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Background: All pregnancies are at risk even though most of the pregnancies and childbirth worldwide are uneventful. Almost 15% of all the pregnant women can develop potentially life-threatening complications which might require skilled care with some requiring major intervention for survival. Complications can occur anytime during the course of the pregnancy and childbirth, which in turn can affect the health and the overall survival of mother and the fetus. Hence there is a need to identify those high risk pregnancy groups for whom a greater degree of care is required. This study aimed to identify the risk status among antenatal mothers thus enhancing the mother to have a clear understanding about health. Methods: A quantitative research approach with descriptive survey design was used to assess the risk status of pregnancy among antenatal mothers. The study was conducted among 100 antenatal mothers in a selected hospital, Mangaluru. Results: The present study revealed that maximum number of antenatal mothers (33.7%) were in the age group of 25-30 years and 31-36 years.41.6% antenatal mothers had high school education,24.8% had PUC education.41.6% of antenatal mothers were from nuclear family and 40.6% belongs to second trimester. The maximum number of antenatal mothers (39.6%) belongs to second gravida.75.2% of antenatal mothers belongs to above poverty line. Analysis of the association between risk statuses of pregnancy with selected demographic variables reveals that there is significant association between risk status of pregnancy with age in years and gravida status of antenatal mothers at 0.05 level of significance. In this study 55% of antenatal mothers belong to high risk pregnancy status and remaining 45% were at low risk status. Conclusion: The study reflects that most of the pregnant women are in high risk status of pregnancy. The overall findings of the study clearly showed that there is significant level of risk status of pregnancy among antenatal mothers.

Institutional database search (1999-2020) for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) identified 109 cases of myeloid sarcoma (MS), of which 19 were isolated and presented de novo. The latter displayed longer survival (median 78 months), compared to MS with synchronous intramedullary AML (n = 32; median 16 months) and de novo AML without MS (n = 729; median 22 months; P = 0·13). However, the difference in survival was no longer apparent after accounting for bone marrow cytogenetic risk status (P = 0·67). Treatment-induced MS tumour resolution was not affected by the presence of intramedullary disease (P = 0·61). The current study clarifies the prognosis of de novo isolated MS, in the context of AML.

This paper presents a risk evaluation model of excavation system. The model is developed based on extended TODIM method (TODIM is an acronym in Portuguese for Interactive Multi-criteria Decision Making). Developed model consists of three phases: data collection and benchmark risk level classification, extended TODIM method application and risk status perception. Excavation system is divided into 19 sub-systems based on monitored scheme, and twelve influential factors are determined. Sub-systems of excavation in high risk status are identified via the developed model. Impacts of coefficient θ in extended TODIM method on risk status results are investigated. An excavation construction project in Tianjin is adopted. Evaluation results show that sub-systems with high-risk status can be identified, which are consistent with the engineering practices. Finally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to increase the robustness of developed model. The developed model can provide a comprehensive risk status perception of sub-systems of excavation which can mitigate and manage the risks during excavation construction.

Over the past few decades early self-regulation has been identified as foundational to positive learning and wellbeing trajectories. As a consequence, a wide range of approaches have been developed to capture children’s developmental progress in self-regulation. Little is known, however, about whether and which of these are reliable indicators of future ability and risk for young children. This study examined measures from prominent approaches to self-regulation assessment (i.e., task-based, observation, adult-report) to determine: their structure; how these predict future academic school readiness in 3–5-year-old children, individually and if combined; and whether thresholds could be ascertained to reliably discriminate those children at risk of poor academic outcomes. Longitudinal analyses were conducted on start-of-year self-regulation data from 217 children in the final year of pre-school, using three prominent approaches to self-regulation assessment, and their end-of-year school readiness data. Data were subjected to path analysis, structural equation modelling and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. Start-of-year cognitive self-regulation indices—but not behavioral or emotional self-regulation indices—from each approach reliably predicted school readiness 7 months later, just prior to commencing school. Only when combined into a composite score was a threshold with sufficient sensitivity and specificity for predicting school readiness risk established; yet this provided better prediction of true-negative than true-positive cases. Taken together, these results suggest the importance of cognitive self-regulation in particular for school readiness, as measured here, although self-regulation is just one of the contributing factors to school readiness risk.

This study assessed and classified avenue tree health and risk status using the University of Venda (UNIVEN) and Louis Trichardt town (LTT) in Limpopo Province of South Africa to determine trends a...

Country risk reflects a country’s overall risk status, and it has an extremely important impact on global investment and trade between countries. This study is conducted to examine country risk ana...

OBJECTIVE In this study, the effect of high-risk pregnancies on pregnant women's perception of anxiety and traumatic birth was examined. DESIGN AND METHODS Data in a comparative descriptive study involving 156 pregnant women, collected by pregnant information form, State and Trait Anxiety, and Traumatic Birth Perception Scale. RESULTS It was found that 44.9% of the pregnant women in the study were between the ages of 24-29, 79.5% wanted to give birth normally, and 62.8% feared vaginal delivery. There was a low level of positive correlation between traumatic anxiety and perception of traumatic delivery in high-risk pregnant women, and a moderate positive relationship between traumatic anxiety and traumatic delivery perception in low risk pregnant women (p

This registration contains a research proposal, harmonization and analysis plan for a study within the Collaboration on Attachment Transmission project.

Native breeds of farm animals, despite their unique characteristics and adaptability to diverse and often adverse environmental conditions, are at risk due to their lower profitability and corresponding declining use. According to FAO data, there are currently around 8800 livestock breeds in the world (http://www.fao.org/dad-is/en/ update: 09.11.2019), of which 17% have been assessed to be endangered. The objective of the study was to develop a model for estimating the risk status of Polish native breeds. The proposed new model is based on 3 factors: demographic, genetic, and socioeconomic. The last factor is composed of 6 elements: geographical concentration, demographic trend over the last 5 years, cultural value of a breed, parentage control, ex situ conservation and anthropogenic factors. Using the factors and elements above, among the examined 30 breeds of cattle, horses, pigs, sheep and goats, 1 was assessed as being critically endangered; 24 were determined to be endangered and in need of conservation; 5 were less endangered, but in need of constant monitoring. Out of 35 populations of poultry 29 were assessed as endangered as they were being kept in only single public collections. Six flocks of ducks were given a critical risk status, due to a very low number of females.

OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of research on the prevalence of eating disorders in Singapore. The aims of our study were to (1) estimate the prevalence of eating disorders, risk status, and help-seeking behaviors among adults in Singapore, (2) examine gender differences between eating disorder status groups, and (3) characterize clinical profiles of eating disorder status groups. METHOD: We administered a cross-sectional survey that included a validated eating disorders screening tool to adults in Singapore. RESULTS: A total of 797 Singaporean adults ages 21–77 years completed the eating disorder screen. The majority of participants screened positive for a current DSM-5 clinical eating disorder (6.2%), other specified feeding or eating disorder (37.0%) or at high risk of developing an eating disorder (19.5%). Only 1.6% of those who screened positive for an eating disorder reported currently being in treatment. The ratio of males to females who screened positive for an eating disorder was nearly 1:1. The clinical profiles of eating disorder groups were consistent with the clinical presentations found in Western nations. DISCUSSION: This is the first study in Singapore to estimate the prevalence of eating disorders in a large sample of adults. Results highlight the urgent need for more eating disorder research and expansion of prevention and treatment programs to address the high prevalence of eating disorder psychopathology in Singapore.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) contact investigation as a proved approach for finding new TB cases, is not fully performed in Kyrgyzstan. In 2018, the country started aligning the National Guidelines for tracking contacts with the WHO recommendations by expanding the definition for TB index cases to all close contacts, regardless of their TB risk status. Methodology: This cross-sectional census aimed to determine the active case detection changes among TB contacts after implementation of a new TB tracing strategy using the National Surveillance data. We compared populations in Chui and Issyk-Kul regions of Kyrgyzstan who had contacts with TB index cases before (2017) and after (2018) strategic changes for the rates of indexes, contacts, screened contacts, and detected TB among screened contacts. Results: New TB tracing strategy resulted in increased numbers of indexes (21%) and contacts (36%). Though the smaller number of contacts (1730 vs. 1590) have been screened in 2018, the proportion of TB diagnosed was substantially higher (95% CI: 0.024-0.005; p = 0.002) in 2018 vs. 2017. The mean numbers of TB contacts per-one-index-case also has increased dramatically by 117% (1.8 vs. 3.9) in Chui and by 43% (3.0 vs. 4.3) in Issyk-Kul regions (95% CI: 3.20-3.37; p < 0.001 and 95% CI: 2.97-3.09; p < 0.001, respectively) between 2018 and 2017. Conclusion: Extending new tracing approach to other regions of Kyrgyzstan will increase the number of identified contacts, leading to better TB control in the country and prevention of more severe TB development among the unidentified contacts.

The Project to Learn About Youth-Mental Health (PLAY–MH; 2014–2018) is a school-based, two-stage study designed to estimate the prevalence of selected mental disorders among K-12 students in four U.S.-based sites (Colorado, Florida, Ohio, and South Carolina). In Stage 1, teachers completed validated screeners to determine student risk status for externalizing or internalizing problems or tics; the percentage of students identified as being at high risk ranged from 17.8% to 34.4%. In Stage 2, parents completed a structured diagnostic interview to determine whether their child met criteria for fourteen externalizing or internalizing disorders; weighted prevalence estimates of meeting criteria for any disorder were similar in three sites (14.8%–17.8%) and higher in Ohio (33.3%). PLAY–MH produced point-in-time estimates of mental disorders in K-12 students, which may be used to supplement estimates from other modes of mental disorder surveillance and inform mental health screening and healthcare and educational services.

Background In randomized clinical trials, compared to Internal Medicine, admission to Geriatrics improved clinical outcomes of frail older patients accessing the Emergency Department (ED). Whether this advantage is maintained also in the “real world” is uncertain. We compared long-term survival of patients admitted to Geriatrics or Internal Medicine wards after stratification for background risk and across a variety of discharge diagnoses. Method Data were derived from the “Silver Code National Project,” an observational study of 180,079 unselected 75+ years old persons, admitted via the ED to Internal Medicine (n = 169,717, 94.2%) or Geriatrics (n = 10,362) wards in Italy. The Dynamic Silver Code (DSC), based on administrative data, was applied to balance for background risk between participants admitted to Geriatrics or Internal Medicine. Results One-year mortality was 33.7%, lower in participants discharged from Geriatrics (32.1%) than from Internal Medicine (33.8%; p < .001), and increased progressively across four DSC risk classes (p < .001). Admission to Geriatrics was associated with survival advantage in DSC class II to IV participants, with HR (95% CI) of 0.88 (0.83–0.94), 0.86 (0.80–0.92), and 0.92 (0.86–0.97), respectively. Cerebrovascular diseases, cognitive disorders, and heart failure were the discharge diagnoses with the widest survival benefit from admission to Geriatrics, which was mostly observed in DSC class III. Conclusions Admission to Geriatrics may provide long-term survival benefit in subjects who, based on the DSC, may be considered at an intermediate risk. Specific clinical conditions should be considered in the ED to improve selection of patients to be targeted for Geriatrics admission.

Heterogeneity in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) leads to different strategies in clinical decision making. Identifying distinctive subgroups in patients contributes to develop more individualized treatments. This study constructed a novel prediction model for the prognosis of CRC patients based on the value of risk score combining the expression status of immune-related genes and coefficients. In this study, we built an interactive network of prognosis-related immune genes and transcription factors and adopted several methods to verify the accuracy of model. Moreover, we assessed the correlation between risk score and immune infiltration. The results suggested that the model was well fit and the risk score could be an independent predictive factor for CRC patients. This model has high application value in the clinic.

WOS: 000513746400001 PubMed: 32050829 Aim: We investigated maternal copeptin level's usefulness in prediction of preterm birth. Materials and methods: The study was comprised of 97 pregnant women hospitalized for threatened preterm labor and 35 healthy pregnant women without preterm labor. Serum copeptin were compared with likelihood of threatened preterm labor timing of delivery and time interval to delivery. Result: Copeptin level of threatened preterm labor group was higher than of control group [7.76(0.39-35.62) ng/mL, 6.23(1.64-36.88) ng/mL, respectively, p = .04]. Copeptin levels of women did not differ according to preterm or term birth [7.76(0.69-35.62) ng/mL, 6.73(0.39-36.88) ng/mL, respectively, p = .22). Quartiles of copeptin levels were not associated with risk status or preterm birth. Conclusions: Serum copeptin is higher in threatened preterm labor. It does not differentiate those with threatened preterm labor verses preterm birth.

Aims The present study analysed the patterns of physical activity pre-, during and post-lockdown measures for COVID-19 pandemic in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) under remote monitoring (RM), and assessed the physical activity patterns during these periods. Methods The raw data from 95 patients with CHF (age 67,7 ± 15,1 years, 71,5% male) corresponding to 2238 RM transmissions of the Medtronic Carelink™ network platform was obtained. The physical exercise profiles and the impact of the lockdown measures on the physical behaviour during and after the measures were analysed. According to the level of activity duration in the pre-lockdown, lockdown and post-lockdown periods, the patterns of behaviour were identified (non-recoverees, incomplete recoverees, recoverees and full-recoverees). Conclusion RM of CHF patients with CIED using the Carelink™ network is useful for close follow-up and identification of heart failure risk status variations. After relieving the confinement measures there were two groups of patients that did not recover the previous physical activity levels. Physical inactivity in patients with CHF can have a significant impact on outcomes.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to measure the prevalence and incidence of stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms in Brazilians during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodWe assessed 103 (54 women, 49 men) participants online in three periods of the epidemic curve: time 1 (T1; first cases of community transmission; March 20 to 25, 2020), time 2 (T2; acceleration; April 15 to 20, 2020) and time 3 (T3; continued acceleration; June 25 to 30, 2020). The criteria adopted for calculating prevalence and incidence was identifying participants with scores two standard deviations above the mean compared to normative data. Stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), depression was measured using the Filgueiras Depression Index (FDI), and anxiety was measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - State Subscale (STAI-S). ResultsInitially, 89% of individuals were free of severe stress, anxiety, and depression, which dropped to 35% by T3. Prevalence of stress increased from 1.9% (95% CI [0.5, 6.8]) at T1 to 7.8% (95% CI [4.0, 14.6]) at T2, and 28.2% (95% CI [20.4, 37.5]) at T3. Depression prevalence increased from 0% (95% CI [0, 3.6]) at T1 to 23.3% (95% CI [16.2, 32.3]) at T2 and 25.2% (95% CI [17.8, 34.4]) at T3. The prevalence of severe anxiety-state symptoms increased from 10.7% (95% CI [6.1, 18.1]) at T1 to 11.7% (95% CI [6.8, 19.3]) at T2 and 45.6% (95% CI [36.3, 55.2]) at T3. Stress incidence increased by 7.8% (95% CI = [4, 14.6]) from time 1 to time 2, 23.3% (95% CI [16.2, 32.3]) from time 2 to time 3, and 26.2% (95% CI [18.7, 35.5]) from time 1 to time 3. Depression incidence increased by 23.3% (95% CI [16.2, 32.3]) from T1 to T2, 15.5 (95% CI [9.8, 23.8]) T2 to T3, and 25.2% (95% CI [17.8, 34.4]) from T1 to T3. Anxiety incidence increased by 9.7% (95% CI [5.4, 17]) from T1 to T2, 39.8% (95%CI [30.9, 49.5]) from T2 to T3, and 35.9% (95% CI [27.3, 45.5]) from T1 to T3. The severity of stress significantly increased from 16.1{+/-}8.7 at T1 to 23.5{+/-}8.4 at T2, and 30.3{+/-}6.0 at T3. Depression severity significantly increased from 48.5{+/-}20.5 at T1 to 64.7{+/-}30.2 at T2, and 75.9{+/-}26.1 at T3. Anxiety increased from 49.0{+/-}13.4 at T1 to 53.5{+/-}12.5 at T2 and 62.3{+/-}13.4 at T3. Females and individuals without comorbidities that increased COVID-19 lethality had higher anxiety scores than males and individuals with comorbidities. Age was inversely associated with mental health outcomes at baseline. ConclusionThe prevalence and severity of stress, depression, and anxiety significantly increased throughout the course of the pandemic. Anxiety seems to be sensitive to gender and risk status, where females and individuals without pre-existing comorbidities had higher anxiety by the final collection point. Depression and stress increased throughout time but were not different between genders or risk status. HighlightsO_LIPerceived stress, depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed in 103 participants at three points in the COVID-19 pandemic C_LIO_LIParticipants showed higher prevalence of depression, stress, and anxiety throughout progression of the pandemic C_LIO_LIOnly 35% of individuals were free of severe stress, anxiety, and depression the third data collection point - even though 89% were free of these conditions at the start C_LIO_LIFemale and individuals without a comorbidity that increased risk of COVID-19 fatality had greater anxiety by the third time point compared to males, and those with a comorbidity C_LI

Aim: People with active diabetic foot disease should be rapidly referred by health professionals along a pathway of care to a multidisciplinary foot team. The aim was to investigate patients' self-reported understanding of their foot risk status and reasons for their referral to a multidisciplinary foot team. Method: This seven-month service evaluation included consecutive newly referred patients. Participants completed a questionnaire which asked firstly about their understanding of their foot risk status, secondly about their pathway of care before presentation to the multidisciplinary foot team, and thirdly about their interest in diabetes-related foot education and preferred learning style. Results: There were 202 participants; 65% were male, mean age was 64±15 years (mean±standard deviation (SD)), 86% had type 2 diabetes, and mean HbA1c was 65±23mmol/mol (8.3±3.7%). Only 4% of participants knew their current foot risk status and 52% did not know why their care had been escalated to a multidisciplinary foot clinic. Participants with type 2 diabetes more readily expressed an interest in further foot education compared with participants with type 1 diabetes, (70% versus 29%, p=0.001). Conclusions: These findings show that people with diabetes and foot disease are less aware of their foot risk status or why they are referred to a multidisciplinary team. Participants indicated a variable interest in further learning about foot complications. These findings indicate possible communication and educational barriers between patients and health professionals which may contribute to delayed presentation or suboptimal engagement.

This exploratory study occurred in Title 1 schools located within a large urban area. The sample included 23 general educators and 551 students in second through fifth grade, with 57 students identified as at risk for an emotional or behavioral disorder. The purpose of this study was to determine (a) to what extent general education teachers used evidence-based practices—specifically, opportunities to respond, positive specific feedback, and precorrections—during classroom instruction, and (b) if those practices occurred at different rates across demographic groups (i.e., race and disability risk). The results indicated that teachers used higher rates of opportunities to respond and positive specific feedback with students not at risk compared with at-risk students. We did not find main effects of race or race-by-disability risk interaction effects. These findings support the need to continue examining teachers’ differing uses of evidence-based practices.

The occurrence of disputes is an intuitive manifestation of risks. The risk of logistics terminal distribution has been transformed into real disputes and exposed to people's lives. Based on this, the article first analyzes the status quo of logistics terminal distribution, and analyzes the risk status of the typical case of takeaway distribution in the logistics terminal distribution in real life, and classifies its risk into trust, security and economic risk three categories; Secondly, refining the participants involved in the three risks, analyzing the relationship between the participants, and designing the logistics terminal distribution risk aversion management mechanism around the participants' objectives.

OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis quantified associations between goal disengagement and goal reengagement capacities with individuals' quality of life (i.e., well-being and health). METHODS Effect sizes (Fisher's Z'; N = 421) from 31 samples were coded on several characteristics (e.g., goal adjustment capacity, quality of life type/subtype, age, and depression risk status) and analyzed using meta-analytic random effects models. RESULTS Goal disengagement (r = 0.08, p < 0.01) and goal reengagement (r = 0.19, p < 0.01) were associated with greater quality of life. While goal disengagement more strongly predicted negative (r = -0.12, p < 0.01) versus positive (r = 0.02, p = 0.37) indicators of well-being, goal reengagement was similarly associated with both (positive: r = 0.24, p < 0.01; negative: r = -0.17, p < 0.01). Finally, the association between goal disengagement and lower depressive symptoms (r = -0.11, p < 0.01) was reversed in samples at-risk for depression (r = 0.08, p = 0.01), and goal disengagement more strongly predicted quality of life in older samples (B = 0.003, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings support theory on the self-regulatory functions of individuals' capacities to adjust to unattainable goals, document their distinct benefits, and identify key moderating factors.

The aim of this review is to increase awareness for prediabetes and help diagnose maximum number of prediabetic patients with minimum number of tests for physicians and health care workers. Prediabetes is a significant health problem because it can cause microvascular and macrovascular complications, accompany metabolic syndrome and predict the development of diabetes. It is common worldwide; however, most patients cannot be diagnosed because single tests used for scanning it have low diagnostic value alone. In addition; different definitions released by different organizations increase the clinicians’ concept of confusion. As a result; developing complications in initially undiagnosed patients call for greater efforts and costs. Therefore: an early and correct diagnosis of prediabetes is important. It is not rational to increase the number of tests for every case considering increased costs. According to this; classification of cases depending on risk status would be correct to assess the tests for scanning. The risk stratification is also discussed. Primary care physicians need to have a good understanding of screening for prediabetes as a core competency and to serve proactively. Bu derlemenin amacı hekimlerin prediyabet farkındalığını artırmak ve en az sayıda test ile en fazla sayıda prediyabetik hastanın teşhis edilmesine yardımcı olmaktır. Prediyabet mikrovasküler ve makrovasküler komplikasyonlar oluşturması, metabolik sendroma eşlik etmesi ve diyabet gelişimini öngürdürmesi açısından önemli bir sağlık sorunudur. Dünyada oldukça yaygın olup tek bir testle tanısal değeri düşük olduğu için hastaların çoğu teşhis alamamaktadır. Ek olarak değişik çalışma gruplarının ortaya koyduğu değişik yaklaşımlar klinisyenlerin konsept karmaşasını artırmaktadır. Sonuç olarak erken dönemde teşhis edilememiş hastalarda gelişen komplikasyonlar daha fazla çaba ve maliyete sebep olur. Bu yüzden prediyabetin erken ve doğru teşhisi gereklidir. Maliyetler gözönüne alındığında prediyabet teşhisine yönelik her hasta için çok sayıda test istenmesi de akla yakın gözükmemektedir. Buna göre; tanı için gerekli testlerin belirlenmesinde vakaların sahip olduları risk durumuna göre sınıflandırılması doğru olacaktır. Risk belirlenmesi konu içinde tartışılmıştır. Birinci basamak hekimlerinin prediyabete yönelik yeterliliklerinin sağlanması koruyucu hekimlik hizmeti sunmalarının da önünü açacaktır.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends an oral health risk assessment and referral to a dental home by a child's first birthday. We evaluated the adherence of primary care providers (PCPs) to AAP dental referral guidelines for children age4 years and barriers to implementation of these guidelines.A cross-sectional survey of PCPs randomly selected from the 435 practices in North Carolina identified as providing well-child visits for Medicaid children age4 years was completed in 2013. The PCPs' referral recommendations were assessed using 4 vignettes of 18-month-old children at various risk of dental caries (low, moderate, high, or highest) and different levels of dentist supply (adequate or inadequate). Barriers to guideline adherence specified in the Cabana framework were analyzed for their associations with PCP adherence, using logistic regression models stratified by caries risk and dentist supply.The survey yielded 219 (50%) usable responses from the sample of 435 PCPs. On average for all vignettes, 61% of providers chose a referral recommendation in agreement with guidelines. Underreferral averaged 40%. With adequate workforce, guideline-adherent responses varied from 26% for low-risk children to90% for high-risk children. An inadequate workforce reduced adherence for most levels of risk. Generally, correct knowledge of risk status, barriers to risk assessment, and pediatric practice were associated with adherence, but not always in the hypothesized direction.PCPs' adherence to referral guidelines varies according to caries risk and dentist supply, but generally they underrefer low- to moderate-risk patients by a significant degree.

The purpose of this study was to explore interactions between limited English proficiency (LEP) status, as a function of risk status (low math performance at the start of the school year), on computation and word-problem-solving performance. Among 260 first-grade students, classified as at-risk (AR) or not-at-risk (NAR) for math disability, we compared the performance of LEP students with native-English-speaking peers. A series of two-way ANOVAs were conducted on computation and word-problem-solving skills at two time points, fall and spring of first grade. On fall computation measures, there was no main effect for LEP status and no interaction between LEP and risk status. On spring computation, a main effect for LEP status had emerged, but again no interaction. By contrast, on fall word-problem solving, there was an interaction between LEP and risk status; however, this interaction was no longer significant by spring. Results suggest that language proficiency is an important factor in the development of computation and word-problem-solving skill. Implications for future research are discussed.

Caries risk assessment (CRA) is an essential component informing clinical decision making for personalized caries management. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive validity of the CRA model used at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry. Data from patients treated in the school's adult integrated clinics between 2011 and 2014 who had a CRA documented were accessed from the electronic health record. Data extracted included caries risk category, date of reassessments, presence of caries risk indicators/factors, and treatments completed. Out of 2,449 patients who had a CRA completed in 2011, 447 had one or more reassessments at least 180 days after the initial CRA. Caries risk status was significantly associated (p0.0001) with the number of new caries-related treatments during follow-up, with significant increases (p0.01) in these needs for each caries risk level. For the 11,152 patients with a completed CRA in 2011-14, the prediction model (area under the curve=0.82) included the following risk factors significantly (p0.001) associated with increased caries experience/needs over time: stagnant plaque (OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.4, 2.9), presence of salivary risk factors (OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.2, 2.9), presence of dietary risk factors (OR 3.2, 95% CI 2.9, 3.6), lack of adequate protective factors (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.8, 2.4), presence of conditions that affect compliance (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.9, 3.1), and past/current caries experience (OR 23.7, 95% CI 21.1, 26.7). High risk patients were significantly more likely (p0.0001) to have restorative, extraction, or endodontic treatments completed due to caries and less likely (p0.0001) to have diagnostic procedures than low or moderate risk patients. These results suggest that the CRA model used at the dental school can help predict adult patients' future caries experience/needs.

Background Early childhood caries is an urgent public health concern. The aim of this study was to investigate salivary proteomic biomarkers for the surveillance of changes in the high-risk status of early childhood caries. The process involves the screening of specific salivary peptides that were differentially expressed only under dynamic changes in individual caries status. Methods Stimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 28 kindergarten children aged 3–4 years in Beijing at baseline and 3 months and 6 months after baseline. A total of 68 samples were collected. In terms of their caries status and progress during the observation period, participants were divided into 3 groups; 7 in the non-caries recurrence group, 6 in the caries recurrence group, and 15 in the healthy control group. Salivary peptides that exhibited no significant differences in cross-sectional comparisons between different groups of caries status but only expressed differentially along with dynamic changes of individual caries were screened using the technique of magnetic beads combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The technique of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was employed to identify the proteins from which these peptides were derived. Results We found two salivary peptides differentially expressed only under dynamic changes in individual caries status in the above comparisons; mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) values of the two peptides were 1045.9 and 2517.6, respectively (P m/z values of 1045.9 and 2517.6 were identified as submandibular gland androgen regulatory protein 3B (SMR-3B) and mucin-7, respectively. Conclusions Two proteins in children’s saliva, namely SMR-3B and mucin-7, have the potentiality to serve as candidate biomarkers for dynamic surveillance of changes in high-risk status of early childhood caries.

AIM To examine parental concerns about children at increased familial risk (i.e. high risk) of developing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in early infancy. METHOD ASD-related and general parental concerns were prospectively collected for 76 infants at ages 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months. Outcome classification was determined at 36 months. Analyses included generalized linear mixed models and qualitative evaluation of parental concerns in relation to risk status (high vs low risk) and outcome classification within the high-risk group (atypically developing vs typically developing) over time. RESULTS Most parents had no concerns at 1.5 (high risk 71%, low risk 87%) and 3 months (high risk 77%, low risk 86%). Beginning at 6 months, parents of high-risk infants reported more ASD-related (p

Owing to the role of tobacco packaging as a strong medium of communication, display of health warnings on tobacco packs effectively impart health risks of tobacco consumption to those currently using or contemplating the use of tobacco.This community based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 2044 tobacco product packs, each collected from a different PoS, to estimate the non-compliance of section 7, 89 of COTPA among various tobacco products and its association with the PoS characteristics. Data were collected by observation of PoS by field investigators and then purchase of a unique product from each vendor followed by a brief interview of the tobacco vendor.The study documented an absence of health warning label on 15.51% [95% CI: 13.99-17.13] of the total 2044 tobacco products collected. The non-compliance to 'quality of health warning picture' was lowest 5.96% [95% CI: 4.91-7.16] among the tobacco products with a health warning label. The multivariate regression model revealed that absence of health warning on tobacco product packs were higher among the PoS in rural area (aPR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.16-1.65; p 0.001) and among street/mobile vendors (aPR 1.65; 95% CI: 1.22-2.24; p = 0.001). The PoS not displaying tobacco products (aPR 1.36; 95% CI: 1.08-1.72; p = 0.01), selling flavored chewable tobacco (aPR 1.67; 95% CI: 1.24-2.27; p = 0.001), not selling loose cigarettes (aPR 2.93; 95% CI: 1.94-4.43; p 0.001) and with vendors not enquiring age proof (aPR 10.69; 95% CI: 1.59-72.09; p 0.001) had higher proportion of tobacco products without health warning labels. A greater proportion of smokeless/local variety tobacco products (aPR 18.06; 95% CI: 12.31-26.51; p 0.001) had absence of health warning label.The data provided by us have clear policy implications. We recommend regular enforcement activities to monitor the presence of health warning labels on tobacco product packs along and accurate printing of the same with adherence to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare templates.