduction (outcome variable) was described by the Kaplan–Meier analysis, and the log-rank test was used to compare the survival functions of independent variables. Factors associated with ultra-processed food introduction were investigated using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. The results were shown as hazard ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals. Results: The median time until ultra-processed food introduction was six months. Between the 3rd and 6th months, there is a significant increase in the probability of introducing ultra-processed food in the children's diet; and while the probability in the 3rd month varies from 0.15 to 0.25, at six months the variation ranges from 0.6 to 1.0. The final Cox proportional hazards model showed that unplanned pregnancy (1.32 [1.05–1.65]), absence of prenatal care (2.50 [1.02–6.16]), and income >2 minimum wages (1, 50 [1.09–2.06]) were independent risk factors for the introduction of ultra-processed food. Conclusion: Up to the 6th month of life, approximately 75% of preschool children had received one or more ultra-processed food in their diet. In addition, it was observed that the poorest families, as well as unfavorable prenatal factors, were associated with early introduction of ultra-processed food. Resumo: Objetivo: Identificar a idade e os fatores associados com a introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) na alimentação de pré-escolares. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado entre março e julho/2014 com 359 pré-escolares de 17 a 63 meses de idade matriculados em centros de educação infantil. O tempo até a introdução dos AUP (variável de desfecho) foi descrito por meio do estimador de Kaplan-Meiere o teste log-rank utilizado para comparar as funções de sobrevida das variáveis independentes. Por fim, analisou-se os fatores associados a introdução de AUP por meio de modelo múltiplo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. Os resultados foram apresentados como hazard ratios com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (HR [IC95%]). Resultados: A mediana de introdução de AUP foi de 6 meses. Entre o 3° e o 6° mês houve um incremento importante na probabilidade de introduzir AUP na alimentação das crianças; enquanto a probabilidade no 3° mês varia entre 0,15 e 0,25, no 6° mês a variação ocorre de 0,6 e 1,0. No modelo final de riscos proporcionais de Cox, identificamos que gravidez não desejada (1,32 [1,05–1,65]), não realização do pré-natal (2,50 [1,02–6,16]) e renda ≥ 2 salários mínimos (1,50 [1,09–2,06]) se apresentaram como riscos independentes para a introdução de AUP. Conclusão: Identificamos que até o 6° mês de vida aproximadamente 75% dos pré-escolares já haviam recebido um ou mais AUP em sua alimentação. Além disso, observamos que as famílias mais pobres bem como fatores pré-natais desfavoráveis se associaram com a introdução precoce de AUP. Keywords: Preschool child, Overweight, Obesity, Supplementary feeding, Industrialized foods, Child nutrition, Palavras-chave: Pré-escolar, Sobrepeso, Obesidade, Alimentação complementar, Alimentos industrializados, Nutrição da criança

Background: In Brazil, population-based researches analyzing prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), a recognized predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and an important cause of disability and death in the country are scarce. Objective: To evaluate prevalence of MS and its associated factors in Brazilian population. Methods: Secondary analysis of the 2013 National Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey with national representativeness of Brazilian adult population (n = 59,402). MS was the outcome variable, defined from harmonization of cardiology international consensus as load ≥ 3 of the following components: self-reported diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure and high waist circumference. Analysis were stratified by sex and prevalence ratios, with their respective 99% confidence intervals (PR [CI 99%]) calculated by simple and multiple Poisson regression models. Results: MS prevalence was 8.9%, being significantly higher among women compared to men; in general, this pattern was maintained in relation to exposure variables studied. Additionally, less than 25% of population did not present any MS component. In final multiple models, sociodemographic, behavioral and comorbidity variables were associated with MS, however, while low schooling (1.46 [1.23-1.74], cerebrovascular accident (1.36 [1], 00] (1.28 [1.03-1.62]) were associated among women, chronic renal failure (1.85 [2.23-2.76]) was associated exclusively among men. Conclusion: We identified MS high prevalence in Brazilian population; on the other hand, factors associated with this condition were different depending on sex.

The aim of this study was to analyze trends and factors associated with food insecurity in Brazil in 2004, 2009, and 2013, using microdata from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). Food insecurity was assessed using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Independent variables were selected from a conceptual model of determination of food insecurity, which was also used in the elaboration of multiple generalized linear models. The results show a downward trend in food insecurity prevalence from 2004 to 2013, especially for moderate and severe food insecurity, from 17% in 2004 (95%CI: 15.7-18.4) to 7.9% in 2013 (95%CI: 7.2-8.7). Despite important decreases in the prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity, regardless of the level of determination, the population strata with the lowest prevalence in 2004 showed the largest relative reduction. As for factors associated with moderate and severe food insecurity, they remained the same in the ten years covered by the PNAD survey, namely: the North and Northeast regions, urban areas with inadequate sanitation, household density2 persons per bedroom, ≤ 4 household durable consumer goods, and households headed by females, individuals60 years, and non-whites, ≤ 4 years of schooling, and being unemployed. From 2004 to 2013, the prevalence of Brazilian households with moderate and severe food insecurity dropped by half, but from the perspective of equity the advances occurred unequally and were lower in strata with greater social, economic, and demographic vulnerability.O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a tendência e fatores associados à insegurança alimentar no Brasil nos anos de 2004, 2009 e 2013, utilizando microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD). A insegurança alimentar foi avaliada por meio da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. As variáveis independentes foram selecionadas a partir de modelo conceitual de determinação da insegurança alimentar, sendo esse também utilizado para a elaboração dos modelos lineares generalizados múltiplos. Os resultados descrevem tendência de redução na prevalência de insegurança alimentar entre 2004-2013, especialmente, quanto à insegurança alimentar moderada e grave que passou de 17% (IC95%: 15,7-18,4) em 2004 para 7,9% (IC95%: 7,2-8,7) em 2013. Por outro lado, apesar das importantes reduções na prevalência de insegurança alimentar moderada e grave, observou-se que, independentemente do nível de determinação, os estratos populacionais com menor prevalência em 2004 apresentaram redução relativa de maior magnitude. Quanto aos fatores associados à insegurança alimentar moderada e grave, permaneceram os mesmos nos dez anos cobertos pela PNAD, sendo eles: as macrorregiões Norte/Nordeste, área urbana (na presença de saneamento inadequado), densidade domiciliar2 pessoas/dormitório, possuir ≤ 4 bens de consumo e a pessoa de referência do domicílio ser do sexo feminino, ter idade60 anos, a raça/etnia ser diferente de branca, ter escolaridade ≤ 4 anos e estar desempregada. Entre 2004-2013, a prevalência de domicílios brasileiros em situação de insegurança alimentar moderada e grave caiu pela metade; contudo, dentro da perspectiva da equidade, destaca-se que os avanços ocorreram de modo desigual, sendo menores nos estratos de maior vulnerabilidade social, econômica e demográfica.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la tendencia y factores asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria en Brasil durante los años 2004, 2009 y 2013, utilizando microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional por Muestra de Domicilios (PNAD). La inseguridad alimentaria se evaluó mediante la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria. Las variables independientes se seleccionaron a partir de modelo conceptual de determinación de la inseguridad alimentaria, siendo utilizado también para la elaboración de los modelos lineales generalizados múltiples. Los resultados describen la tendencia de reducción en la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria entre 2004-2013, especialmente, en cuanto a la inseguridad alimentaria moderada y grave, que pasó de un 17% (IC95%: 15,7-18,4) en 2004, hasta un 7,9% (IC95%: 7,2-8,7) en 2013. Por otro lado, a pesar de las importantes reducciones en la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria moderada y grave, se observó que, independientemente del nivel de determinación, los estratos poblacionales con menor prevalencia en 2004 presentaron una reducción relativa de mayor magnitud. En cuanto a los factores asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria moderada y grave, permanecieron los mismos durante los diez años cubiertos por la PNAD, siendo estos: las macrorregiones Norte/Nordeste, área urbana (con presencia de saneamiento inadecuado), densidad domiciliaria2 personas/dormitorio, poseer ≤ 4 bienes de consumo y que la persona de referencia del domicilio sea del sexo femenino, tener una edad60 años, de raza/etnia diferente a blanca, tener escolaridad ≤ 4 años y estar desempleada. Entre 2004-2013, la prevalencia de domicilios brasileños en situación de inseguridad alimentaria moderada y grave disminuyó a la mitad; no obstante, dentro de la perspectiva de la equidad, se destaca que los avances se produjeron de modo desigual, siendo menores en los estratos de mayor vulnerabilidad social, económica y demográfica.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar a evolução do excesso do peso e fatores a ele associados, em mulheres de 10 a 49 anos, no Estado de Pernambuco, em pesquisas realizadas em 1997 e em 2006. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal, de base populacional, com amostra probabilística representativa dos meios urbano e rural de Pernambuco, abrangendo 1 . 105 mulheres em 1997, e 1 . 464 em 2006. Para mulheres entre 10 e 19 anos, foi utilizada a relação índice de massa corporal/idade, observados os seguintes parâmetros: déficit de peso: valores abaixo de -2 escores-Z; peso adequado: entre -2 e 1 e 2 escore-Z. Para mulheres com idade superior a 19 anos, consideraram-se os seguintes valores: déficit de peso: índice de massa corporal 18,5 e 25,0 e 30 kg/m2. A análise de regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre o excesso de peso e as variáveis explanatórias. RESULTADOS: Em relação ao estado nutricional no período compreendido entre 1997 e 2006, houve um aumento significativo no sobrepeso e obesidade, com estabilização na prevalência de déficit de peso. O excesso de peso aumentou de 32,8% em 1997 para 41,7% em 2006, representando um incremento de 27,1%. As mulheres da Região Metropolitana do Recife, do Interior Urbano e Rural apresentaram um aumento de excesso de peso de 40,2%, 6,8% e 45,2%, respectivamente. Na avaliação dos fatores associados a esse agravo, em 2006, permaneceram significantes, após ajuste, baixa escolaridade (quatro ou menos anos de estudo), a posse de três ou mais bens de uso doméstico, idade e maior número de gestações, em contraste com o estudo de 1997, que apontava sobrepeso associado à idade e ao maior número de gestações. CONCLUSÃO: O excesso de peso em mulheres em idade fértil, no Estado de Pernambuco, aumentou significativamente, observando-se menor ritmo no Interior Urbano. Evidencia-se nas categorias de condições socioeconômicas e microambientais mais favoráveis uma clara desaceleração no incremento temporal do excesso ponderal. OBJECTIVE: To verify changes in overweight and associated factors in women aged 10 to 49 years from the state of Pernambuco in 1997 and 2006. METHODS: This population-based cross-sectional study used a probabilistic sample of women representative of the urban and rural areas of Pernambuco: 1,105 in 1997 and 1,464 in 2006. Body mass index-for-age was used for women aged 10 to 19 years; women with Z-score 30 kg/m2. Poisson regression assessed the association between excess weight and the explanatory variables. RESULTS: In Pernambuco overweight and obesity rates increased significantly, and underweight rate remained stable between 1997 and 2006. Overweight increased from 32.8% in 1997 to 41.7% in 2006, an increase of 27.1%. Women from the metropolitan region of Recife, and urban and rural areas of the state presented an increase in overweight of 40.2%, 6.8%, and 45.2%, respectively. The overweight-related factors that remained significant in 2006 after adjustment were: having three or more home appliances, low education level (four or fewer years of formal education), more pregnancies, and higher age, in contrast to the 1997 study where overweight was associated with having had more pregnancies and having higher age. CONCLUSION: Excess body weight in women of childbearing age in the state of Pernambuco, increased significantly, with the lowest decreased seen in urban areas outside the state capital. In the categories of more favorable socioeconomic and microenvironment conditions, the increment of excess weight clearly slows down.

Objetivo: Avaliar o estado nutricional dos escolares de um município do semiárido nordestino. Métodos: Estudo transversal de crianças e adolescentes de 5-19 anos, matriculados em três escolas da rede pública de ensino do município. A população inicial foi composta por 1.035 crianças e adolescentes matriculados na rede, sendo excluídos 175 alunos (17%) por inconsistência de dados antropométricos, resultando 860 estudantes. Foram consideradas como variáveis desfechos, o deficit estatural (desnutrição) e o sobrepeso e obesidade (excesso de peso), sendo utilizados os índices altura/idade e o índice de massa corporal/ idade (IMC/idade), respectivamente. Foram considerados com deficit estatural crianças e adolescentes com altura

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo é verificar a associação entre o excesso de peso em adolescentes e o estado nutricional dos pais e identificar possíveis fatores determinantes. A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), considerando-se o período de 2004 a 2014. Os descritores usados foram: “Adolescente”, “Fatores de risco”, “Obesidade”, “Pais” e “Sobrepeso”. Dos 366 artigos encontrados, apenas 07 atenderam a todos os critérios de elegibilidade. Notou-se nos adolescentes prevalência de sobrepeso mais elevada nos estudos realizados no Brasile na Grécia, enquanto a prevalência de obesidade foi maior nos estudos conduzidos nos Estados Unidos. Foram verificadas maiores prevalências de excesso de peso em adolescentes do sexo masculino. Todos os trabalhos mostraram que a presença de sobrepeso ou obesidade no pai ou na mãe aumenta o risco dos adolescentes desenvolverem excesso de peso, e esse risco é ainda maior quando ambos os pais são obesos. A grande associação entre excesso de peso nos adolescentes e estado nutricional dos pais está relacionada com inúmeros fatores, dessa forma, a presença de um fator de risco, como, por exemplo, a predisposição genética, pode ser amenizada por um fator de proteção, como hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Abstract The article seeks to investigate the association between overweight in adolescents and the nutritional state of the parents and identify possible determinants. The search was carried out in the Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo databases and Virtual Health Library (BVS), were searched regarding the period from 2004 to 2014. The descriptors were: “Adolescent”, “Risk factors”, “Obesity”, “Parents” and “Overweight”. Of the 366 articles, only 07 met al.l the eligibility criteria. Higher prevalence of overweight in adolescents was noted in studies conducted in Brazil and Greece, while the prevalence of obesity was higher in studies conducted in United States. Higher overweight prevalence in male adolescents was verified. All studies showed that the presence of overweight or obesity in the father or the mother increases the risk of adolescents developing overweight, and this risk is even greater when both parents are obese. The strong association between overweight in adolescents and nutritional status of the parents found in the selected studies is related to many factors, thus the presence of a risk factor, such as genetic predisposition, can be ameliorated by a protective factor, such as healthy eating habits.

The scope of this article is to analyze the temporal trend of the consumption of fatty meats and factors associated with the consumption thereof between 2007 and 2014. A time series of fatty meat consumption (red meat and chicken) was conducted by the "Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases (Vigitel) telephone survey." The consumption trend was analyzed by joinpoint regression and expressed in annual percentage variation (VPA [95% CI]), while sociodemographic and behavioral factors were associated in 2007 and 2014 by the generalized linear (log-binomial) model. Between 2007 and 2014, white meat consumption ≥ 5x/ week increased (VPA 6.9% [5.7, 8.1]), while red meat consumption remained stable. Fatty meat consumption showed a significant reduction as of 2011 (VPA -4% [-7.5; -0.2]), probably due to the reduction in the consumption of fatty red meats. It was found that males, of younger age groups living in the center-west/south-east/south regions, with low education level and alcohol and tobacco abuse were associated with fatty meat consumption; while watching television3hours/day was only associated in 2014. The consumption of fatty meats showed a reduction trend in the Brazilian population, and its consumption was associated with sociodemographic and behavioral variables.O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a tendência temporal do consumo de carnes gordurosas (CG) e fatores associados ao seu consumo habitual entre 2007 e 2014. Série temporal do consumo de CG (vermelha e frango/galinha) realizada a partir do inquérito telefônico “Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas” (Vigitel). A tendência do consumo foi analisada por regressão “joinpoint” e expressa em variação percentual anual (VPA[IC95%]), enquanto os fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais associados em 2007 e 2014 por modelo linear generalizado (log-binomial). Entre 2007-2014, o consumo ≥ 5x/semana de carnes brancas aumentou (VPA 6,9% [5,7; 8,1]), enquanto as vermelhas permaneceu estável. O consumo CG apresentou redução significativa a partir de 2011 (VPA -4,0%[-7,5; -0,2]), provavelmente em função da redução no consumo das vermelhas gordurosas. Identificamos que o sexo masculino, as faixas etárias mais jovens, residir nas regiões CO/SE/S, escolaridade ≤ 8 anos e o uso abusivo de álcool e tabaco se associaram com o consumo de CG; assistir televisão3h/dia foi associada apenas em 2014. No período analisado houve redução no consumo de CG pela população brasileira, sendo seu consumo associado a fatores sociodemográficas e outros comportamentos promotores de DCNT.

Background Anemia is a major public health problem in preschool children in Alagoas, Brazil, especially in the younger population, because of a positive correlation between hemoglobin level and age. However, due to the lack of studies, it is not known how widespread this condition is among older children or how it is associated with socioeconomic status. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with anemia in school children from the city of Maceió, Alagoas state, Brazil. The analysis was stratified to identify any effect modification according to whether they attend public or private schools. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using probability sampling of 1518 children (9.8 ± 0.5 years of age) attending public (n = 931) and private (n = 587) elementary schools in the municipality. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to obtain socioeconomic, demographic, anthropomorphic, hemoglobin (Hb), and dietary data. Anemia (Hb

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo de energia e proteínas e associá-lo ao estado nutricional de crianças menores de 5 anos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 948 crianças menores de cinco anos, no Estado de Pernambuco. O consumo alimentar foi registrado utilizando o método recordatório de 24 horas. Para análise de energia e proteína foram utilizadas as Dietary Reference Intakes como referência, verificando-se o consumo mediano e a prevalência de inadequação. O estado nutricional foi avaliado utilizando a referência do National Center for Health Statistics (índices peso/idade, peso/estatura e estatura/idade). O estado nutricional das crianças com consumo abaixo e maior ou igual à referência de energia e proteína foi comparado, utilizando-se o teste "t" de Student. RESULTADOS: O consumo mediano de energia e proteína esteve acima das ingestões dietéticas de referência, na maioria das faixas etárias. No entanto, foram encontradas prevalências de inadequação do consumo de energia (42,4%) e de proteína (5,0%). O percentual de desnutrição (escore-Z OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate energy and protein intake and associate it with the nutritional status of children under five years of age. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with 948 children under five years of age, in the State of Pernambuco. Dietary intake was recorded using 24-hour recalls. Dietary Reference Intakes were used as reference to analyze energy and protein intake values by verifying the median intake and the prevalence of inadequacy. Nutritional status was assessed using the National Center for Health Statistics as reference (weight-for-age, weight-for-length and length-for-age indices). The Student's t-test was used to compare the nutritional status of children with intake values below, above or equal to the energy and protein reference standards. RESULTS: The median energy and protein intake exceeded the dietary reference intakes in most age groups. However, a prevalence of inadequacy of 42.4% for energy and 5.0% for protein were found. The percentages of malnutrition (score-Z

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo de energia e proteínas e associá-lo ao estado nutricional de crianças menores de 5 anos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 948 crianças menores de cinco anos, no Estado de Pernambuco. O consumo alimentar foi registrado utilizando o método recordatório de 24 horas. Para análise de energia e proteína foram utilizadas as Dietary Reference Intakes como referência, verificando-se o consumo mediano e a prevalência de inadequação. O estado nutricional foi avaliado utilizando a referência do National Center for Health Statistics (índices peso/idade, peso/estatura e estatura/idade). O estado nutricional das crianças com consumo abaixo e maior ou igual à referência de energia e proteína foi comparado, utilizando-se o teste "t" de Student. RESULTADOS: O consumo mediano de energia e proteína esteve acima das ingestões dietéticas de referência, na maioria das faixas etárias. No entanto, foram encontradas prevalências de inadequação do consumo de energia (42,4%) e de proteína (5,0%). O percentual de desnutrição (escore-Z

To identify the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia and associated factors in women at reproductive age in the city of Vitoria de Santo Antão, Pernambuco.Cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 322 women aged between 15 and 49 years. Anemia was diagnosed by measuring hemoglobin below 12 g/dL. The independent variables were: demographic and socioeconomic conditions (age, race/color, education, literacy, presence of children aged5 years in the household, regime of residence occupation, ownership of assets, and per capita income), housing conditions (number of people in the household, number of bedrooms, and basic sanitation), food and nutrition security and women's health conditions (menarche, number of pregnancies, history of miscarriages, body mass index, and ferritin). Poisson regression was used to analyze the factors associated with anemia.The mean age of women surveyed was 31.1 ± 6.61 years old (standard deviation - SD) and the prevalence of anemia was 18.6% (95%CI 14.7 - 23.3). After multivariate analysis, anemia was significantly associated with age ≤ 19 years and low ferritin.The prevalence of anemia is characterized as a mild public health problem and follows the world trend in developing countries.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying at what age infants enrolled in public day care centers are introduced to soft drinks and industrialized juice, as well as comparing the nutritional composition of these goods with natural fruit juice. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with the mothers of 636 children (aged 0 to 36 months) from nurseries of day care centers, who were asked questions about the age of feeding introduction. This study evaluated the proximate composition of soft drinks and artificial juice, comparing them with those of natural fruit juice regarding energy, sugar, fiber, vitamin C, and sodium values. The chemical composition of fruit juice was obtained by consulting the Table of Food Composition and, for industrialized drinks, the average nutritional information on the labels of the five most consumed product brands. RESULTS: The artificial drinks were consumed before the first year of life by more than half of the children studied, however, approximately 10% consumed them before the age of 6 months. With regard to the comparison among the drinks, artificial fruit juice beverages and soft drinks proved to contain from nine to 13 times higher amounts of sodium, and 15 times less vitamin C than natural juices. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of soft drinks and industrialized juice in the diet of infants was inopportune and premature.. When compared to natural fruit juice, these have inferior nutritional composition, which suggests the urgent need for measures based on strategies for food and nutrition education in order to promote awareness and the maintenance of healthy eating habits. OBJETIVO: Identificar a idade de introdução do refrigerante e de sucos industrializados na dieta de lactentes matriculados em berçários de creches públicas e comparar as composições nutricionais dessas bebidas com as do suco de fruta natural. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 636 crianças (de zero a 36 meses) de berçários de creches, cujas mães foram entrevistadas sobre idade de introdução dos alimentos. Avaliaram-se as composições centesimais do refrigerante e sucos industrializados, comparando-as com as do suco de laranja natural para valor energético, açúcar, fibra, vitamina C e sódio. A composição centesimal do suco de laranja foi obtida por meio de consulta à Tabela de Composição de Alimentos e, para as bebidas industrializadas, utilizaram-se as médias das informações nutricionais contidas nos rótulos de cinco marcas mais consumidas dos produtos. RESULTADOS: O refrigerante e suco industrializado foram consumidos antes do primeiro ano de vida por mais da metade das crianças estudadas, sendo que cerca de 10% o consumiram antes dos seis meses. Quando comparadas à composição do suco de laranja natural, bebidas forneceram quantidades de 9 a 13 vezes superiores de sódio e 15 vezes inferiores de vitamina C. CONCLUSÕES: A introdução de refrigerantes e sucos industrializados na dieta dos lactentes foi inoportuna e precoce. Comparados ao suco de fruta natural, tais bebidas possuem composição nutricional inferior, sugerindo a necessidade de medidas fundamentadas em estratégias de educação alimentar e nutricional como forma de promover a formação e manutenção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis.