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As a result of the effects of the Covid-19 virus, which is thought to have emerged in China in December 2019 and caused the death of many people, 2020 has been declared a global pandemic year by the World Health Organization (WHO) as of March 2020. The distribution and consequences of the Covid-19 epidemic vary according to climates, regions, demographic structure, population, hygiene conditions and contamination. It has been proven by scientific research that the disease is transmitted from person to person through droplets and contact. Vaccine studies are continuing to prevent the Covid-19 epidemic. It is seen that it is not possible to return to normal life for a long time, and that people should follow all precautions with the same meticulousness even if they are vaccinated. Those who have to work without social distance in their workplaces and those who have to be together in public areas are at higher risk of contracting the Covid-19 virus. For this reason, the most important measures to prevent the spread of the virus in the community have been determined by the authorities as hygiene, maintaining social distance, staying in quarantine and wearing a mask. Accordingly, in this study, the effects of mask use, duration of stay in the closed environment and ventilation of the environment on the risk of transmission of the Covid-19 epidemic were investigated, and the relationships between these parameters were evaluated with the fuzzy logic method. Situations that can minimize the risk of Covid-19 virus transmission and maximize it have been identified., 2019 Aralık ayında Çin’de çıktığı düşünülen ve pek çok kişinin ölümüne sebep olan Covid-19 virüsü etkileri sonucunda 2020 Mart ayından itibaren Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO-World Health Organization) tarafından 2020 yılı tüm dünyada küresel pandemi yılı ilan edilmiştir. Covid-19 salgınının dağılımı ve sonuçları iklimlere, bölgelere, demografik yapıya, nüfusa, hijyen şartlarına ve bulaş durumunda farklılıklar göstermektedir. Hastalığın damlacık ve temas yoluyla insandan insana bulaştığı bilimsel araştırmalarla kanıtlanmıştır. Covid-19 salgınını engelleyecek aşı çalışmaları sürdürülmektedir. Uzun bir müddet normal yaşam düzenine dönülmesinin mümkün olmadığı, insanların aşılansalar bile bütün önlemlere aynı titizlikle uymaları gerektiği görülmektedir. İş yerlerinde sosyal mesafe olmadan çalışmak zorunda kalanların, toplu alanlarda bir arada bulunmak zorunda kalanların Covid-19 virüsüne yakalanma riskleri daha yüksektir. Bu nedenle, virüsün toplum içerisinde yayılmasını engelleyecek en önemli tedbirler hijyen, sosyal mesafeyi koruma, karantinada kalma ve maske takma olarak otoriteler tarafından belirlenmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak bu çalışmada maske kullanımının, kapalı ortamda kalma süresinin ve ortamın havalandırılmasının Covid-19 salgını bulaş riski üzerinde etkileri araştırılmış ve bu parametrelerin birbiriyle olan ilişkileri bulanık mantık (Fuzzy logic) yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Covid-19 virüs bulaş riskini minimum seviyeye indirebilecek ve maksimum seviyeye çıkarabilecek durumlar tespit edilmiştir.

This study aims to identify factors related with SARS-CoV-2 infection in physicians and internal residents during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at a tertiary hospital in Spain, through a cross- sectional descriptive perception study with analytical components through two questionnaires directed at professionals working at the Ramon y Cajal University Hospital between February and April 2020. In total, 167 professionals formed the study group, and 156 professionals comprised the comparison group. Seventy percent of the professionals perceived a shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE), while 40% perceived a shortage of hand sanitiser, although more than 70% said they used it properly. Soap was more available and had a higher percentage of correct use (73.6–79.5%) (p > 0.05). Hand hygiene was optimal in >70% of professionals according to all five WHO measurements. In the adjusted model (OR; CI95%), belonging to a high-risk specialty (4.45; 1.66–11.91) and the use of public transportation (3.27; 1.87–5.73) remained risk factors. Protective factors were changes of uniform (0.53; 0.32–0.90), sanitation of personal objects before the workday (0.55; 0.31–0.97), and the disinfection of shared material (0.34; 0.19–0.58). We cannot confirm that a shortage or misuse of PPE is a factor in the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Fears and assessments are similar in both groups, but we cannot causally relate them to the spread of infection. The perception of the area of risk is different in both groups, suggesting that more information and education for healthcare workers is needed.

This study aims to identify factors related with SARS-CoV-2 infection in physicians and internal residents during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at a tertiary hospital in Spain, through a cross- sectional descriptive perception study with analytical components through two questionnaires directed at professionals working at the Ramon y Cajal University Hospital between February and April 2020. In total, 167 professionals formed the study group, and 156 professionals comprised the comparison group. Seventy percent of the professionals perceived a shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE), while 40% perceived a shortage of hand sanitiser, although more than 70% said they used it properly. Soap was more available and had a higher percentage of correct use (73.6-79.5%) (p > 0.05). Hand hygiene was optimal in >70% of professionals according to all five WHO measurements. In the adjusted model (OR; CI95%), belonging to a high-risk specialty (4.45; 1.66-11.91) and the use of public transportation (3.27; 1.87-5.73) remained risk factors. Protective factors were changes of uniform (0.53; 0.32-0.90), sanitation of personal objects before the workday (0.55; 0.31-0.97), and the disinfection of shared material (0.34; 0.19-0.58). We cannot confirm that a shortage or misuse of PPE is a factor in the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Fears and assessments are similar in both groups, but we cannot causally relate them to the spread of infection. The perception of the area of risk is different in both groups, suggesting that more information and education for healthcare workers is needed.

In order to maintain university teaching while observing the distance rules in accordance with the occupational health and safety standard of the German Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (BMAS), special regulations and measures must be observed under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic when students and teaching staff meet in large groups (lecture hall) and small teaching rooms (seminars, internships). The article gives detailed recommendations for the practical implementation of protective and preventive measures according to the STOP principle, which is customary in occupational health and safety: substitution, technical, organisational and personal protective measures. Responsibilities are named and also difficult situations where physical proximity is necessary (e.g. teaching medical examinations, joint laboratory work, sports and dance seminars) are analysed with regard to the necessary measures; recommendations are formulated.

This study aims to identify factors related with SARS-CoV-2 infection in physicians and internal residents during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at a tertiary hospital in Spain, through a cross- sectional descriptive perception study with analytical components through two questionnaires directed at professionals working at the Ramon y Cajal University Hospital between February and April 2020. In total, 167 professionals formed the study group, and 156 professionals comprised the comparison group. Seventy percent of the professionals perceived a shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE), while 40% perceived a shortage of hand sanitiser, although more than 70% said they used it properly. Soap was more available and had a higher percentage of correct use (73.6–79.5%) (p &gt, 0.05). Hand hygiene was optimal in &gt, 70% of professionals according to all five WHO measurements. In the adjusted model (OR, CI95%), belonging to a high-risk specialty (4.45, 1.66–11.91) and the use of public transportation (3.27, 1.87–5.73) remained risk factors. Protective factors were changes of uniform (0.53, 0.32–0.90), sanitation of personal objects before the workday (0.55, 0.31–0.97), and the disinfection of shared material (0.34, 0.19–0.58). We cannot confirm that a shortage or misuse of PPE is a factor in the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Fears and assessments are similar in both groups, but we cannot causally relate them to the spread of infection. The perception of the area of risk is different in both groups, suggesting that more information and education for healthcare workers is needed.

Dengue virus infection in Bandung city in 2016 reach as amount 3381 cases. The high number of dengue cases indicated that dengue prevention and vector control have not been implemented optimally. Therefore, people who live in this area is at risk of DHF transmission. The risk of transmission and potential breeding place of Aedes sp. can be analyzed by maya index and key container. The aim of this study was to describe maya index and key containers in case and control household in the Bandung City. This study is a further analysis of the study entitled "Determination of Risk Factors for Household Sanitation in the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever case in Bandung city". Data analysis including data of the number of houses examined, the number of houses that were positive larvae, the number of containers examined, the number of positively larvae containers and the location of containers. Data analysis was carried out to calculate maya index and identifying key container. Based on indicators risk of breeding and environmental sanitation, the values ​​of breeding risk index, hygiene risk index, and maya index in Bandung city were in the moderate category in both case and control households. The key containers case and control households were dispensers, bathtubs and buckets. ABSTRAK Kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kota Bandung mencapai 3.381 kasus pada tahun 2016. Masih tingginya kasus DBD menunjukkan upaya pengendalian vektor DBD belum optimal. Setiap penduduk yang tinggal di wilayah ini berisiko tertular DBD. Risiko penularan dan tempat perkembangbiakan potensial Aedes di suatu wilayah dapat dianalisa dengan maya index dan key container. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah menggambarkan maya index dan key container pada rumah tangga kasus dan kontrol di wilayah Kota Bandung. Kajian ini merupakan analisis lanjut dari hasil penelitian “Penentuan Faktor Risiko Sanitasi Rumah Tinggal Pada Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kota Bandung”. Kajian ini menganalisa data berupa jumlah rumah yang diperiksa, jumlah rumah yang positif jentik, jumlah kontainer yang diperiksa, jumlah kontainer yang positif jentik serta letak kontainer. Data tersebut dianalisis lebih lanjut untuk menghitung maya index dan mengidentifikasi key container. Berdasarkan indikator risiko tempat perkembangbiakan dan sanitasi lingkungan, nilai Breeding Risk Index (BRI), Hygiene Risk Index (HRI), serta maya index di wilayah Kota Bandung termasuk kategori sedang baik pada rumah tangga kasus maupun kontrol. Key container yang ditemukan di rumah tangga kasus dan kontrol adalah dispenser, bak mandi dan ember.

The World Bank initiated a review of HIV prevention among injection drug users in Thailand, with the objective of providing technical assistance to strengthen national capacity to develop state-of-the-art injecting drug use harm reduction interventions. Thailand has received international recognition for its successful interventions to reduce the transmission of HIV among female sex workers and military recruits. It is looked upon as a role model for HIV education and awareness campaigns that include the extensive promotion and wide acceptance of condoms as an HIV prevention strategy. Thailand has the most progressive and comprehensive antiretroviral program in the region with a reported coverage of over 80 percent of eligible individuals. In 2001, it embarked on a progressive universal health care program that provides free access to a wide array of health care diagnostics and therapeutics for the people of Thailand. With these impressive achievements, it is remarkable how poorly Thailand has responded to the HIV epidemic among injection drug users (IDUs). From available data, it appears that the HIV prevalence rates among IDUs have remained high and stagnant over the last decade. Failure to provide effective interventions to reduce HIV transmission among drug users has resulted in unnecessary suffering, and for many, HIV-related death. Continued inaction threatens to undermine successful HIV prevention efforts in the country through ongoing HIV transmission among injection drug users and their sexual partners. The current focus on enforcement and punishment, along with the reliance on compulsory drug treatment centers, has done little to control drug use in Thailand. The unintended consequence of this approach has been to push drug users into precarious and dangerous environments that have directly led to risky drug using patterns and persistently high rates of HIV transmission. Adopting a harm reduction approach to deal with injection drug use could have a major impact on reducing HIV transmission as well as engaging drug users into better health care and effective drug treatment. This will require strong leadership in key government Ministries and related agencies so that the central stakeholders can roll out harm reduction programs. Thailand has the potential to greatly reduce the transmission of HIV among injection drug users and become a regional leader in harm reduction.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-08T13:46:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariese Conceicao Alves dos Santos.pdf: 4420169 bytes, checksum: adcd8009d419cc6d3c5188eb75cd346d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T13:46:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariese Conceicao Alves dos Santos.pdf: 4420169 bytes, checksum: adcd8009d419cc6d3c5188eb75cd346d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-03 Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq The foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a disease that attacks all cloven-hoofed animals, especially cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. It is characterized by blistering and considered the most serious of all infections. It is generated by at least seven serotypes of viruses that cause infections indistinguishable. The spread is associated with the movement of infected animals and their contact with susceptible animals. In this thesis a model was proposed which aimed to find an index of risk of transmission of foot and mouth disease virus between cattle farms across a network. It comprises two levels, the first will be analyzed the point process F generated from the xi ∈ A ⊂ R2 randomly selected points and the stochastic process Yxi,tj , the level of infection wich through it is done the location of the occurrence of infection by the FMD virus, called a focus of infection. The second level is a percolation model G(G, P), in wich G = G(F,E) is a graph, F a set of farms and E represents the edges that connect the farms. And P is the probability that transmission occurring. By uniting the two levels arises G′(G′, P′), in that G′ consists of F′ the union of all the farms to the set F focus F, and E′ the union of E edges with new edges connecting F and F. And P′ is formed by the set of values of P and Pi,l, the probability of farm Fi be infected by a foco fl. Points were simulated representing the cartesian coordinates of the farms and herd size, the points were distributed randomly and regularly on the network. Were also simulated the relative initials positions of the focus in a random form on the network, in the center, edges and vertices, considering three areas of study region A. The results showed that there are no difference for the two types network and they confirm the impact of the relative initial position of the focus on the network to a spread of infection in a number of farms, these results were shown when compared to three areas of A. A Febre aftosa (FA) é uma enfermidade que ataca a todos os animais de casco fendido, principalmente bovinos, suínos, ovinos e caprinos. Ela é caracterizada pela formação de vesículas e considerada a mais grave de todas infecções. É gerada por pelo menos sete sorotipos de vírus que causam infecções indistinguíveis. A propagação está associada com o movimento de animais infectados e o seu contato com animais suscetíveis. Nesta dissertação foi proposto um modelo que teve como objetivo encontrar um índice de risco de transmissão pelo vírus da febre aftosa (VFA) entre fazendas de rebanho bovino através de uma rede. Ele é formado por dois níveis, no primeiro será analisado o processo pontual F, gerado a partir de pontos xi ∈ A ⊂ R2 sorteados aleatoriamente e do processo estocástico Yxi,tj , o nível de infecção, que através dele é feita a localização da ocorrência da infecção pelo vírus da febre aftosa, chamado de focus de infecção. O segundo nível é um modelo de percolação G(G, P), em que G = G(F,E) é um grafo, F um conjunto de fazendas e E representando as arestas que ligam as fazendas. E P é a probabilidade dessa transmissão ocorrer. Com a união dos dois níveis surge G′(G′, P′), em que G′ ´e formado por F′, a união do conjunto de fazendas F ao conjunto de focus F, e E a união das arestas E com as novas arestas ligando F a F. E P′ é formado pelo conjunto de valores de P e por Pi,l, a probabilidade da fazenda Fi ser infectada por um foco fl. Foram simulados pontos representando as coordenadas cartesianas das fazendas e o tamanho do rebanho, os pontos foram distribuídos de forma aleatória e regular na rede. Também foram simuladas as posições relativas iniciais dos focus de forma aleatória na rede, no centro, nas bordas e nos vértices, considerando 3 áreas da região de estudo A. Os resultados mostraram que não há diferença para os dois tipos de rede e confirmam o impacto da posição relativa inicial dos focus na rede para uma propagação da infecção em um conjunto de fazendas, esses resultados também foram mostrados quando comparados para 3 áreas de A.

Los trabajadores de la salud pueden transmitir enfermedades infecciosas a sus pacientes durante los procedimientos, por lo tanto, los trabajadores con infección por virus B y HB e Ag (+ ) o carga viral ≥ a 10(5) 20.000 copias/ml deberían evitar realizar dichos procedimientos, y recibir tratamiento, ser tamizados para detectar cualquier tipo de infección y ser vacunados tempranamente en su formación además, los pacientes tienen derecho a ser informados de estos riesgos antes de firmar el consentimiento informado. Health related workers may transmit infectious diseases to patients during procedures. Therefore, those workers infected with HBV and HBeAG (+) or viral burden ≥ to 10(5) 20.000 copies/ml should avoid carrying out those procedures. They must be treated, sieved to detect any type of infection and vaccinated in the early formation. Besides, patients have the right to be informed of these risks before signing the informed consent.

Infestation of peridomiciles is likely a major risk factor for Chagas disease transmission in Jalisco state, Mexico. An entomological and serological survey of a typical village was conducted between July and September 2003. The peridomestic areas of 100 dwellings were visited and triatomines were searched manually in 369 potential sites. A total of 1821 Triatoma longipennis (93.2%) or Triatoma barberi was captured. Both species frequently occurred in sympatry. The infestation index was 60% for T. longipennis and 16% for T. barberi. T. longipennis occurred throughout the village. Colonization indices were high for T. longipennis (93%) and T. barberi (75%), suggesting that both species have adapted to peridomestic habitats. The bug population size was larger for T. longipennis than for T. barberi. Five very large colonies of T. longipennis were recorded whereas only 1 or 2 bugs were observed in 38% of the positive sites, which suggests intense dispersal activity. Both species exhibited high infection prevalence with Trypanosoma cruzi (46%). Only T. cruzi lineage I was detected. Human seroprevalence was 1.8%. This study serves as an entomological overview of peridomiciliar triatomine colonization in a Mexican village and highlights the current risk of Chagas disease transmission.

La hepatitis viral es la principal causa de enfermedad hepatica. Aproximadamente el 85% de los individuos infectados por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) progresa a una infección crónica y, de estos, entre el 1 y el 4% cada año desarrolla un carcinoma hepatocelular. Además de la lesión hepática, el virus C puede afectar a tejidos y órganos extrahepáticos dando lugar a diferentes manifestaciones, como el líquen plano oral, sialadenitis y quizá cáncer oral. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar el riesgo ocupacional de la infección por VHC entre dentistas y cirujanos orales. Ambos deben saber como incorporar el diagnóstico de infección por VHC en el plan de tratamiento quirúrgico programado. También se revisarán la historia natural y la transmisión de este virus vehiculizado por la sangre. Viral hepatitis is the most important cause of liver disease. Approximately 85% of the individuals infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) progress to chronic infection and each year 1-4% of these develop hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, infection with HCV may affect not only the liver but also several nonhepatic tissues and organs showing different manifestations as oral lichen planus, sialadenitis and perhaps oral cancer. The purpose of this article is to review the occupational risk of HCV infection among dentists and oral surgeons. Both of them should know how to incorporate the diagnosis of HCV infection into the plan for the proposed surgery. We also will review the natural history and transmission of the infection with this blood-borne virus.