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The role of the teacher in discovery teaching is discussed; examples of non-directed and of directed discovery methods are provided. (DT)

The use of flow charts in the teaching of college mathematics enhances students' understanding of mathematical processes. Used appropriately in elementary and secondary schools they could also nurture understanding of algorithms. (SD)

Describes the physics program in Scottish secondary schools. The discussion includes (1) the course objectives, (2) the instructional approach, (3) curriculum sequence, (4) laboratory experiments, (5) student project work, and (6) the tests used. Bibliography. (LC)

An approach to the calculus beginning with calculations of speeds was suggested by Morris Kline. This approach is developed and metricated. (SD)

International audience; The HIV-PDI resource was designed and implemented to address the problems of drug resistance with a central focus on the 3D structure of the target-drug interaction. Clinical and biological data, structural and physico-chemical information and 3D interaction data concerning the targets (HIV protease) and the drugs (ARVs) were meticulously integrated and combined with tools dedicated to study HIV mutations and their consequences on the efficacy of drugs. Here, the capabilities of the HIV-PDI resource are demonstrated for several different scenarios ranging from retrieving information associated with patients to analyzing structural data relating cognate proteins and ligands. HIV-PDI allows such diverse data to be correlated, especially data linking antiretroviral drug (ARV) resistance to a given treatment with changes in three-dimensional interactions between a drug molecule and the mutated protease. Our work is based on the assumption that ARV resistance results from a loss of affinity between the mutated HIV protease and a drug molecule due to subtle changes in the nature of the protein-ligand interaction. Therefore, a set of patients whose resistance to first line treatment was corrected by a second line treatment was selected from the HIV-PDI database for detailed study, and several queries regarding these patients are processed via its graphical user interface. Considering the protease mutations found in the selected set of patients, our retrospective analysis was able to establish in most cases that the first line treatment was not suitable, and it predicted a second line treatment which agreed perfectly with the clincian's prescription. The present study demonstrates the capabilities of HIV-PDI. We anticipate that this decision support tool will help clinicians and researchers find suitable HIV treatments for individual patients. The HIVPDI database is thereby useful as a system of data collection allowing interpretation on the basis of all available information, thus helping in possible decision-makings.

Measuring driver response to in-vehicle human-machine interface (HMI) systems is critical for the automotive design and evaluation process. Physiological measures provide a useful complement to performance-based and subjective measures because they promise an estimate of the affective response of drivers to an in-vehicle system in a way that requires no overt response by the driver. This research explored how facial temperature might reflect the drivers’ response to the demands they confront when interacting with in-vehicle systems. Sixteen drivers completed a series of in-vehicle tasks while driving in a simulator. Facial temperature was measured using an infrared camera. The analyses focus on how the thermal data, aggregated over four facial regions, correlated with both measures of driving performance and subjective ratings of workload and frustration. Facial temperature measures correlated with more driving performance measures of longitudinal control than lateral control, suggesting that thermal measures are sensitive to different cognitive processes than are typically assessed by measures of steering and lane position. Thermal measures aggregated over a 15-second window correlated with subjective ratings. Unlike other measures typically used to evaluate in-vehicle systems that are aggregated over long time windows, thermal measures have temporal specificity and might be able to identify specific interactions that increase workload and frustration. No single facial area or summary measure emerged as the best indicator of driver response; rather, composite measures of facial temperature could be developed that offer a more complete profile of driver response.

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The objective of this study was to examine whether size of a lead vehicle (passenger car or light truck) affects the distance at which following vehicles travel. Naturalistic following data were collected from drivers using instrumented passenger cars in place of their own vehicles. The results show that these drivers followed light trucks at shorter distances than they followed other passenger cars by an average of 5.6 m, or .19 s in headway time margin, but at the same velocities and range-rates. This result is discussed in the context of a passenger car driver's ability to see beyond a lead vehicle to assess, and respond to, the status of traffic downstream. The results of this study suggest that knowing the state of traffic beyond the lead vehicle, even by only one additional vehicle, affects gap length. Specifically, it appears that when dimensions of lead vehicles permit other drivers to see through, over, or around them, drivers maintain significantly longer (i.e., safer) distances.