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Sustainable agriculture involves complex interactions among social, economic, and ecological dimensions, each with distinct interests and goals. Achieving sustainable agricultural development is challenging and requires a comprehensive response. This study focuses on Indonesia’s garlic production, employing a systems thinking approach to provide a holistic understanding of the interconnected factors influencing sustainable agricultural systems. We utilized the first two steps of the five-step systems thinking methodology—problem articulation and the formulation of dynamic hypotheses. This process involved developing a causal loop diagram (CLD) to represent the dynamic hypotheses and identifying system archetypes to determine leverage and potential intervention points. Our analysis identified three system archetypes—Drifting Goals, Fixes that Fail, and Limit to Growth—as key patterns influencing the sustainability of garlic production. The Drifting Goals archetype reveals that efforts to boost local garlic stock in Indonesia are hindered by the allocation of garlic for seeds, due to the lack of a clear distinction between garlic for consumption and seed. The Fixes that Fail archetype illustrates the long-term detrimental effects of short-term agricultural practices, such as the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The Limit to Growth archetype underscores the critical need for enhanced market access and a shift in consumer preferences to sustain garlic farming. To address these challenges, we recommend establishing clear distinctions between garlic for consumption and seed production, developing the seed industry, promoting integrated pest management, and reducing reliance on chemical inputs through environmentally friendly technology. Additionally, ensuring market and price stability is vital to maintain farmers’ interest in garlic cultivation. Therefore, the government should prioritize market penetration for local garlic and consistently enforce import restrictions to ensure the sustainability of garlic production in Indonesia.

The relevance of this study lies in overcome obstacles to garlic development in Indonesia, such as low productivity and limited use of technology, which can hinder self-sufficiency and import-reducing programs. The purpose of this study was to identify the technical efficiency, the determinants of technical inefficiency, and the level of technical efficiency at various levels of adoption of the standard operating procedures of garlic farming in production centres in Indonesia. The cross-sectional data was gathered through interviews with 227 farmers chosen using a simple random selection technique. The Cobb-Douglass production function and the stochastic frontier analysis were used to determine the factors influencing garlic production, the technical efficiency level, and the determinants of technical inefficiency. The Maximum Likelihood Estimation was used to analyse the data. The level of technical efficiency at various levels of standard operating procedures adoption was measured using descriptive statistical analysis. Farm size, seeds, urea and NPK fertiliser, herbicides, yellow sticky traps, family labour, mulch, and farmers’ participation in garlic development programs significantly affected garlic production. The technical efficiency varied within 0.37-0.99, with a mean of 0.71. Farmers’ practices and standard operating procedure adoption significantly reduced technical inefficiency. Generally, the level of standard operating procedure adoption is moderate. In the high standard operating procedure adoption group, the mean technical efficiency is 0.77, while in the moderate level group, it is 0.68. The findings of this study can be used as a model for other garlic-importing countries to enhance production and strengthen food security

In Indonesia, the loyalty of traditional retail stores to suppliers in business relationships has not been widely described and explored, especially in the current era of digital transformation. Meanwhile, their business potential is enormous, with an estimated business value of 817 trillion per year. This business value contributes to 69% of the total Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) retail industry business in Indonesia. The research aimed to describe the situation of traditional retail stores with suppliers and their level of loyalty in the Business to Business (B2B) market. The research also wanted to find out the respondents’ profiles in relation to loyalty indicators. The method applied was a descriptive analysis method to map perceptions and opinions of traditional retail stalls against suppliers. Furthermore, the Top Two Box method was used to assess the loyalty level, while the respondents’ profiles were analyzed using cross-tabulation analysis. The respondents were 500 owners of traditional retail stores with proportionate stratified random sampling through an offline questionnaire. The results show that the retail service quality, trust, commitment, and satisfaction are relatively good. Meanwhile, the merchandising and website quality need to be improved. Approximately 75,4% of retail stores are loyal to their suppliers, while the remaining 24,6% are disloyal. These results are useful for supply companies to establish business-to-business relationships with traditional retail stores in Indonesia to create, develop, and maintain maximum loyalty.

This study aims to analyze the efficiency of raw materials supply and measure supply chain performance at PT XYZ. The method used to measure supply chain performance is SCOR. This research is limited to PKO raw material from suppliers and lauric acid products by PT XYZ. Results showed that the method of raw material procurement in PT XYZ was already efficient. The supply chain performance in PT XYZ was good yet only the POF matrix gives an unfavorable result compared to the brancmark from a similar company. Commonly in running operation of production, PT XYZ has several steps of supply chain that only involve suppliers, PT XYZ and direct to customer. The result showed from the measurement of matrix: level 1 is POF=88.36%, OFCT=44 days, and CTCCT=51 days. In level 2, PT XYZ conducted all activities in planning process (P1-P5), executing (S2, M1, M2, M3, D2, D3 and DR1) and enabling. On the mapping of level 2 obtained that the result of deliver process have the lowest performance and analysis in level 3 should be conducted to explain the deliver process in more detail.

Membership in the G-20 forum is both a threat and an opportunity for Indonesian agricultural commodities. Indonesia must be able to take advantage of this great opportunity to increase international trade activities, especially exports. Although the G-20 market is a potential market, Indonesia faces challenges because it is considered not ready to compete and threatened to become a market for other countries. In 2020, Indonesia's agricultural exports (HS 01-24) are in ninth place compared to its competitors in G-20 market. In order to increase the export share, the purpose of this study is to analyze the development of exports from Indonesia to the G20 market and the competitiveness of agricultural products. The analyzes used are descriptive analysis, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), and Dynamic Revealed Comparative Advantage (DRCA). The results showed that 63.25% of the five selected agricultural export commodities had comparative competitiveness in the G-20 market. From the trend of increasing exports, several countries that become non-traditional markets have the potential as a market diversification destination, including Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Turkey, and Argentina. DRCA analysis shows that the dynamics of the G-20 market are quite large, and some of them are experiencing a decline. The strategy to increase exports to the G-20 market is to maintain the competitiveness of commodities in the rising star quadrant, as well as increase the competitiveness of commodities that are in the lagging opportunity and lost opportunity quadrant due to high global demand for these commodities.

Indonesia is a nutmeg exporter with the highest export value during 2012‒2020. However, the growth of Indonesia's export value is lower than its competitors. Therefore, to maintain its position as a major exporter, it is important to know its competitiveness. This study aims to explain the competitiveness of Indonesian nutmeg in the world and in ten export destinations. In addition, this study was conducted to analyze the competitive position in the export destination market. The study uses secondary data from UN Comtrade. The data are Indonesian export values of whole and powdered nutmeg in the international market and in ten destination countries during 2012‒2020. The data were processed using revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and dynamic revealed comparative advantage (DRCA) analysis. The results showed that Indonesian whole and powdered nutmeg were competitive in the world market. However, the competitiveness is lower than nutmeg competitiveness of Sri Lanka. Indonesian nutmegs in ten destination markets are also competitive, with the highest competitiveness being in Italy and Germany. Nevertheless, the always positive growth of competitiveness from two products occurred in Japan, thus make Japan's competitive position in rising star during the period of 2018‒2020. Increasing the competitiveness of nutmeg can be done by increasing the export value of the product through regulations by the government regarding post-harvest handling so that there is only a small amount of aflatoxin. In addition, the government can more focus on increasing exports to Japan. Keywords: competitiveness, dynamic revealed comparative advantage, revealed comparative advantage, nutmeg

𝘐𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯: 𝘛𝘢𝘯𝘫𝘶𝘯𝘨 𝘑𝘢𝘣𝘶𝘯𝘨 𝘉𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘵 𝘙𝘦𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘺 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘰𝘶𝘴 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘺 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘭𝘥𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘰𝘯𝘦 𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘢 𝘴𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘪𝘵 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘶𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘦 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘺𝘦𝘢𝘳 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘴𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘰𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘮𝘶𝘯𝘪𝘵𝘺. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘵𝘺 𝘰𝘧 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘤𝘢𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘪𝘧𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘯 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦. 𝘛𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘺 𝘢𝘪𝘮𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘤𝘳𝘪𝘣𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘦𝘦 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘺 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘭𝘥𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘻𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘦𝘢𝘤𝘩 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘺. 𝘔𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥: 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘤𝘩 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯 𝘛𝘢𝘯𝘫𝘶𝘯𝘨 𝘑𝘢𝘣𝘶𝘯𝘨 𝘉𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘵 𝘙𝘦𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘺 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘢 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦 𝘰𝘧 90 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘢 𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘺 𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘢. 𝘍𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘻𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘤𝘳𝘪𝘱𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘴 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘭𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘻𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘢 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥. 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴: 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴 𝘴𝘩𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘰𝘶𝘴 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘦𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴, 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘯 𝘪𝘳𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘷𝘪𝘥𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘳𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘶𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴. 𝘍𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘭 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘮𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵 𝘰𝘯 𝘓𝘦𝘣𝘢𝘬 𝘴𝘸𝘢𝘮𝘱 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨. 𝘉𝘢𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦, 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘴𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘵𝘴 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘶𝘳𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘪𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘰𝘶𝘵𝘴𝘪𝘥𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘭𝘺. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘙/𝘊 𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰 𝘰𝘧 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘦𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘴 >1. 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘭𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯: 𝘈𝘮𝘰𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘦𝘦 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘺 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘭𝘥𝘴, 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘪𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘪𝘳𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘺 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘭𝘥𝘴. 𝘗𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘺-𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘪𝘳𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥, 𝘵𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘭, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘴𝘸𝘢𝘮𝘱 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘦𝘧𝘧𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦.

Chrysanthemum cur flowers have many benefits in that they can be used for flower bouquets, pollution absorbers, and even traditional medicinal plants. One of the national chrysanthemum cutting flower centers is in Cianjur Regency, which contributes 53% of total production for West Java Province. Every year, this high production of cut flowers is also followed by higher price differences between the farmer and final seller levels. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of chrysanthemum cut flower marketing in Cianjur Regency. Respondents included farmers, collectors, wholesalers, and florists. Marketing efficiency was analyzed using the composite index method and the Acharya & Aggarwal method, using three indicators: marketing margin, farmer's share, and marketing costs. There are three marketing channels in Cianjur Regency, namely (1) farmers–collectors–wholesalers–consumers, (2) farmers– wholesalers–consumers, and (3) farmers–florists–consumers. The most efficient marketing channel is channel 2, with the lowest index, 1, and based on the Acharya & Aggarwal method, channel 2 has the highest efficiency value, 1.14. Therefore, it can be concluded that farmers' most preferred marketing channel is channel 1 (collectors), which is not the most efficient channel. Preferably, the farmers choose channel 2 (wholesalers) to sell the harvest of their chrysanthemum cut flowers so as not to rely on collectors. Keywords: farmer's Saham, marketing channel, marketing margin

The increasing demand and consumption of oranges have led many local governments to participate in developing superior local orange varieties that are acceptable to consumers, such as the local orange variety called "rimau gerga lebong" from Bengkulu Province. This study aims to analyze consumers' preferences and willingness to pay for rimau gerga lebong oranges. Primary data for the study were collected through an online survey of 200 respondents who have purchased and consumed oranges in Bengkulu, Sumatera Selatan, and Jambi regions. The survey was conducted from April to May 2022. The data were analyzed using a discrete choice experiment (DCE) and willingness to pay (WTP) analysis. Four attributes were considered in the DCE and WTP analyses: taste, water content, freshness, and price. The results indicate that consumers prefer gerga oranges due to their fresh, high water content, and sweet taste attributes. Furthermore, consumers are willing to pay a higher price, with a maximum additional price of Rp. 936.08/kg for fresh oranges, Rp. 497.59/kg for juicy oranges, and Rp. 307.89/kg for sweet oranges. Improving the quality of orange attributes according to consumer needs can lead to increased profits. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for breeders and marketers to ensure that orange quality aligns with the needs and desires of consumers. Based on these findings, several managerial implications can be formulated to enhance and maintain orange attributes. Keywords: discrete choice experiment, orange attributes, preference, utilty product, willingness to pay

Supply chain of FS Jasmine rice products from PT Food Station Tjipinang Jaya still facing some problems as low stock availibility, low rice quality, and high expenses but there was an increase in demand of FS Jasmine rice in 2021. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze the supply chain of FS Jasmine rice by using the Food Supply Chain Network (FSCN) approach comprehensively. The process of preparing Food Supply Chain Networks (FSCN) consists of supply chain structures, business processes, resources, and supply chain management. The sample in the study was 69 farmers, using the purposive sampling method by selecting farmers with the criteria of being members of the Malai Padi farmer group, CV Sandy Jaya and Tani Mulus who are partners of PT FSTJ. This research showed that the condition of the supply chain for FS Jasmine Rice in Indramayu Regency is already in good condition for each member of the supply chain because the supply chain already has clear goals, and market targets, namely domestic market and export plans, moreover development targets, namely increasing quality, product continuity, expanding market, moreover innovation and use of technology. However, optimizations are needed to strengthen the functions of farmer groups such as cultivation patterns to increase the quality, productivity per hectare, and quantity produced to meet the demand. Keywords: farmers group, food supply chain networks, product continuity, rice, supply chain

The mismatch between the availability of vegetables and consumer demand is one of the causes of inefficient supply chains. This study aims to analyze the bullwhip effect on the organic leaf vegetable supply chain at PT Simply Fresh Organic (SFO). The analysis method used is a comparison between the coefficient of variation of orders created with the coefficient of variation in requests received by each supply chain institution. The data used are secondary data obtained from PT SFO. The measurement results show that the supply chain flow of organic leaf vegetables had a bullwhip effect at the PT SFO level and no bullwhip effect occurs at the retail level. The value of the BE supply chain value calculation at PT SFO shows a higher figure than at the retail level. The bullwhip effect at PT SFO occurred because of a rationing and shortage gaming policy. Therefore, each member of the supply chain must maintain transparency of data information and utilize digital technology to improve the accuracy of data forecasting requests and reservations quickly.

This study aimed to analyze changes in household consumption patterns in rural and urban areas due to price changes in the rice commodity. The data sources used were the 2016 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS). Household food consumption data were grouped into ten food groups, while respondent households were grouped into four household groups, i.e., rich urban, poor urban, rich rural, and poor rural groups. The research methodology used was QUAIDS and Elasticity. The results showed that the characteristics of the four household groups on the variable number of household members and the age of the household head had almost the same average. However, the household heads were different in the variable of education length. The longest education was in the rich urban group, while the least was in the poor rural group. Likewise, the highest average income was the rich urban group, and the lowest was the poor rural group. As for commodities, the poor areas share that were greater than the rich ones are rice, other carbohydrates, fat, fruits, spices, and other ingredients. In contrast, the larger commodities in rich areas than in poor areas were meat, eggs-milk-and beans, vegetables, cigarettes, and prepared foods. Of the four commodity groups, the highest share was cigarettes and prepared foods, greater in rich areas than in poor areas, both for urban and rural areas. For the rice commodity, the household group with the highest share was the poor rural group of 0.23, while the smallest was the rich urban group of 0.1033

Lingkungan pasar pendidikan tinggi yang dinamis dan persaingan yang semakin intensif menjadi tantangan bagi PTS untuk dapat mempertahankan daya saing. Seiring dengan persaingan yang semakin intensif dalam pasar pendidikan tinggi, peran pemasaran menjadi semakin penting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh implementasi audit pemasaran dan orientasi pasar terhadap daya saing PTS, dengan menggunakan kinerja sebagai variabel mediasi. Survei dilakukan terhadap 178 pimpinan PTS yang mewakili 58 PTS di LLDIKTI Wilayah III DKI Jakarta. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Structural Equation Modelling - Lisrel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan audit pemasaran dan orientasi pasar secara langsung tidak berpengaruh terhadap daya saing, namun secara tidak langsung berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap daya saing PTS melalui pengaruhnya terhadap kinerja. Hasil ini memberi rekomendasi bagi para pimpinan PTS untuk meningkatkan intensitas dan kualitas implementasi audit pemasaran dan level orientasi pasar agar kinerja meningkat. Seiring dengan meningkatnya kinerja baik kinerja akademik maupun manajemen, maka daya saing akan meningkat. Secara empiris, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa para pimpinan PTS menilai terdapat peran penting audit pemasaran dan orientasi pasar dalam meningkatkan kinerja dan daya saing.

The poultry industry, especially broilers is the basis of the people's economy which has high potential in increasing inclusive economic growth. In addition, it can also be studied from the product distribution side, from the point of producer to the end consumer. One of the companies engaged in the production of broiler broilers is PT SUJ. The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of farmer and company supply chains using the Supply Chain Operational Reference (SCOR) model approach with regard to internal and external attributes. The results showed that PT SUJ has four institutions involved in marketing broiler chickens, namely breeder partners, companies, brokers / agents and consumers. For measuring supply chain performance, the results of measuring the performance of broiler broiler supply chains at the level of partner farmers on the attributes of responsiveness and flexibility have achieved the best performance position (superior). However, for the attributes of reliability and assets are still at the level of advantage. Meanwhile, the value of chicken supply chain performance for the broiler company level on the attributes of reliability, responsiveness and flexibilty has achieved the best performance (superior). However, for attributes the company's assets only achieve a good position (advantage). Generally, the performance of broiler chicken supply chains is good at the farmer and company level.

Smoked fish is one of the processed fish products that provided higer added value. However, there are still great opportunities to increase added value of smoked fish products through upgrading their value chains to make them more competitive and sustainable. This study aims to examine value chain upgrading of the smoked fish in Central Java. The data were obtained from 52 smoked fish value chain actors in Central Java by conducting in-depth interviews. The data was analyzed using a qualitative descriptive analysis of value chain upgrading. The results showed that the smoked fish value chain in Central Java can be upgraded through three upgrading types: product, process, and functional. Product upgrading can be done by using vacuum packaging and food boxes for processors and food stallers respectively. Process upgrading can be done by adopting fish detection technology (for fisherman) and administrative system applications (for wholesalers and traders). Functional upgrading can be improved by implementing direct selling from processors to restaurants and online marketing for retailers. As these upgrading activites will require additional costs, the smoked fish value chain actors need to consider the costs to get higher benefits in the implementation of value chain upgrading for smoked fish in Central Java.

Food delivery apps (FDA) are one of the most popular types of online marketing media, providing convenience for consumers to order ready-to-eat meals. The possibility of using and ordering food through FDA has also increased with the rise of Covid-19 cases as people practice social-distancing as a form of subjective norm. This study aims to analyze factors influencing consumers’ intention to use FDA during the pandemic. The primary data from online survey of 327 greater Jakarta residents who previously have or have not used FDA was analyzed using structural equation modelling. Factors significantly related to intention of the theory of reasoned action (TRA), technology acceptance model (TAM), trustworthiness, and perceived risk integration were subjective norm, perceived risk, and attitude, while other variables with significant direct effects were: (1) subjective norm and perceived risk towards attitude and (2) perceived ease of use towards attitude, perceived usefulness, and trustworthiness. Attitude were found moderating the relationship between subjective norms, perceived ease of use, and perceived risk with intention. TRA as a constituent theory was found to be the best at describing purchasing intention through FDA. Managerial implications for third-party FDA and partner restaurants were formulated from these findings. Keywords: consumer intention, food delivery apps, technology acceptance model (TAM), theory of reasoned action (TRA), ready-to-eat meal marketing

Small-scale potato farming in the Arfak Mountains needs attention in allocating inputs for efficient farming. This study aims to describe the allocation of the use of potato farming inputs, analyze the factors that affect potato production, and analyze the level of technical efficiency of potato farming in the Arfak Mountains. Arfak Mountains Regency was chosen purposively as the research location. Data collection starts from December 2021 to February 2022. Sampling was done by snowball sampling with a sample of 140 respondents. The data used in this study is cross-section data which was analyzed using the Stochastic Frontier Cobb Douglas production function approach. The results showed that the average farmer in the Arfak Mountains controlled 0.07 hectares of land for potato farming, with a seed requirement of 22 kg per hectare. The factors that affect potato production are land, seeds, and female labor. The level of technical efficiency of potato farming is 73 percent. Improvements in farming management and extension assistance for good agricultural practices and the use of technology according to farmers' local wisdom need to be carried out to increase potato production and productivity. Keywords: local knowledge, low input, potato, small-scale farming, technical efficiency

Higher education institutions provide educational service that involves high intensity of interaction between lecturers and students. The relationship of a lecturer with the university determines the quality of the education that will be given to students. Exchanges that occur between lecturers and the higher education organizations, such as internal marketing activities, cannot be considered merely as a simple transactional economic process since educational role contains social elements in it. Relationship among university lecturers certainly plays an important role in determining lecturers' behavioral intention in conducting their academic tasks. This study is aimed to analyze the mediating role on the relationship quality of lecturers-college in marketing process where the effect of internal marketing offerings on Academic Behavioral Intention. With an online survey of 256 private university lecturers, this research seeks to analyze the magnitude of influence of the quality of Lecturer Connectivity on Academic Behavior Intention of lecturers. Data analysis was performed by utilizing Structural Equation Modeling with Lisrel software. Results have shown that the effect of the internal marketing mix towards Academic Behavioral Intention seemed to be greater through relationship quality in comparison to its direct influence.

Indonesia's pepper growth rate tends to decrease compared to the growth rate of world pepper demand. This is due to the decline in production in Indonesia in recent years. This has an impact on the amount offered by Indonesia to meet the needs of the world. Indonesia's inability to compete with other countries makes Indonesia's position in taking on the growth of the world's hopes can be used by other countries. This situation can change Indonesia's position and competitiveness in trade on the international market. This study aims to analyze the level of competition between countries by using Revealed Comparative Auntungan (RCA and Dynamics Revealed Comparative Advantage (DRCA). The results of the study show that during the 2011-2013 period the highest increase in competitiveness between countries during the other period was an increase Significant exports to the countries of Brazil, India and Pakistan which increased on the value of RCA. Delaying in the 2011-2013 and 2014-2016 periods was related to increasing countries increasing exports such as Indonesia, Brazil and India. Position of Indonesia in 2016 Enlarging free markets greater than the results of world exports, Indonesia must increase the country's competitiveness. Â

Indonesia is the world's largest producer and exporter of palm oil that has been recognized by foreign countries. Italy is the largest importer of Solid Palm Oil Fraction (SPOF) in the European Union. This article examines the analysis of SPOF Indonesia's competition in the Italian market. The method used is AIDS with a SUR approach that iterates through the application of STATA. The secondary data used is a time series on import value and quantities from 2004 to 2021 by Italy. The results showed that the price elasticity and expenditure of Indonesian SPOF imports were more elastic than Malaysia and the Netherlands. SPOF Indonesia is a luxury good but the price is lower. The elasticity of own price (Hicksian), the Netherlands is more elastic, while Indonesia is Marshallian. Cross price elasticity (Hicksian and Marshallian), the relationship between Indonesia-Malaysia compete by means of substitution. Meanwhile, the Netherlands-Indonesia and the Netherlands-Malaysia complement each other. Therefore, the Indonesian must add quality classes and added value to SPOF products in accordance with the quality of Malaysian and Netherlands products to increase consumer attractiveness. As a result, there will be bilateral cooperation between the two main producing countries of the SPOF in the Italian market to prevent a trade war. Keywords: AIDS, competition, elasticity demand, solid palm oil fraction

Corn and poultry are two strategic commodities supporting food security and highly dependent on one another. This study analyses the short-term and long-term relationship between the price variables for eggs, broiler, and corn. It determines the effect of COVID-19 at the producer and consumer levels on the price of eggs in 28 provinces in Indonesia using the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PARDL) – Pooled Mean Group (PMG) approach. The PARDL estimation showed a short-term relationship between egg, broiler, and corn price variables at the producer and consumer levels, and this is shown by a significant positive and negative relationship in several provinces. There is a substitution relationship between laying hens and broiler in North Sumatra, Riau, South Sumatra, West Java, Central Java, Banten, West Nusa Tenggara, North Sulawesi, and West Papua, while the complementary relationship only occurs in Bali. In addition, the Indonesian laying hen industry should be supported by integrated policies from upstream to downstream. This is a policy of the lowest and the highest retail price and those that regulates the creation of corn supply balance inputs as the main feed for laying hens. Keywords: corn, COV-19, laying hens, PARDL, price transmission

The concept of marketing aims to build, maintain, and enhance mutually beneficial relationships between suppliers and partners. Therefore, this research recommends priority strategies for increasing traditional retail stall loyalty to suppliers in the new digital transformation era. This research was conducted in Indonesia's fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) retail industry with data collected through a Forum Group Discussion (FGD) and in-depth interviews with several experts. These include top management of retail industry supply companies, principal of FMCG, General Chairperson of the Indonesian Retail Entrepreneurs Association, Secretary-General of the Indonesian Retail Entrepreneurs Association, Chair of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and academics who are also practitioners in the retail industry. The data collected were analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. The results showed that merchandising and employees are the most dominant factors in forming retail stall loyalty to suppliers in the new digital transformation era. The company's main goal to increase retail stall loyalty to suppliers is by raising sales growth with the continuous rise in profits for supplier companies. Furthermore, the most important alternative strategy to increase retail stall loyalty to suppliers is product assortment and stock availability as the main alternative strategy. In conclusion, this research is useful for supply companies to establish relationships with traditional retail stalls in Indonesia. Keywords: analytical hierarchy process, merchandising, retail industry supplier strategy, retail service quality, website quality

Demand for food products is inevitable, this condition is related to food products as a staple food for the sustainability of human life. In Indonesia, the demand for food depends very much on the needs of the people. The purpose of this study is to analyze food demand in Indonesia which is divided into 4 categories of regions: rich cities, poor cities, rich villages, and poor villages need through research that can be obtained about getting assistance in accordance with the consumption demand of people in Indonesia. The research method used secondary data with panel data types obtained from SUSENAS data. The analytical method used to estimate the demand system was through econometrics demand, namely the QUAIDS model and then the data were processed using the SAS program. The results showed a comparison of the total number of households allocated specifically for food if sorted out, namely poor villages were higher then followed by poor cities, rich cities, and rich villages. When there is a change in income, poor rural households and poor cities when the public still responds by allocating a large part of their budgets to very basic trade such as other food and tobacco, rice, other oils, and household fats in rich villages and rich cities provide more responses to allocating their incomes to the trade in meat, fruits, vegetables, fish, eggs, milk, and processed foods. Keywords: Quadaric Almost Ideal System, income elasticity, consumption, demand food

This study aimed to see whether intention of applying for microcredit was influenced by factors of demographic and online business characteristics. The selection of respondents used convenience sampling method by collecting qualitative and descriptive information through online survey to 235 online seller who were members of the Indonesian Online Business Association (APOI). The results of the study using logistic regression analysis proved that only the type of online business that was significantly related to the intention of applying for micro credit. Financial institutions should offer credit products that are suitable for the type of online business to increase intention. Further research based on the type of business and online products will provide better overview of online MSME intnetion models.

CPO prices fluctuation cause price uncertainty formed in the future. Hedging is an activity carried out by market participants to mitigate the risk of price fluctuations. The Covid-19 pandemic disrupts the supply and demand of CPO, affecting price alteration, especially in the spot and futures markets. This study determines market efficiency and the CPO price asymmetry relationship between the Medan spot market, the Jakarta futures market, the Malaysian futures market, and the Rotterdam forward market prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data used in this study are daily price data on each market from January 2016 to December 2020. They are analyzed using the NARDL model. There is a price asymmetry relationship between the spot and futures markets preceding and during the covid-19 pandemic. The increase in CPO prices causes a more significant impact than the decline in prices in the long term. In addition, there is also a long-term and short-term efficient relationship between the spot market and the futures market for CPO commodities. Thus, the hedging function performed by the CPO commodity market participants will run effectively. Keywords: CPO Price, NARDL Model, Market Efficiency, Cointegration, Pandemic Covid-19

Rendahnya tingkat keuangan inklusif Indonesia disebabkan oleh rendahnya tingkat keuangan inklusif dari 62% masyarakat Indonesia, dimana mayoritas bekerja pada sektor informal (diantaranya adalah petani). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis secara deskriptif tingkat pengetahuan petani terkait keuangan atau literasi keuangan yang memungkinkan individu untuk membuat keputusan efektif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Lokasi penelitian meliputi beberapa sentra pertanian di pulau Jawa meliputi 3 Provinsi yakni meliputi Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur. Dalam mengelola keuangan baru sebagian kecil petani yang menggunakan lembaga keuangan baik untuk menyimpan maupun meminjam. Untuk peminjaman dana dalam jumlah tertentu dan bersifat mendadak petani lebih mengandalkan pinjam dari teman atau keluarga/famili. Tidak lebih dari 6% petani yang merencanakan pengeluaran rumah tangga dan menjalankannya secara konsisten. Pada penelitian ini juga didapatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang significant dan positif antara pengetahuan terhadap lembaga keuangan dengan tingkat penggunaan produk lembaga keuangan. Semakin tinggi tingkat pengetahuan petani terhadap lembaga keuangan maka semakin tinggi pula tingkat penggunaan produk lembaga keuangan.

Abstract. This study aims to analyze the operational efficiency (marketing margin, farmer’s share, profit ratio) and the price efficiency in Brebes Regency. Quatitative data processing used to analyze marketing margin, farmer’s share, the ratio of benefits to costs by using Microsoft Excel 2016 while market integration alaysis used Eviews 9. Qualitative data processing used to analyze marketing channels and marketing istitutions. The research results showed that there are seven types of marketing channels in the marketing system of shallot in Brebes Regency. Analysis of operational efficiency showed marketing channel that relative efficient were channel 6 (farmerdistrict assembler-regency assembler-outside the province wholesaler). Analysis of price efficiency showed that the shallot markets were integrated in short term.

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of organic vegetable supply chains in each member chain to determine the direction of improvement in the fulfillment of consumer needs optimally. The performance of supply chains at the farm level will be differentiated by individuals and commodities. The analytical method used is the Supply Chain Operational Reference (SCOR) model taking into account the internal and external attributes. The primary data used is taken through observation and interview process, meanwhile secondary data obtained from related institutions. The results of measuring the performance of organic vegetable supply chains at all levels of the responsiveness and flexibility attributes have achieved the superior performance position. Meanwhile, the value of organic vegetable supply chain performance on asset attributes at the farm level only reaches a good position. But at the corporate level has reached the best performance position (superior). In general, the performance of the organic vegetable supply chain on the cost attribute still has not achieved good performance. So there is the need for improvement efforts through minimization of cost in each supply chain activity to improve performance.

Abstract. Measurement of supply chain performance is a necessary as an approach in order to optimize supply chain of tilapia fish in Musi Rawas Regency. The purpose of this research is to analyze the performance of the supply chain of tilapia fish, and the efficiency of supply chain performance of tilapia fish at Bandar Sriandoyo in Tugumulyo District, Musi Rawas Regency. The method that employed to measure the performance of supply chain of tilapia fish was by comparing the value of SCOR metric performance attribute on partner farmer and Bandar Sriandoyo with superior target value on benchmarking. Analysis of efficiency of supply chain performance of tilapia fish was employing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The input and output variables were based on the performance attributes of SCOR metrics. The results of measuring the performance of the supply chain of tilapia fish on the partner farmers and Bandar Sriandoyo has generally achieved good performance compared to the benchmark. Where some performance attributes had achieved the target of the superior status that is the best performance achievement. While the attributes of delivery performance and conformity with the standard achived the target of the advantage (middle) status. The results of chain performance efficiency measurement showed that 23 partner farmers (60%) had achieved technical efficiency and having 100% performance efficiency value. While 15 partner farmers (40%) had not reached technical efficiency. Bandar Sriandoyo has achieved technical efficiency because it has achived a 100% performance efficiency rate, which means that the input and output factors are running according to the target.

Abstract. This research is intended to analyze the efficiency and the factors influencing the choice of marketing of vanda douglas cutting orchids in Bogor district. Respondents in this study requires 40 farmers vanda douglas cutting orchids. The analysis of marketing channel efficiency uses marketing margins, farmers' share and profit-to-cost ratio. The result of this research is there are three patterns of marketing channel of Vanda douglas cutting orchids: (1) farmers - village collector traders - wholesalers - consumers (2) farmers - wholesalers - consumers (3) farmers - florists - consumers. Seen from the efficiency of the most efficient marketing channel is on channel two that is farmers - wholesalers - consumers. Where on this channel has a low margin of 72 percent, farmer shares by 28 percent and the ratio of profit to the largest cost of 7.4. Of the seven factors that affect the quality of work. Vanda douglas hence significant explanatory variable to response variable is farmer age, orchid sale price, long farming and land area.

The objectives of this study were (i) to analyze external and internal factors of bioethanol business unit in PT Perkebunan Nusantara XI and (ii) to evolve its development strategy. The study used A'WOT analysis, a combination of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and SWOT analysis. The results of A’WOT analysis are internal factors of company: strength is availability of raw materials (0.383) and weakness is high production costs (0.536). External factors of company: opportunity is market opportunity (0.340) and threat is the low market index prices (0.305). Strategy prioritized in the development of bioethanol business unit is reducing the cost of production to cut costs that are not important and increasing the efficiency of production facilities in order to gain more profit (0.271).

Cattle farm agribusiness in Indonesia is still a sector that needs to be developed, given the increasing demand for meat, but has not met from domestic meat production. One of the efforts to achieve stability availability of beef that is through an increase in beef cattle fattening which have long-term prospects. This study aims to identify and analyze the financial benefits fattening beef cattle in Bojonegoro which is one of the central areas of the cow kind Peranakan Ongole (PO) in the province of East Java. Data were analyzed quantitatively by using indicators of profitability and feasibility ie B / C Ratio, Break Even Point, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, and Payback Period. The research location in the village Napis, District Tambakrejo with 30 respondents breeders who do fattening for 4 months. The results showed the average value of B / C ratio of 1.23, NPV of USD 481 110, 59, IRR 11.30%, and PBP for 2 years and 9 months. Based on the research results can be suggested to the Government of Bojonegoro in order to provide guidance and directs farmers to conduct fattening cattle given the small number of farmers who cultivate the cow on a large scale.

The black rice farming is potential to be developed in Indonesia for several reasons, for instance it is a rare local varieties, has many health benefit, high value, and feaseable to be developed based on farming analysis. Magelang regency is a region that has original varieties of black rice. The development of black rice farming was supported by Association of Sawangan Organic Farmers. This study applied internal and external environment analysis and formulated strategy using SWOT analysis, and then the priority strategy was chosen by weighting it based on SWOT analysis framework (A’WOT). Result showed that certified organic product was the most important factor on strength while the decreasing number of black rice farmer was the weakness. Furthermore, increasing people awareness on healty food was the opportunity and the threat was black rice has not been widely known in public. The priority alternative strategy that can be applied by Association of Sawangan Organic Farmers to develop black rice farming is to build a sustainable business partner.

This study aims to analyze patterns of economic growth and island cluster inequality in Maluku Province during the period 2010-2016. The data in this study are secondary data using quantitative descriptive methods and analytical typology analysis tools and theil index. The results showed that the VIII-IX island cluster which was classified as advanced and fast growing but had a very high inequality compared to other island cluster groups was Tual City, Southeast Maluku Regency and Aru Islands Regency. The division of the Maluku region in the Klassen typology is based on the center of growth with the hinterland area. Southern Maluku as a development area is classified as developed and fast-growing where Tual City is a center of growth but has a very high inequality compared to Maluku in the northern region.

DKI Jakarta Province is a major consumer area in Indonesia. Due to almost all of the beef demand was supplied from other province and even different islands. One of problems regarding inter-island beef cattle distribution was using cargo ship that has not equipped with special facilities for livestock transportation. Accordingly government make the first investment of livestock vessel namely KM Camara Nusantara (CN) I to smooth livestock distributionto DKI Jakarta Province. The investment cost is very high. Therefore this research is intended to analyze the investment feasibility of livestock vessel KM CN I on nonfinancial aspects, financial and economic analyses. Nonfinansial aspect analysis reviewed from market, technical, management and legal, social economic and culture, and environment aspects. Financial and economic analyses use Cost and Benefit Analysis (CBA) which is economic analyses use shadow price. Nonfinancial aspects analysis indicates that the investment is feasible. Financial analysis show that the investment is not feasible based on NPV0, B/C Ratio>1, IRR>discount rate and Payback Periode is 13.11 year.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the competitiveness on beef cattle fattening small scale business in Bojonegoro. Data processing quantitative methods using PAM (Policy Analysis Matrix). Analysis of competitiveness calculated by the approach of comparative advantage (Domestic Resources Cost Ratio) and competitive advantage (Private Cost Ratio), based on the results of the research value of the DRC and PCR respectively 1,04 and 1,05, this result shows that fattening beef cattle in Bojonegoro not competitive. Policy implications that can be applied in order fattening beef cattle in Bojonegoro competitiveness is to increase ADBW (Added Daily Body Weight) amounted to 17,33 percent, equivalent to 0,11 kg per day from the previous ADBW 0,55 kg per day, one attempts to do is the provision of input quality feed and concentrates, as well as the necessary counseling to farmers about the importance of quality feed and to improve the ability of farmers needed training and assistance from the Government of Bojonegoro.

The seafood and aquaculture industry in Indonesia is much less vertically coordinated. However, there are trends towards coordination in fishery value chains through processing and distribution to retail and food service customers. This study aims to examine the governance of the smoked fish value chains in the North Coast of Central Java. The study used the survey data of 52 actors along the smoked fish value chains in the North Coast of Central Java, including fisherman in Demak and Rembang regencies, various types of middleman, processor, and retailers in Semarang. The data was analyzed using value chain mapping and governance analyses. The results showed that the actors involved in the smoked fish value chains consist of fishermen, wholesalers, collectors, processors, retailers, food stalls, and restaurants. Each actor has different activities in their role to add value to differentiate smoked fish products. The results also showed that the types of value chain governance of smoke fish in the North Coast of Central Java leads to relational governance with the complex and interdependent transactions. Keywords: aquaculture, coordination, fisherman, fishery products, relational

The Archipelagic state condition brings challenges to market integration and price transmission on two provinces market pairs within and between the island. The duration of price correction is essential to ensure market integration. Therefore, this study aims to assess the integration of domestic markets for beef within an island and between the island and analyze the speed of adjustment (the correction) of the prices by two provinces within the island and between the islands. These aims, daily frequency (weekdays) of Beef Consumer Prices (BCP) of 4 types of beef (Primary Cut, Secondary Cut AB, Meat Manufacturing and Fancy and Variety Meat) from 01 January 2015 to 27 April 2018 containing 28,611 observations were obtained. The data were analyzed using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). This study reveals that the island's provinces have fewer integrated than the pairs provinces located between islands by comparing 31 pairs with 38 pairs. It can be concluded that from research, the price correction in the pairwise province within an island is stronger than the pairwise between the islands, with 10.33 % per day and 9.87 % per day, respectively. This study recommends the government to formulate policies that carry out equitable development, especially those that facilitate access to the central beef production in Indonesia to avoid market exploitation and spread price information along with provinces in Indonesia, especially in eastern Indonesia. Keywords: archipelagic state, market integration, Indonesia, beef, VECM

This study aims to determine consumer attitudes towards Buavita Royale products, analyze the factors that influence willingness to buy consumer (WTB), and measure the maximum value of willingness to pay consumers' (WTP) towards Buavita Royale products. The results of research on consumer attitudes toward Buavita Royale products using the Fishbein analysis method found that overall obtained an assessment of 291.37 so that consumers remain willing to consume, buy and have the desire to pay for Buavita Royale products. Based on the research results of consumer attitudes with the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) approach to find out what strategies can be carried out by the company is found packaging design variables, benefits, tastes, consumer experience and reputation of PT Unilever needs to be maintained, but the variables; recognition of product brands, availability in the market, and outstanding prices need to be improved. Factors that influence willingness to buy consumers'Buavita Royale products found that the variable that has a significant effect on consumers' desire to pay for Buavita Royale products is that the prices of products circulating in the market today are not a problem for respondents, so product prices tend to increase consumers' willingness to buy. Consumers also have a positive attitude towards Buavita Royale products. The maximum value of the consumer's WTP against Buavita Royale products for 250 ml size with an average value of maximum price of Rp8,226 while for the size of 1000 ml consumers are willing to pay the maximum price with an average price of Rp30,019. Keywords: fishbein, IPA, consumer attitudes, willingness to pay, willingness to buy

To understand the recent development and to anticipate the future directions and trends of agricultural trade between Germany and Indonesia, this study analyzed the data of agricultural trade between the Germany and Indonesia. The major agricultural commodities that are traded between those countries are crude palm oil (CPO) and skimmed milk powder (SMP). There were public policies and environmentalist group movements that may have influenced the agricultural trade volumes within the period. This study identified those two factors. This study also identified possible future directions and trends of agricultural trade between the two countries. It analyzed the data ranged from 2001 to 2018, which were obtained from ITC Trade Map and analyzed using multiple regression models. The findings were in 2001-2018, the CPO and SMP trade between those countries showed an upward trend. However, it was predicted in the future that the public policies and environmentalist group movements might cause the agricultural trade to decrease. The world production quantity of CPO and the production of CPO in Indonesia had a significant effect on the German import from Indonesia, whereas the production quantity of milk in Indonesia and the GDP of Indonesia had a significant impact on the German export to Indonesia. The future directions and trend of German CPO import from Indonesia and German SMP export to Indonesia show an increase both for quantity and value. Keywords: agricultural trade, recent development, future directions

The European Union is one of the world's largest markets for palm oil products. This study used the gravity models theory to analyze the potential changes of palm oil trade flow from Indonesia and Malaysia with a focus destination countries to the European Union. The focus of the study is to analyze the decreasing or increasing trade flow of palm oil due to the biomass regulation changes in the European Union and the export tax on palm oil. The research model involved 85 percent of the global palm oil market which is 61 countries of refined palm oil (RPO) consumers and 23 countries of crude palm oil (CPO) consumers over the period dating from 2006 to 2018. The two types of palm oil export products are clearly distinguished to see the different changes in both types of products trade flow due to the influential factors. The gravity model for analyzing data uses OLS and PPML regression. The results show that the CPO export tax has a significant positive impact on RPO exports but does not have a significant impact on CPO exports. Similar analysis results occur in the variable of biomass regulation change in the European Union, which has a significant negative impact on RPO exports but does not have a significant impact on CPO exports. Keywords: biodiesel, biomass regulation, export tax, gravity model

Kondisi persaingan program berita di televisi yang semakin ketat, menempatkan market share Seputar Indonesia dibawah Liputan 6. Pengaruh rating dan share membuat karakter berita hardnews televisi bergeser ke arah tabloidisasi, yang fokus pada berita sensasional. Menurunnya kualitas akan berpengaruh pada penurunan penonton, pengaruh sosial dan bisnis yang sedang dijalankan. Salah satu strategi bersaing yang paling sesuai dilakukan media untuk memperkuat ekuitas merek programnya adalah memadukan branding management dan credibility management. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat evaluasi terhadap kredibilitas media, kredibilitas program, ekuitas merek dan menganalisis pengaruh kredibilitas media terhadap kredibilitas program, serta menganalisis pengaruh kredibilitas program terhadap pembentukan ekuitas merek Seputar Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan convinience sampling dan melibatkan 158 responden. Pengolahan data menggunakan analisis PLS. Hasil pengujian data menunjukkan: (1) kredibilitas media, kredibilitas program dan ekuitas merek yang dimiliki Seputar Indonesia belum memuaskan. (2) faktor kredibilitas media yang terdiri dari kredibilitas sumber, kredibilitas stasiun televisi dan kredibilitas isi berita mempengaruhi kredibilitas program berita televisi, dan kredibilitas isi berita memberikan nilai pengaruh terbesar. (3) kredibilitas program berita mempengaruhi ekuitas merek Seputar Indonesia sebesar 86%.Nilai R-square ( ) kredibilitas program berita sebesar 84% dan ekuitas merek program berita sebesar 73%.

Abstract. This study aims to examine the role of reference groups and integrated marketing communications with the intention of college selection through the mediation of attitudes and subjective norms of consumers. The analysis is done from the perspective of high school students in Indonesia as a developing country. The survey was conducted on 432 students with 91.90 percent of respondent's data that can be analyzed. Data analysis and model testing are proposed using Structural Equation Modeling - Lisrel. The result of the analysis shows that there is an influence of the reference group, integrated marketing communications, attitude and subjective norm toward the intention of college selection. These results provide an overview to the college managerial to develop an integrated marketing communication strategy aimed not only at the consumers of high school students, but also those who play a role in influencing the electoral process such as schools, friends and families, especially parents. Empirically, the results of this study indicate that college consumers in Indonesia in this study are high school students assess that integrated reference groups and marketing communications have an important role in influencing their electoral intention. Subsequently found, the reference group and integrated marketing communications affect the intention of college selection with the mediation of attitude and subjective norms.

Indonesia is faced by global competition, in particular for its fruit commodity. Orange a commodity currently prioritized to be developed. The availability of seasonal oranges provides an opportunity for the imported orange products to substitute the local oranges. The objective of this study was to analyze the competition between the local oranges and imported oranges. The analytical method used was Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). The results show that the local oranges can compete with the imported oranges from China. It is indicated by the positive cross elasticity value (substitution). The decline in the price of oranges imported from China will reduce the market share of local oranges in Indonesia. Therefore, Indonesia needs to improve the marketing efficiency of its local oranges and increases the local orange production to meet its consumption needs of oranges.

The purpose of this study were to identify and review external and internal factors influencing Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Perkebunan Indonesia (BPBPI) in achieving its vision and mission, to set up alternative development strategies in BPBPI and to formulate priority strategies for development of BPBPI. Descriptive analysis method were used in this study is. The analysis tools being used in this study were environmental analysis, internal factor evaluation, external factor evaluation, internal external matrix (IE), strengths weaknesses opportunities threats (SWOT) and combination of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and SWOT. Using IE Matrix, the company were indicated to be in the position of Quadrant V, which is ‘hold and maintain’ position with general strategy is market penetration and product development. Based on the results of SWOT analysis, were identified six alternative strategies that can be recommended in the development BPBPI is (1) Market penetration strategy through development new products and improved distribution network, (2) Finding an alternative sources of new organic raw materials and cheap as well has a lots availability, (3) Improvement on BPBPI’s products promotional strategy through road show to consumers in periodical, (4) Strategy optimization experimental farm through planting excellence seeds, (5) Conducting strategic research to generating unique products and has a high value selling as well broad market, (6) Improve welfare expert for the creation of conducive working atmosphere. Priority strategy with highest total efficiency values (18,15%) obtained from AWOT were conducting strategic research to generating unique products and has a high value selling as well broad market.Keywords: development strategy, BPBPI, AWOT, SWOTABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal yang Memengaruhi BPBPI dalam mencapai visi dan misinya, menyusun alternatif strategi pengembangan di BPBPI, dan merumuskan prioritas strategi pengembangan di BPBPI. Metode analisis deskriptif digunakan dalam penelitian. Alat analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis lingkungan, efaluasi faktor internal, efaluasi faktor internal, matrik internal eksternal (IE), matrik SWOT dan kombinasi dari analisis proses Hierarki (AHP) dan SWOT. Menggunakan matrik IE, perusahaan diindikasikan berada pada posisi kuadran V yaitu posisi jaga dan pertahankan dengan strategi umum penetrasi pasar dan pengembangan produk. berdasarkan hasi analisis SWOT, terdapat enam alternativ strategi yang dapat direkomendasikan kepada BPBPI yaitu (1) Strategi penetrasi pasar melalui pengembangan produk-produk baru dan peningkatan jaringan distribusi, (2) Mencari alternatif sumber bahan baku organik yang baru dan murah serta memiliki ketersediaan banyak, (3) Strategi peningkatan promosi produk BPBPI melalui roadshow ke konsumen secara berkala, (4) Strategi optimalisasi kebun percobaan melalui penanaman bibit unggul, (5) Melakukan riset-riset strategis yang menghasilkan produk-produk unik dan mempunyai nilai jual tinggi serta pasar yang luas, (6) Strategi Peningkatan kesejahteraan tenaga ahli agar terciptanya suasana kerja yang kondusif. Prioritas strategi dengan total nilai efisiensi tertinggi (18,15%) yang diperoleh dari AWOT yaitu melakukan riset-riset strategis yang menghasilkan produk-produk unik dan mempunyai nilai jual tinggi serta pasar yang luas.Kata Kunci: strategi pengembangan, BPBPI, AWOT, SWOT

This research aimed to: (1) measure the level of market orientation of freshwater ornamental fish cultivators in West Java production centers, (2) analyze turnover and profits as an indicator of the performance of freshwater ornamental fish aquaculture business in West Java production centers, and (3) analyze the effect of market orientation of fish cultivators on the performance of freshwater ornamental fish aquaculture business in West Java production centers. Primary data were collected through observation and interviews with 240 samples of freshwater ornamental fish cultivators in West Java production centers. Research samples determined by multistage sampling methods. The descriptive analysis and profit and loss analysis were employed to analyze the collected data. Research hypotheses were tested by Spearman correlation. The results showed that the market orientation level of ornamental fish cultivators in West Java production centers was categorized as high. Thus, data mode showed that in 2018 the business made a turnover of Rp216,000,000 and a profit of Rp33,971,333. Market orientation and each of market orientation indicators (market knowledge, consumer orientation, competitor orientation, coordination with labor, and marketing implementation) had a significant and positive relationship to business performance. Consumer orientation was the highest market orientation indicator in the relationship between market orientation and business performance.. Keywords: freshwater ornamental fish aquaculture, market orientation, business performance Abstrak: Penelitian bertujuan (1) Mengukur tingkat orietasi pasar pembudidaya ikan hias air tawar di sentra produksi Jawa Barat, (2) Menganalisis omset dan keuntungan sebagai indikator kinerja usaha budidaya ikan hias air tawar di sentra produksi Jawa Barat, dan (3) Menganalisis pengaruh orietasi pasar pembudidaya ikan terhadap kinerja usaha budidaya ikan hias air tawar di sentra produksi Jawa Barat. Data primer dikumpulkan melalui observasi dan wawancara kepada 240 sampel pembudidaya ikan hias air tawar di sentra produksi Jawa Barat. Penentuan sample penelitian menggunakan multistage sampling. Metode analisis berupa analisis deskriptif dan analisis rugi laba. Pengujian terhadap hipotesis penelitian dilakukan menggunakan korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat orientasi pasar pembudidaya ikan hias di sentra produksi Jawa Barat terkategori tinggi, sehingga pada tahun 2018 mampu menghasilkan modus omset usaha Rp216 juta dan modus keuntungan usaha Rp33.971.333. Orientasi pasar dan masing-masing indikator orientasi pasar (pengetahuan pasar, orientasi konsumen, orientasi pesaing, koordinasi dengan tenaga kerja dan pelaksanaan pemasaran) memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dan positif terhadap kinerja usaha. Orientasi konsumen merupakan indikator orientasi pasar yang tertinggi dalam hubungan antara orientasi pasar dengan kinerja usaha. Kata kunci: budi daya ikan hias air tawar, orientasi pasar, kinerja usaha

ABSTRACTThe purposes of this research were to analyze performance efficiency of catfish supply chain; and to formulate managerial implications of catfish supply chain in Indramayu. The performance efficiency analysis was conducted using DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) which compared two similar organizations. This research compared supply chain performance among the members of farmers group with the members of Bandar farmer group. The managerial implication in this study was analyzed by GAP analysis. Input and output in this analysis were based on SCOR to showed supply chain performance. Based on the research, from 33 members of farmer group, there were 7 members of farmer group partner of CV Taman Lele Indramayu, while the other 26 farmers collaborated with six bandar in Puntang Village, Losarang, Indramayu. There were two members of farmer group who got 100 % performance efficiency, whereas only one member of Bandar farmer got 100%. In the other hand, the result of analysis in CV Taman Lele Indramayu compared with six bandars, showed that only two bandars did not get 100% performance efficiency which are bandar 4 and bandar 6. The conclusion from this research was supply chain performance of the members of farmer group were more efficient than supply chain performance of members of Bandar farmers. In the other hand, supply chain performance on the distributor level, which are companies and Bandar, were quite efficient. Therefore, to obtain 100% supply chain performance efficiency, the input decrease or output increase should be done by the farmers who have not reached 100% performance efficiency.Keywords: catfish, performance efficiency, supply chainABSTRAKPenelitian ini betujuan menganalisis efisiensi kinerja rantai pasok ikan lele, dan merumuskan implikasi manajerial rantai pasok ikan lele di Indramayu. Analisis efisiensi kinerja dianalisis dengan menggunakan Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) yang dapat membandingkan satu oganisasi dengan organisasi lain yang sejenis, yaitu dengan membandingkan kinerja saluran petani anggota kelompok tani–perusahaan dan petani anggota kelompok tani–bandar. Sementara itu, implikasi manajerial dianalisis dengan menggunakan GAP analisis. Input dan output yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berbasis pada SCOR (Supply Chain Operation Reference) yang melihat kinerja petani anggota kelompok tani. Hasil penelitian dari 33 petani anggota kelompok tani, tujuh diantaranya merupakan petani anggota kelompok tani mitra perusahaan CV Taman Lele Indramayu sedangkan 26 lainnya merupakan petani yang bermitra dengan enam bandar di Desa Puntang, Losarang, Indramayu. Terdapat dua orang petani anggota kelompok tani mitra perusahaan yang sudah memiliki efisiensi kinerja 100%, sedangkan pada petani anggota kelompok tani dari 26 petani hanya satu orang petani yang memiliki efisiensi kinerja 100%. Hasil analisis pada CV Taman Lele Indramayu yang dibandingkan dengan 6 bandar, diketahui bahwa terdapat dua bandar yang belum memiliki efisiensi kinerja 100%, yakni bandar 4 dan bandar 6. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa kinerja petani anggota kelompok tani mitra bandar masih belum cukup efisien jika dibandingkan dengan kinerja rantai pasok petani anggota kelompok tani perusahaan. Di lain pihak, kinerja rantai pasok ikan lele di tingkat penyalur yakni perusahaan dan bandar sudah cukup efisien. Oleh sebab itu, untuk mendapatkan efisiensi kinerja rantai pasok 100% maka perlu dilakukannya penurunan input atau peningkatan output pada kinerja petani ataupun bandar yang belum memiliki efisiensi kinerja 100%. Kata Kunci: efisiensi kinerja, ikan lele, rantai pasok, Indramayu

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were (1) to analyze the molasses based bioethanol production in Central Java Province and (2) to analyze the non-financial and financial feasibility of this bioethanol processing activity. To analyze the financial feasibility this study used investment criteria namely net present value, internal rate of return, net benefit-cost ratio, and discounted pay back period while to analyze the changes of cost and benefit in bioethanol manufacturing activity this study used the switching value analysys. The results of this study showed that bioethanol manufacturing activity in Sub-Province of Sukoharjo and Pati were financially feasible and can be considered by investors in selecting similar business. But on The other side, the supply of molasses as the raw material in that location is important, so they need to make partnership with the suppliers. The result for switching value analysis showed that the decreasing of production or price of bioethanol more sensitive than the others (increasing of variable input cost for molasses). There was no negative effect from the production activity because the waste from the bioethanol manufacturing is not hazardous for the surrounding area.Keywords: bioethanol, molasses, feasibility analysis, small industryABSTRAKTujuan dari kajian ini adalah (1) menganalisis kegiatan proses produksi bioetanol berbahan dasar molases di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dan (2) menganalisis kelayakan pada aspek non finansial dan aspek finansial dari kegiatan proses produksi bioetano berbahan dasar molases. Dalam menganalisis kelayakan finansial digunakan kriteria investasi yaitu net present value, internal rate of return, net benefit-cost ratio, dan discounted pay back period, serta untuk mengetahui sejauh mana perubahan maksimum dalam tiap komponen biaya dan manfaat dalam kegiatan pengolahan bioetanol berbahan dasar molases digunakan analisis switching value. Hasil studi menunjukkan kegiatan pengolahan bioetanol berbahan dasar molases yang dilakukan di Kabupaten Sukoharjo dan Kabupaten Pati secara finansial dinyatakan layak dilaksanakan serta dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan pertimbangan bagi para investor untuk menjalankan usaha yang sama. Namun, disisi lain pasokan bahan baku molasses di wilayah kajian sangat penting untuk menjaga keberlangsungan usaha bioetanol sehingga perlu dilakukan kerja sama dengan para pemasok molases. Hasil switching value yang digunakan untuk menghitung perubahan maksimum dari komponen pada biaya dan manfaat yang dibangun dalam cash flow, dapat diperoleh gambaran bahwa penurunan produksi dan harga output (bioetanol) lebih sensitif dibandingkan dengan peningkatan harga bahan baku molasses. Tidak terdapat dampak negatif dari limbah yang dihasilkan pada pengolahan bioetanol berbahan dasar molasses yang mengakibatkan pencemaran terhadap lingkungan sekitar kegiatan usaha sehingga kegiatan dinyatakan layak jika dilihat dari aspek lingkungan.Kata kunci: bioetanol, molasses, analisis kelayakan, industri kecil

As the trend of online business shopping began to develop it is necessary to have a number of factors anticipated, among others, fresh vegetables/fruit online repurchase intention. The aim of this study is to explain the determinant which influences repurchase intention of customer who buys fruits and vegetables by using e-commerce in Indonesia. Stimulus-Organism-Response Model are used as the basic concepts in this study. The sample collection methods in this study is convenience sampling from 331 respondents who met the criteria. Collected data is analysed using Structural Equation Model (SEM) Lisrel 8.8 and SPSS 24.0 program for all variables. The result of the findings show that there is a significant influence between emotion and risk perceived towards online repurchase intention, and perceived risk give a negative impact to online repurchase intention and emotion. The reputation of e-retailers has no significant effect on perceived risk. Perceived risk has a significant influence on emotion and online repurchase intentions.This study found that emotion significantly influences willingness to online repurchase intention toward fresh vegetables/fruits in Indonesian’s e-shopper. This study will be useful to vegetables and fruits e-retailers as well as future researchers. Keywords: online repurchase intention, e-commerce, stimulus-organism-response model, reputation, emotion, perceived risk

The leading factor of cold-pressed drinks is to make the product having a premium price compared to other fruit and vegetable juice drinks. The main purpose of this study is to explore the factors marketing mix that influence satisfaction and customer loyalty to Rejuve cold-pressed drink. The SEM model is used to see the effect of relationships between the variables studied. The model was analyzed using LISREL SEM analysis. The used sampling technique is purposive sampling with190 respondents involved. The results of the analysis suggest that marketing mix variable such as products, prices, and promotions are affecting consumer satisfaction and loyalty. Another result point out that satisfaction has a significant influence on Rejuve custumer loyalty. Managerial implication of this research is focusing on the benefits of the product. The benefits of the product are product marketing mix factors that have advantages over satisfaction, so that the strategies carried out with Rejuve products provide education to consumers in increasing the benefits of their products, by including the benefits of products on packaging. It is expected to be able to attract consumer interest about the benefits of the product and encourage the trend of increasing the product marketing mix to customer satisfaction and loyalty. Keywords: Cold-pressed, fruit and vegetable juice drink, premium price, SEM analysis