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Four decades of research into the influences of time pressure on risky decisions have produced widely contrasting findings: 38.5% of the effects indicate that time pressure increases risk preferences, whereas 61.5% show the opposite. A theoretical framework with four conceptual categories of moderators is proposed to explain these heterogeneous findings: nature of the time constraint, negative outcome salience, negative outcome severity, and vulnerability to the outcomes. This framework is tested through a meta-analysis of 213 effect sizes reported in 83 papers, representing 65,574 unique respondents. The four categories of moderators effectively resolve notable conflicts. For example, regarding the nature of the time constraint, an absolute versus relative constraint increases risk preferences, but an ambiguous versus objective constraint decreases risk preferences. In terms of negative outcome salience, risk preferences decrease if the risk is learned about from a description (vs. experience) or the outcome is framed as a loss (vs. gain). Negative outcome severity also exerts an effect, as discrete choices lower risk preferences compared with attitudinal risk. In addition to managerial and public policy implications based on simulations, a comprehensive research agenda that builds on the robust insights of this meta-analysis is offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms have appointed a significant number of female chief marketing officers (CMOs) over the past decade. However, the question of how female CMOs differ from their male counterparts is yet to be explored. This research uses a multimethod approach to examine when and why female CMOs' marketing decisions differ from those of male CMOs. In Study 1, the authors use secondary data to examine the effect of CMO gender on multiple marketing decisions and find that female CMOs make less risky decisions. Further, the authors find evidence that female CMOs' risk-taking behavior is contingent on structural, organizational, and environmental factors (CEO gender, relative firm performance, and demand uncertainty). In Study 2, the authors employ the MarkStrat simulation, in which participants assume the role of CMO, to test the main finding from Study 1 in a controlled setting and provide evidence for the differential effect of gender on radical versus incremental new product introductions. In Study 3, the authors examine survey data to find evidence for the underlying mechanisms (overconfidence, failure avoidance orientation, and scrutiny) behind female CMOs' lesser risk-taking behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of social comparison on risk‐taking behaviors and the neural underpinnings within a competitive context. Participants who thought they were playing against a stranger in a gambling task were actually playing against a programmed computer. Eighty‐eight college students were assigned to one of three comparison conditions (downward, upward, and parallel) by varying the probability of gain. Behavioral results showed that disadvantage led to increased risk‐taking. Event‐related potential data analyses showed, in the parallel comparison condition, a significantly larger Feedback‐Related Negativity (FRN) was induced by the self's safe decision than the risky decision and by loss rather than gain. However, in the upward and downward comparison conditions, larger FRN emerged solely in response to the loss of risky rather than safe decisions. On the P3 component, participants in the upward comparison condition showed no significant difference in response to their gain or loss, while the other two conditions did. The highest P3 amplitude, delta/theta power, and aperiodic activity were found in the closely matched condition. Finally, in the downward comparison condition, a stronger delta/theta power was correlated with a less risky decision. Overall, the findings indicate that parity heightens emotional arousal and engages more cognitive resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a risky choice, decision makers must frequently wait out a delay period before the outcome of their choice becomes known. In contemporary sports-betting apps, decision makers can "cash out" of their bet during this delay period by accepting a discounted immediate payout. An important open question is how availability of a postchoice cash-out option alters choice. We investigated this question using a novel gambling task that incorporated a cash-out option during the delay between bet and outcome. Across two experiments (N = 240 adults, recruited via Prolific), cash-out availability increased participants' bet amounts by up to 35%. Participants who were more likely to cash out when odds deteriorated were less likely to cash out when odds improved. Furthermore, the effect of cash-out availability on bet amounts was positively correlated with individual differences in cash-out propensity for bets with deteriorating odds only. These results suggest that cash-out availability may promote larger bets by allowing bettors to avoid losing their entire stake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the accounting for defined benefit pension plans in U.S. family firms. Relying on agency theory and the literature on defined benefit pension plans, we test whether the allocation of pension plan assets, the expected rate of return on pension plan assets and the contributions to defined benefit pension plans in family firms are significantly different from those in non‐family firms. Relying on a sample of U.S. firms over the period 2004–2018, we first document that family firms take more risk when allocating their pension plan assets relative to non‐family firms where they allocate a larger (smaller) percentage of pension plan assets in equity (debt) securities. We also show that family firms are more aggressive in setting the expected rate of return on pension plan assets than non‐family firms. However, family firms' contributions to defined benefit pension plans are comparable to those of non‐family firms. Our findings hold after controlling for the endogeneity in family firms. These findings are important since they provide first hand empirical evidence on the accounting for defined benefit pension plans in family firms. They further shed light over pension plans that serve as a key tool to attract and retain executive talents and make up a significant portion of firms balance' sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the nuanced influence of internally experienced moods, specifically focusing on positive and negative moods, on individuals' propensity for risk-taking behavior. The objective is to discern the intricate impact of mood on risk-taking, a subject that has elicited varying results in diverse studies. A systematic search for experimental-research studies, spanning from the present to 1983, was conducted using PubMed and Semantic Scholar databases. After a meticulous examination of the complete texts, a final set of 13 studies was chosen for analysis. The results revealed divergent findings: some studies indicated that positive mood increased risk-taking behavior, while others suggested a similar effect for negative mood. These opposing outcomes are explained by two hypotheses: the Mood-Maintenance Hypothesis and the Affect Infusion Model. This study aims to comprehensively explore and compare the substantiation of these two theories across a range of experimental studies, contributing to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between mood and risk-taking behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the impact of board‐level control on corporate innovation in family firms. We find that excess control of family board seats (ECFBS) is negatively correlated with innovation investment, innovation output and innovation efficiency. Our findings suggest that ECFBS exacerbates type II agency problems. Mechanistic analyses show that ECFBS reduces firms' risk‐taking level, increases their financing constraints and damages channels for acquiring innovative professional knowledge. We also observe that effect of ECFBS on innovation is associated with family origin, familiarization time and family management characteristics. Our findings should be of interest to family firm manager investors and lenders who are interested in family governance mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of video remote interpreting (VRI) for providing interpreting services has drastically increased over the last decade. Empirical research has shown, however, that interpreting through video link may have a significant impact on the interaction and the interpreting performance in dialogue interpreting contexts. The present study contributes to this growing field of research by focusing on interpreters' repair initiations in the context of VRI. Although repairs are an important mechanism for addressing problems in communication, very little research has been devoted to the study of interpreter-initiated repair in dialogue settings. Based on a corpus of video-recorded interpreted interactions (Dutch-Russian), where the interpreter is either present onsite or connected through video link, we analyse interpreters' repair initiations and related risk taking behaviour. More specifically, we examine how interpreters manage a specific type of repair initiations in video remote interpreting, namely postponed repairs. The analysis reveals differences in repair patterns between video remote and onsite interpreting and we propose that these differences result from differential risk management in the two settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmetic surgery is ever more affordable and accessible, but carries physical and psychological risks. Yet, no study to date has directly examined risk-taking behaviour under controlled conditions, beyond self-report and in relation to cosmetic surgery attitudes. We used the Balloon Analogue Risk Task and advanced computational modelling to measure decision-making behaviour and identify the latent parameters driving behaviour associated with cosmetic surgery attitudes in women with no cosmetic surgery history (N = 265) and a subsample of women with a cosmetic surgery history (N = 24). Risk taking was higher in women with greater acceptance and history of cosmetic surgery. Computational modelling revealed increased risk taking in women with greater acceptance of cosmetic surgery when decisions were made with greater knowledge of loss (risk) and not when the likelihood of loss was unknown (uncertainty). When women with greater acceptance of cosmetic surgery made decisions, they also placed less emphasis on possible losses (reduced loss aversion). Our findings suggest that women seeking cosmetic procedures may be less sensitive to losses and thus make more risky decisions. Greater emphasis should be placed on communicating potential losses rather than just the associated risks to women considering cosmetic procedures. No Level Assigned This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The board structure (BS) is pivotal in modern corporate governance (CG). This study aims to investigate BS variables (BSIZE, BIND and chief executive officer [CEO] duality) and their correlation with risk-taking behavior indicators, enriching the understanding of how CG shapes financial institutions' (FIs) decision-making in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach: By scrutinizing data from 67 financial entities listed on the Stock Exchange of Pakistan spanning from 2011 to 2022 through panel data regression techniques, the research emphasizes that BS holds a substantial influence over the risk tendencies exhibited by these firms. Findings: Key findings suggest that board size has a positive influence, aligned with previous CG research. Smaller boards perform better and avoid excessive risk-taking, contrasting some negative relationship claims. More independent directors are recommended to curtail risk and financial disruption. Holding both CEO and chair roles reduces risk exposure, resonating with reputational and employment risk theory. It is essential to recognize that BS's impact on risk-taking is nuanced and context-dependent. Practical implications: Policymakers, scholars, practitioners and investors working in the market for financial companies might greatly benefit from the empirical findings of this study. Imposing mandates on FIs to uphold adequate capital reserves functions as a safeguard against unforeseen losses, thereby diminishing the probability of unwarranted risk-taking. Originality/value: Prior studies in this domain predominantly focus on nonfinancial sectors. In addition, existing research often explores the relationship between BS and firm risk-taking solely within the banking sector, overlooking other FIs. This study contributes by using a comprehensive data set encompassing all types of FIs, thus extending the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is crucial for achieving and maintaining a competitive edge, especially evident in the digital business landscape, where the fourth and fifth industrial revolutions are occurring concurrently. Leadership behavior significantly influences the direction of organizations toward innovation. This study investigated whether a propensity for risk taking, along with a commitment to diversity and agility, promotes or impedes leaders' innovative behavior. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis was employed to assess the data gathered from an online survey of 119 global leaders. The results exposed four distinct routes to fostering innovative behavior and three paths leading to noninnovative behavior that should be evaded. All conditions play a vital role in triggering innovative behavior. Conversely, the lack of these conditions can result in noninnovative leadership. This study's novelty rests on the empirical evidence it provides about the paths guiding leaders toward innovative behavior and avoiding the danger of noninnovative leadership. These findings can assist managers and HR departments in pursuing certain paths for hiring and training managers to boost innovative behavior and preclude paths leading to noninnovative conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is crucial for achieving and maintaining a competitive edge, especially evident in the digital business landscape, where the fourth and fifth industrial revolutions are occurring concurrently. Leadership behavior significantly influences the direction of organizations toward innovation. This study investigated whether a propensity for risk taking, along with a commitment to diversity and agility, promotes or impedes leaders’ innovative behavior. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis was employed to assess the data gathered from an online survey of 119 global leaders. The results exposed four distinct routes to fostering innovative behavior and three paths leading to noninnovative behavior that should be evaded. All conditions play a vital role in triggering innovative behavior. Conversely, the lack of these conditions can result in noninnovative leadership. This study’s novelty rests on the empirical evidence it provides about the paths guiding leaders toward innovative behavior and avoiding the danger of noninnovative leadership. These findings can assist managers and HR departments in pursuing certain paths for hiring and training managers to boost innovative behavior and preclude paths leading to noninnovative conduct.

In the multifaceted landscape of entrepreneurship, this research delves into the intricate relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intention, focusing specifically on the final-year female undergraduates in Nigerian federal universities. Grounded in the Human Capital Theory (HCT), this study uncovers profound insights into the multifaceted relationships between various entrepreneurial traits and their influence on entrepreneurial intentions. The findings reveal a nuanced relationship between traits such as autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, risk-taking, self-esteem, and the sense of inclusion with entrepreneurial intentions. Autonomy and competitive aggressiveness emerge as significant influencers, while risk-taking displays a non-significant association. Self-esteem holds profound implications, while the sense of inclusion exerts a more subdued impact on entrepreneurial intentions. Theoretical implications challenge and expand existing frameworks, notably HCT. While HCT posits that investments in education and training foster entrepreneurial traits, this study suggests a more intricate relationship. The non-significant association of certain traits, despite their emphasis in HCT, underscores the need for a nuanced understanding, possibly integrating other theoretical frameworks. From a practical standpoint, these findings guide policymakers and educators in designing targeted interventions. Specialized training programs, workshops, and courses emphasizing autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, and self-esteem can be developed. Integrating competitive elements, like business plan competitions, can nurture students' competitive drive. Policy recommendations include tailored entrepreneurial education, fostering inclusive environments, promoting a risk-taking culture, supporting longitudinal studies, and enhancing collaboration between educational institutions and industry.

Entrepreneurship is a potent force in addressing unemployment and fostering economic growth. However, there remains a research gap in understanding the specific impact of entrepreneurship on unemployment among Soran University Graduate Students within 2010-2023. Hence, the study aims to provide information to address policies and interventions aimed at promoting entrepreneurship and mitigating unemployment challenges among Graduate Students in the specified period. During the research, a descriptive-analytical approach and a quantitative method with 134 participants. As such, the study established a noteworthy and positive correlation between entrepreneurship and the reduction of unemployment. The analysis reveals key insights into the pivotal role of entrepreneurship education, access to funding, and resource facilitation in effectively addressing unemployment challenges among Soran University Graduate Students. The results highlight the significance of empowering graduates to shape their success, contributing not only to personal growth but also to regional economic development. Such findings of the study also emphasize implementing proactive strategies to promote entrepreneurship. All mentioned is supported by a qualitative literature review of previous publications. As a practical value, the study suggests that by fostering an entrepreneurial mindset and providing necessary support, institutions can play a pivotal role in mitigating unemployment and offering a solution to persistent issues

Abstract Traditional methods for evaluating decision-making provide valuable insights yet may fall short in capturing the complexity of this cognitive capacity, often providing insufficient for the multifaceted nature of decisions. The Kalliste Decision Task (KDT) is introduced as a comprehensive, ecologically valid tool aimed at bridging this gap, offering a holistic perspective on decision-making. In our study, 81 participants completed KDT alongside established tasks and questionnaires, including the Mixed Gamble Task (MGT), Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and Stimulating & Instrumental Risk Questionnaire (S&IRQ). They also completed the User Satisfaction Evaluation Questionnaire (USEQ). The results showed excellent usability, with high USEQ scores, highlighting the user-friendliness of KDT. Importantly, KDT outcomes showed significant correlations with classical decision-making variables, shedding light on participants’ risk attitudes (S&IRQ), rule-based decision-making (MGT), and performance in ambiguous contexts (IGT). Moreover, hierarchical clustering analysis of KDT scores categorized participants into three distinct profiles, revealing significant differences between them on classical measures. The findings highlight KDT as a valuable tool for assessing decision-making, addressing limitations of traditional methods, and offering a comprehensive, ecologically valid approach that aligns with the complexity and heterogeneity of real-world decision-making, advancing research and providing insights for understanding and assessing decision-making across multiple domains.

Risk taking increases during the final round of a set of repeated risky decisions, a phenomenon known as the ending effect. Recent evidence suggests that the motivation to pursue an emotionally rewarding ending may account for this ending effect. This study tested this explanation using different task paradigms. Experiment 1 ruled out a financial motivational explanation for the ending effect. Specifically, when risk taking was only associated with emotional incentives without financial rewards, the ending effect remained significant. Experiment 2a demonstrated that the ending effect was robust after controlling for the relevant variables. Experiment 2b measured participants' motivation using a visual reaction time task. The results revealed that perceiving an ending led participants to be more concerned with emotional satisfaction than financial rewards. These findings consistently support the notion that the perception of an approaching ending leads to an increase in emotional rather than financial motivation, and this increased emotional motivation could lead to increased risk-taking toward an ending. This study also ruled out the alternative explanation that the ending effect is driven by the need for financial rewards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Examining risky driving behaviours requires appropriate measurement tools. • The Road Traffic Behaviours Questionnaire has good psychometric properties, as found in studies of Polish car drivers. • A cutpoint indicating dangerously risky driving was established on an empirical basis. • KZD(R) can be useful for both psychological assessment and scientific research. Applying appropriate measurement tools is necessary when examining risky driving behaviours. The aim of this paper is to present a revised Road Traffic Behaviours Questionnaire, i.e., KZD(R), for studying the tendency towards risky behaviour on the road. The study was conducted on a group of 1281 Polish passenger car drivers (630 females) with an average age of 38.78 years (SD = 13.16). The psychometric properties of the questionnaire have been checked by means of factor analysis and adequate reliability measures (the McDonald's omega index of reliability was 0.92, showing a high internal consistency of the scale, and the stability index after a year was at the same level). Positive correlations of the questionnaire results with impulsiveness and venturesomeness from the IVE questionnaire, as well as negative correlations with empathy (IVE) and agreeableness from the Big Five model, confirmed the validity of the tool to measure risk-taking behind the wheel. Moreover, the ROC curve analysis was performed to assess the differentiating ability of the tool's scores in relation to the self-reported data collected from the drivers on the number of road accidents, traffic tickets received, and situations of driving after alcohol usage. The cutpoint above 10 points was established as optimal for classifying drivers into the group of potential dangerous risk-takers in road traffic. Overall, the KZD(R) can be a useful tool to measure risk-taking behind the wheel for various road safety and accident prevention purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Numerous theories exist regarding age differences in risk preference and related constructs, yet many of them offer conflicting predictions and fail to consider convergence between measurement modalities or constructs. To pave the way for conceptual clarification and theoretical refinement, in this preregistered study we aimed to comprehensively examine age effects on risk preference, impulsivity, and self-control using different measurement modalities, and to assess their convergence. Methods We collected a large battery of self-report, informant report, behavioral, hormone, and neuroimaging measures from a cross-sectional sample of 148 (55% female) healthy human participants between 16 and 81 years (mean age = 46 years, standard deviation [ SD ] = 19). We used an extended sample of 182 participants (54% female, mean age = 46 years, SD  = 19) for robustness checks concerning the results from self-reports, informant reports, and behavioral measures. For our main analysis, we performed specification curve analyses to visualize and estimate the convergence between the different modalities and constructs. Results Our multiverse analysis approach revealed convergent results for risk preference, impulsivity, and self-control from self- and informant reports, suggesting a negative effect of age. For behavioral, hormonal, and neuroimaging outcomes, age effects were mostly absent. Discussion Our findings call for conceptual clarification and improved operationalization to capture the putative mechanisms underlying age-related differences in risk preference and related constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study is to identify factors associated with women's entrepreneurial success. By embracing social feminism theory, this study provides a well-rounded analysis of the individual, social, institutional, and economic factors that shape successful women's business development in a patriarchal society within a Muslim and Arab country. Following the conceptual model development, data were obtained from 212 Moroccan women business owners using a web-based questionnaire. The results, based on structural equation modeling, revealed the positive and direct influence of individual factors on women entrepreneurs' success, including the need for achievement, and risk-taking. Additionally, external factors, particularly government support, social support, and access to finance, were found to be an important determinant of the entrepreneurial success of Moroccan women. This study enriches the existing knowledge on the determinants of the entrepreneurial success of women in developing countries. It offers offer useful managerial implications for policymakers who should implement appropriate actions to promote gender equality, as well as foster an environment conducive to enabling Moroccan women to launch and develop their own businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's vast geographical diversity provides plenty of scope for the Adventure sports. Adventure sports is an unusual experience or course of events marked by excitement, thrill and suspense. The British systematized the concept of adventure as a tool towards meeting an end leading to the birth of the Outward-Bound movement. It is about taking on challenges, meeting the unknown but more importantly it is about learning. Learning about ourselves and most of all about our potential, a stressbuster in the race of life. In order to get rid of the trauma of exams, career and results the best way to de-stress oneself is ADVENTURE SPORTS. Besides providing leisure time, it gives us eternal pleasure and calmness. Through this one can understand one's capabilities and talents, further valuing oneself. It encourages us to think about our own betterment. Adventure sports give us enthusiasm and courage to explore our hidden potentials in ourselves. Adventure sports stimulate balanced growth of body and mind. Thus, adventure sports are a tool, a magic wind that transforms the "CHICKEN HEART" into a "DARE - DEVIL. The study is to explore the potentials for Adventure sports in India. The study shall also try to find out the different types of adventure sports conducted in India. It is a matter of great concern to highlights the parameters of the adventure sports in its entire perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study expands the literature on risk taking among college students by exploring anti-racism action as a form of positive risk taking. Participants: 346 Black (64%) and Latinx (36%) college students (85% female) ages 18–27 years (M = 18.75, SD = 1.31). Methods: Participants responded to questionnaires on anti-racism action, health-risk taking, and college functioning. Latent class analysis identified behavioral profiles of risk takers. Indicators of profile membership and associations with college functioning were examined. Results: Three profiles emerged: moderate overall risk taking, high health-risk taking, and high anti-racism action. Personal experience with discrimination was associated with a greater likelihood of health-risk taking. Students in the high anti-racism profile evinced greater educational functioning than those in the high-health risk taking profile. Conclusions: Risky behavior on college campuses is not homogeneous. Specific interventions and support networks are necessary to support students falling within specific risk profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women have been trying to gain independence throughout history. In recent years, advances in technology and business have helped women to achieve this goal. According to women's personality and psychological characteristics, there are differences in their trading styles. One of the factors influencing the choice of this type of strategy is stress. In the last few years, stress and anxiety caused by Corona have become epidemic. In order to test the hypotheses, women traders active in the financial markets of Iran were examined using a Likert questionnaire in 2022, and interesting results were obtained. In order to carry out the research of this study, an interview was conducted first to find suitable questions and validity. Then, the statistical population and sample were selected, and the final questionnaire was distributed among them. MATLAB software was used to identify the number of common descriptive characteristics of the respondents, and finally, using EViews software, statistical analysis related to hypothesis testing was performed. The result shows that women play more conservatively and are risk-averse during the period of coronavirus infection. It has no effect on the volume and capital used in the transaction. The Corona anxiety has significant effects on the three dependent variables of conservatism, trading style, and trading (volume, capital, and number of transactions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Traditional methods for evaluating decision-making provide valuable insights yet may fall short in capturing the complexity of this cognitive capacity, often providing insufficient for the multifaceted nature of decisions. The Kalliste Decision Task (KDT) is introduced as a comprehensive, ecologically valid tool aimed at bridging this gap, offering a holistic perspective on decision-making. In our study, 81 participants completed KDT alongside established tasks and questionnaires, including the Mixed Gamble Task (MGT), Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and Stimulating & Instrumental Risk Questionnaire (S&IRQ). They also completed the User Satisfaction Evaluation Questionnaire (USEQ). The results showed excellent usability, with high USEQ scores, highlighting the user-friendliness of KDT. Importantly, KDT outcomes showed significant correlations with classical decision-making variables, shedding light on participants' risk attitudes (S&IRQ), rule-based decision-making (MGT), and performance in ambiguous contexts (IGT). Moreover, hierarchical clustering analysis of KDT scores categorized participants into three distinct profiles, revealing significant differences between them on classical measures. The findings highlight KDT as a valuable tool for assessing decision-making, addressing limitations of traditional methods, and offering a comprehensive, ecologically valid approach that aligns with the complexity and heterogeneity of real-world decision-making, advancing research and providing insights for understanding and assessing decision-making across multiple domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spurred by the rapid modernisation of the sector and the advent of Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), audiovisual (AV) piracy is at epidemic levels, with interventions having limited effect. To date, the dominant themes in interventions have been around personal deterrence (i.e. the threat of legal action) and have not considered other factors that may influence an individual's decision to consume infringing content. In this paper, we consider psychological factors, including perceptions around risk-taking, security behaviours, problematic internet use and personality traits, to gain a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing engagement with IPTV and the potential implications for cyber security. For this purpose, a survey was conducted with 283 participants living in the UK (age range 18–74, male 104), and an integrated structural equation model was constructed. Our findings showed a positive relationship between security behaviours and the perceived risk of viewing IPTV and a negative relationship between the dark personality triad and the perceived risk of viewing IPTV. They suggest that security behaviours fully mediate the relationship between problematic internet use and IPTV risk-taking, indicating a potential new path for anti-piracy interventions with greater efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking 26 listed commercial banks in China from 2010 to 2021 as a research sample, this paper empirically analyzes the impact and mechanism of digital transformation on bank systemic risk. The results show that digital transformation significantly reduces the systemic risk of banks, and the mechanism analysis finds that digital transformation inhibits the systemic risk of banks through two major channels: improving the operational efficiency of banks and reducing bank risk-taking. The results of heterogeneity analysis show that the digital transformation of small and medium-sized banks has a more significant inhibitory effect on the systemic risk of banks. This study provides a reference for better driving the digital transformation of banks and preventing systemic risks in the banking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether employee characteristics are associated with corporate risk-taking activities. The analysis shows that employee tenure is negatively associated with corporate risk-taking. This association remains robust to the instrumental variable approach and propensity score matching method. Furthermore, the negative relation between employee tenure and corporate risk is stronger for firms offering lower wages and for more labor-intensive firms. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering the interaction between managers and stakeholders such as employees when understanding corporate risk-taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the multifaceted landscape of entrepreneurship, this research delves into the intricate relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intention, focusing specifically on the final-year female undergraduates in Nigerian federal universities. Grounded in the Human Capital Theory (HCT), this study uncovers profound insights into the multifaceted relationships between various entrepreneurial traits and their influence on entrepreneurial intentions. The findings reveal a nuanced relationship between traits such as autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, risk-taking, selfesteem, and the sense of inclusion with entrepreneurial intentions. Autonomy and competitive aggressiveness emerge as significant influencers, while risk-taking displays a non-significant association. Self-esteem holds profound implications, while the sense of inclusion exerts a more subdued impact on entrepreneurial intentions. Theoretical implications challenge and expand existing frameworks, notably HCT. While HCT posits that investments in education and training foster entrepreneurial traits, this study suggests a more intricate relationship. The non-significant association of certain traits, despite their emphasis in HCT, underscores the need for a nuanced understanding, possibly integrating other theoretical frameworks. From a practical standpoint, these findings guide policymakers and educators in designing targeted interventions. Specialized training programs, workshops, and courses emphasizing autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, and self-esteem can be developed. Integrating competitive elements, like business plan competitions, can nurture students' competitive drive. Policy recommendations include tailored entrepreneurial education, fostering inclusive environments, promoting a risk-taking culture, supporting longitudinal studies, and enhancing collaboration between educational institutions and industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drawing on the dynamic capability view (DCV), the current study aims to examine the mediating effects of entrepreneurial orientation (EO), in terms of innovativeness, proactiveness and risk taking, on the relationships between big data analytics (BDA) capability and sustainable supply chain performance (SSCP). Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected by questionnaire survey from 300 manufacturing organizations. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses. Findings: The findings showed that innovativeness and proactiveness fully mediated the link between BDA capability and SSCP. However, risk taking only partially mediated the relationship between BDA capability and SSCP. There was also a negative relationship between BDA and risk taking. Research limitations/implications: Given that the current study focused on the manufacturing sector, future research is needed to compare different sectors and cultural contexts. Further exploration is also needed into the dimension of risk taking in terms of the role of risk taking in linking BDA capability with SSCP in different cultural settings. Practical implications: Technology may not increase the risk taking capability. Organizations may be creative and proactive but may remain risk averse despite having access to big data. Organizations need a more balanced approach to dynamically integrate and reconfigure the organizations' BDA and EO capabilities in order to enhance SSCP. Originality/value: The role of EO in mediating the relationship between BDA capability and SSCP has not been studied before. The current study aimed to address the gap and contribute to the existing debate on better understanding the factors that are needed by organizations to effectively employ technology to enhance SSCP. Untapped areas for future research are also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop and measure the effects of effective level crossing warning signs that raise the temporary stop ratio of automobile drivers ahead of level crossings. For this objective, first, four types of signs were designed based on accident analysis and psychological expertise. The experiment participants drove automobiles on driving simulators and repeatedly crossed the level crossings where one of the four designed signs were placed (or alternatively where no sign had been placed), and the temporary stop ratio ahead of level crossings was measured. Later, they were asked to respond to a questionnaire regarding their impressions (three categories of assessment: risk perception, attitude toward safety, and motivation for implementation) of the four types of signs. The experiment revealed that a sign of “gratitude” showing the message “Thank you for stopping” had a significantly higher temporary stop ratio in comparison to the other signs or to no sign during the condition in which a train is not passing along the tracks. Assessments of participants’ impressions of the “gratitude” sign indicated that, while risk perception was significantly lower than with other signs, the motivation to implement specific safety actions ahead of level crossings was significantly higher. It may be that the desire to implement safety behavior increases due to the norm of reciprocity as a result of showing courtesy to the experiment participants through an expression of gratitude, which results in an increase in the temporary stop ratio.

We draw on the behavioral theory of the firm and prospect theory to examine how performance feedback (decision context) and the characteristics of the alternatives (decision content) that decision makers face jointly determine organizational risk-taking choices. While the behavioral theory of the firm has identified performance feedback's important role in driving organizational risk-taking decisions, it has not considered the intrinsic attributes of alternatives, specifically the magnitude and likelihood of their outcomes, which have been the focus of prospect theory. We argue that these two attributes play a key role in decision makers' assessment of alternatives, but because achieving organizational goals is the prime objective in organizations, performance feedback drives how decision makers process information regarding these attributes. Analyzing 23,895 fourth-down decisions from the U.S. National Football League, we find that decision makers weigh attainment discrepancy and the magnitude and likelihood of outcomes in their choices, depending on deadline proximity. Furthermore, the size and valence of attainment discrepancy modify the weight of the magnitude and likelihood of outcomes in risky choices. Our arguments and findings suggest extensions to the behavioral theory of the firm and imply modifications to prospect theory when applied to the organizational context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imagine yourself getting ready to embark on a skydiving session. As you strap on your parachute and open the airplane door, a grin breaks across your face as you realize that in just mere seconds, you’ll experience the adrenaline rush and sense of freedom that comes with falling through the sky at terminal velocity. However, as the pilot tells you the plane has reached 14,000 feet above ground level, doubts slowly begin to trickle into your mind. Is the risk you’re taking truly worth it? The ground is so far below you, and if your parachute fails, there will be nothing to stop your inevitable gruesome death. You also have a wife and two beautiful children at home who love you. What would happen to them if you were to die today? With these thoughts running through your mind, you reluctantly tell the pilot to turn back, and decide that the risk just isn’t worth it. Now imagine yourself on the plane again, but this time, things are different. Rightbefore getting onto the airplane, you had just attended church, where you spent hours praying to God. After confessing your sins and thanking God for what he has given you, you asked him to protect you while you embark on your skydiving journey. Would you be more likely to jump out of the plane now? According to research conducted in the field of religious cognition, reminders of God can lead to increased risky behavior. The associations between God and psychologicalcontrol and between control and risk taking are one possible explanation for this phenomena. However, as the next few articles will show, the link between supernatural reminders and risk taking is a highly complex effect which needs further studying.

This paper examines whether the shooting decisions under the leading (/lagging) condition moderate (/stimulate) risk taking. Using the task of field goal attempts in basketball competitions involving National Basketball Association regular season and playoff games, I find strong evidence of a significantly causal effect of interim performance information (IPI) on the probability of a risky shooting. Our results support the leading, lagging, and nothing‐to‐lose effects on individual risk taking under different conditions of time and score proximation in high‐stakes dynamic competitions when performing skill‐based tasks. Furthermore, the IPI effects are found to differ between Covid and non‐Covid periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinicians and scholars routinely use behavioral decision tasks to assess real-world decision making capabilities. However, many common behavioral decision making tasks lack data on the extent to which they predict real-world risky behaviors. Across two pre-registered studies, and two timepoints, we assessed decision making abilities using common behavioral tasks and predicted participants' real-world risky decision making from task performance. In Study 1, 918 Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers completed three decision making tasks in addition to assessments of real-world risk behavior: preventive health behaviors, COVID-19 vaccination status, and virtual social distancing task performance. In Study 2, 221 college student participants completed the Study 1 tasks plus additional assessments of decision making and real world risk and protective behaviors. Across both studies, the selected behavioral decision tasks rarely predicted real world behavior and, when they did, the relationship was weak at best. These data suggest that these behavioral decision making tasks may not be good predictors of real world risky behavior at present, with some evidence that the specificity of the behavior being assessed matters (i.e. the closer the task was to the specific behavior being predicted), calling for additional ecological validity research, with a greater variety of tasks in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Gambles that involve a large but unlikely gain coupled with a small but likely loss—like a lottery ticket—are known as positively skewed. There is evidence that people tend to prefer these positively skewed choices, leading to what is called a positive‐skew bias. In this study, we attempt to better understand under what conditions people are more drawn towards positively skewed, relative to symmetric, gambles. Based on the animal literature, there is reason to believe that preference for skewed gambles is dependent on the strength of the skew, with a greater preference for more strongly skewed options. In two online studies (Study 1: N = 209; Study 2: N = 210), healthy participants across the lifespan (ages 22–85) made a series of choices between a positively skewed risky gamble and either a certain outcome (Study 1) or risky symmetric gamble (Study 2). Logistic regression analyses revealed that people were more likely to choose moderately and strongly skewed gambles over certain outcomes, with the exception of when there were large potential losses (Study 1). However, a stronger skewness did not increase preference for positively skewed gambles over symmetric gambles, findings that also may depend on the valence of the expected outcome (Study 2). Taken together, these results suggest that there may be a greater preference for more strongly positively skewed gambles, but it (1) is dependent on what other gamble is presented and (2) is most prevalent for positive expected values. Additionally, contrary to previous findings, we did not find strong evidence of an age‐related increase in positive skew bias in either study. However, exploratory analyses revealed that decision making strategy and cognitive abilities may play a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abundant literature has examined how mortality salience influences risk-taking behavior. However, these researches have placed relatively little emphasis on the boundary conditions under which mortality salience may increase or decrease risk taking. This research examines the proposition that mortality salience may increase or decrease risk taking, depending on consumers' perception of time horizon. We conduct two online experiments (N = 470) with between-subjects design. The results show that when the time is perceived as limited, mortality salience weakens sensation seeking, which in turn decreases people's risk taking. In contrast, when the time is perceived as expansive, mortality salience enhances sensation seeking, which in turn increases people's risk taking. Our findings shed light on how and when mortality salience can influence risk taking, and also provide practical implications for marketers and policy-makers on the consumption settings related to risk decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of financial influencer credibility on risky investment intention was researched. It was also evaluated whether confidence had a mediating role in this effect. In this context, data was collected from a total of 1000 participants between April and June 2023, based on convenience sampling and volunteering. The scale for financial influencer credibility, the independent variable, was developed within the scope of this study. In this regard, both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes were conducted on the collected data, and then the research model was tested using CB-SEM. According to the findings, the direct effect of financial influencer credibility on risky investment intention was found to be positive and statistically significant. In addition, according to the mediation analysis, it was determined that confidence has a mediating role in the effect of financial influencer credibility on risky investment intention, and there is partial mediation. As a result, with this study, the concept of influencer was discussed financially for the first time and its impact on investor decisions was revealed.

This study’s main objective is to examine the impact of industry sales growth on the risk taking of companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). This research is classified as an applied research in terms of objective and a correlational study in terms of methodology and nature, using regression analysis to obtain model coefficients. The statistical population includes all companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange, and the statistical sample consists of 127 companies selected by systematic elimination method listed over the years 2018 to 2022. The hypotheses were tested by the Estimated Generalized Least Squares (EGLS) method with a random effects pattern. According to the results, industry sales growth has a significant negative effect on the risk taking of the companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange.

Many individuals undergo mating and/or other aspects of reproductive experience at some point in their lives, and pregnancy and childbirth in particular are associated with alterations in the prevalence of several psychiatric disorders. Research in rodents shows that maternal experience affects spatial learning and other aspects of hippocampal function. In contrast, there has been little work in animal models concerning how reproductive experience affects cost-benefit decision making, despite the relevance of this aspect of cognition for psychiatric disorders. To begin to address this issue, reproductively experienced (RE) and reproductively naïve (RN) female Long-Evans rats were tested across multiple tasks that assess different forms of cost-benefit decision making. In a risky decision-making task, in which rats chose between a small, safe food reward and a large food reward accompanied by variable probabilities of punishment, RE females chose the large risky reward significantly more frequently than RN females (greater risk taking). In an intertemporal choice task, in which rats chose between a small, immediate food reward and a large food reward delivered after a variable delay period, RE females chose the large reward less frequently than RN females. Together, these results show distinct effects of reproductive experience on different forms of cost-benefit decision making in female rats, and highlight reproductive status as a variable that could influence aspects of cognition relevant for psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the digital age has immensely contributed to the evolution and emergence of delinquency and social problems among emerging adults. As excellent as the tremendous benefits that technology has afforded these generations of youths raised in a wired world, some have decided to engage in the dark side of computer technology. The main aim of the study is to explore the how problematic internet use can influence development of delinquent behaviour among emerging adults in higher school of learning. It also explored the role of household financial capabilities of the emerging adults. The study adopted convenient sampling method to select n=386; (50.5% males and 49.5% females) who were aged between 16-27 years from University of Lagos. This cross-sectional study administered standardized instruments to examine the variables (Problematic internet use questionnaire, Disciplinary and delinquent behaviour survey) Result showed no significant difference between problematic internet use and emerging adult delinquency (t(384) = -1.29 P> .05), also, no significant difference between the delinquency of participants from high or low income earners, t(373) = -1.93, P> .05). Therefore, it is expedient to develop safety guidelines that will serve as interplay between digitalization and delinquency in which emerging adults must exercise restraint and broader range of delinquency can be confirmed among other samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]