Author: "Ritul Kamal" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Ritul Kamal"' showing total 33 results

Start Over Author "Ritul Kamal"

33 results on '"Ritul Kamal"'

1. Impact of Institutionalisation of Births on Health Policies and Birth Registration in India

Author: Sheetal Verma, Laxmi Kant Dwivedi, and Ritul Kamal
Subjects: birth registration, health services, institutionalisation of births, janani suraksha yojana, policy planning, crvs, rbd act, nfhs, india, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Background: The Registration of Births and Deaths Act (RBD) of 1969 in India mandates continuous recording of vital events; however, after more than 50 years of its enactment, universality remains elusive. Birth registration, a fundamental right, is essential for demographic analysis and effective policy planning. Birth registration is closely linked to child development, access to healthcare, and other societal factors. Analysing its trends helps in designing targeted interventions and monitoring progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Objectives: This paper aims to analyse the changes in birth registration across Indian states. This paper also examines the impact of institutionalization of births on registration and underscores its significance in policymaking. Methods: The study utilises data from the latest two rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4 & NFHS-5) to analyse birth registration trends in India. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the impact of place of delivery on birth registration. Findings: The comparison of NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 data demonstrates varying birth registration rates across Indian states, with notable progress in some regions and persistent challenges in others. Multivariable logistic regression analysis highlights the significant influence of place of delivery on registration likelihood. The interaction between wealth and place of delivery suggests a mitigating effect, indicating that increasing institutional births has a positive impact on birth registration, with this effect being more pronounced at different levels of household wealth. It highlights that wealthier households were more likely to register births due to the higher rate of institutional deliveries. Conclusion: India’s journey towards universal birth registration under the SDGs presents progress and challenges. NFHS data shows improvements in birth registration, but disparities still persist. Socio-economic status, place of delivery, and maternal education have strong influences on birth registration. Institutional deliveries significantly increase registration likelihood, facilitated by programs like Janani Suraksha Yojana. Integrating birth registration with health services enhances health data accuracy and service delivery. By prioritising targeted interventions, addressing social barriers, and leveraging existing programs, India can ensure that every child’s birth is registered, advancing towards a healthier, more equitable future.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. Indoor air pollution and its association with poor lung function, microalbuminuria and variations in blood pressure among kitchen workers in India: a cross-sectional study

Author: Amarnath Singh, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Ritul Kamal, Vipin Bihari, Afzal Ansari, Parappurath Abdul Azeez, Prem Narain Saxena, Anil Kumar KS, and Altaf Hussain Khan
Subjects: Indoor air, Microalbuminuria, Lung function, Blood pressure, Kitchen workers, Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene, RC963-969, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Abstract Background The present study is an attempt to explore the association between kitchen indoor air pollutants and physiological profiles in kitchen workers with microalbuminuria (MAU) in north India (Lucknow) and south India (Coimbatore). Methods The subjects comprised 145 control subjects, 233 kitchen workers from north India and 186 kitchen workers from south India. Information related to the personal and occupational history and health of the subjects at both locations were collected using a custom-made questionnaire. Worker lung function was measured using a spirometer. Blood pressure was monitored using a sphygmomanometer. Urinary MAU was measured using a urine analyzer. Indoor air monitoring in kitchens for particulate matter (PM), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) was conducted using indoor air quality monitors. The size and shape of PM in indoor air was assessed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to detect organic or inorganic compounds in the air samples. Results Particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5 and PM1) were significantly higher in both north and south Indian kitchens than in non-kitchen areas. The concentrations of TVOC, CO and CO2 were higher in the kitchens of north and south India than in the control locations (non-kitchen areas). Coarse, fine and ultrafine particles and several elements were also detected in kitchens in both locations by SEM and elemental analysis. The FTIR spectra of kitchen indoor air at both locations show the presence of organic chemicals. Significant declines in systolic blood pressure and lung function were observed in the kitchen workers with MAU at both locations compared to those of the control subjects. A higher prevalence of obstruction cases with MAU was observed among the workers in the southern region than in the controls (p
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. Evaluation of Indian Prediction Models for Lung Function Parameters: A Statistical Approach

Author: Ritul Kamal and Sheela Misra
Subjects: prediction models, lung function, regression diagnostics, modeling, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Background: Interpretation of lung function test parameters is usually based on comparisons of data with reference (predicted) values based on healthy subjects. Predicted values are obtained from studies of “normal” or “healthy” subjects with similar anthropometric and ethnic characteristics. Regression models are generally used to obtain the reference values from measurements observed in a representative sample of healthy subjects. Objectives: The study aims to carry out a statistical evaluation of the Indian prediction models of lung function parameters and critically evaluate the reference values for the same in an Indian context. Methods: The screening and inclusion of the articles for the study was done using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Evaluation of the prediction models has been done with respect to modeling approach, regression diagnostics and methodology protocol. The suitability of the models has also been evaluated using a checklist comprising of 8 criteria developed using the American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines. Results: Using the PRISMA guidelines 32 articles with a total sample size of 25,289 subjects were included in the final synthesis. Multiple linear regression models were used in 27 articles, with one additionally using weighted least squares technique and 4 using step-wise regression method. Regression diagnostics as per the ATS guidelines were performed and reported by 22 articles. The prediction models were traditionally developed using ordinary least squares method (OLS) without examining the homoskedasticity of residuals. The quality assessment using the checklist developed revealed that only 5 articles satisfied more than 7 out of 8 criteria, and a further 8 articles satisfied less than 3 criteria of suitability of prediction models. Conclusions: Indian prediction models for lung function models are traditionally based on linear regression models, however with more advancement in computational power for sophisticated statistical techniques, more robust prediction models are required in the Indian context.
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. Gender Disparity in Lung Function Abnormalities among a Population Exposed to Particulate Matter Concentration in Ambient Air in the National Capital Region, India

Author: Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Vipin Bihari, Balram Singh Pangtey, Ritul Kamal, Amarnath Singh, and Anup Kumar Srivastava
Subjects: Particulate matter, FEV1% predicted, obstruction, women, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066
Abstract: Background. The World Health Organization (WHO) global air quality study shows that 27 Indian cities, including New Delhi, are among the one hundred cities with the worst air quality globally. The scope of airway obstruction cases among residents in locations with critical air pollution levels like particulate matter (PM) pollutants PM2.5 and PM1 has not been addressed in the National Capital region, India. Objectives. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) % predicted abnormalities among residents living in the National Capital Region, India with respect to their exposure to particulate matter pollutants (PM1, PM2.5) in ambient air. Methods. Eight hundred and fifty-four residents, including 433 men and 421 women ranging in age from 18–70 years, living in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India participated in the study. Particulate matter concentrations in ambient air (PM2.5 and PM1) were monitored at 10 residential locations in the National Capital Region, India (New Okhla Industrial Development Authority (NOIDA) and Gurgaon). The lung function test (FEV1) was conducted using a spirometer. Results. The Indian Air Quality Index showed either very poor or severe levels for PM2.5 at all study locations. A significant negative linear relationship was found between higher concentrations of PM1 and reduced FEV1% predicted values (r = −0.8, p < 0.05). The prevalence of airway obstruction cases (79.6%, odds ratio 1.96, confidence interval 1.42–2.71) was higher (p
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Meta-analysis approach to study the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among current, former and non-smokers

Author: Ritul Kamal, Anup Kumar Srivastava, and Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran
Subjects: Meta-analysis, Current smokers, Former smokers, Non-smokers, COPD, Toxicology. Poisons, RA1190-1270
Abstract: Comparative risk assessment for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) among current, former and non-smokers categories remains controversial and not studied in detail. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize all the relevant published studies on this topic and to update the association between smoking and prevalence of COPD in current, former and non-smokers. Identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion of articles for the study were conducted as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Quality assessment of included studies was undertaken using a scoring sheet. Meta-analysis after the final synthesis of the selected studies was performed using the STATA and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Estimates from forty two independent studies reporting 547,391 individuals were identified. Twenty two studies were conducted in Europe, nine in America and ten in Asia and one from New Zealand. The meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of COPD was significantly higher in current smokers compared with former and non-smokers. However, owing to large heterogeneity among the estimates obtained from the studies, stratification was done with respect to continent, diagnostic criteria of COPD and study design which also showed similar results. The stratified analysis also revealed similar trend of results with prevalence of COPD being higher in current smokers as compared to former and non-smokers. The present meta-analysis highlights the positive association between smoking and COPD prevalence. There is an urgent need to implement more effective policies towards the restriction of tobacco use, to reduce the burden of COPD.
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Heat and PAHs Emissions in Indoor Kitchen Air and Its Impact on Kidney Dysfunctions among Kitchen Workers in Lucknow, North India.

Author: Amarnath Singh, Ritul Kamal, Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Gubbala Naga Venkata Satyanarayana, Vipin Bihari, Nishi Shukla, Altaf Hussain Khan, and Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Indoor air quality and heat exposure have become an important occupational health and safety concern in several workplaces including kitchens of hotels. This study investigated the heat, particulate matter (PM), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions in indoor air of commercial kitchen and its association with kidney dysfunctions among kitchen workers. A cross sectional study was conducted on 94 kitchen workers employed at commercial kitchen in Lucknow city, North India. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect the personal and occupational history of the kitchen workers. The urine analysis for specific gravity and microalbuminuria was conducted among the study subjects. Indoor air temperature, humidity, wet/ dry bulb temperature and humidex heat stress was monitored during cooking activities at the kitchen. Particulate matter (PM) for 1 and 2.5 microns were monitored in kitchen during working hours using Hazdust. PAHS in indoor air was analysed using UHPLC. Urinary hydroxy-PAHs in kitchen workers were measured using GC/MS-MS. Higher indoor air temperature, relative humidity, PM1 and PM2.5 (p
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

7. Correction: Adverse Respiratory Health and Hematological Alterations among Agricultural Workers Occupationally Exposed to Organophosphate Pesticides: A Cross-Sectional Study in North India

Author: Mohd. Fareed, Manoj Kumar Pathak, Vipin Bihari, Ritul Kamal, Anup Kumar Srivastava, and Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Published: 2013

8. Adverse respiratory health and hematological alterations among agricultural workers occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticides: a cross-sectional study in North India.

Author: Mohd Fareed, Manoj Kumar Pathak, Vipin Bihari, Ritul Kamal, Anup Kumar Srivastava, and Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: BackgroundNon-protective work practices followed by farm workers during spraying of pesticides lead to occupational exposure among them.ObjectiveThis study is designed to explore the respiratory health and hematological profile of agricultural workers occupationally exposed to OP pesticides.Materials and methodsA cross sectional study was undertaken among 166 pesticide sprayers working in mango orchards of Lucknow district in North India compared with 77 controls to assess the respiratory illness, lung functions, cholinesterase levels and hematological profile. A questionnaire based survey and clinical examination for respiratory health were conducted among study subjects. Lung function test was conducted among study subjects by using spirometer. Cholinesterase level as biomarker of OP pesticides and hematological profile of study subjects were investigated in the laboratory by following the standard protocols.ResultsOverall respiratory morbidity observed among exposed subjects was 36.75%. Symptoms for respiratory illness like dry cough, productive cough, wheezing, irritation of throat and blood stained sputum were found to be significantly more (pConclusionThis study shows that the unsafe occupational exposure of OP pesticides causes respiratory illness, decreased lung functions and hematological alterations among pesticide sprayers.
Published: 2013
Full Text: View/download PDF

9. Mathematically derived body volume and risk of musculoskeletal pain among housewives in North India.

Author: Vipin Bihari, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Neeraj Mathur, Balram Singh Pangtey, Ritul Kamal, Manoj Kumar Pathak, and Anup Kumar Srivastava
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 demonstrates the impact of musculoskeletal diseases as the second greatest cause of disability globally in all regions of the world. The study was conducted to determine the role of mathematically derived body volume (BV), body volume index (BVI), body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA) and body fat % (BF %) on musculoskeletal pain (MSP) among housewives in National Capital Region (NCR). METHODS: A cross sectional study was undertaken among 495 housewives from Gurgaon and New Okhla Industrial Development Area (NOIDA) in National Capital Region (NCR), New Delhi, India. The study includes questionnaire survey, clinical examination and body composition monitoring among housewives. RESULTS: A significantly higher BMI, BVI, BV and BSA were observed in subjects with MSP as compared to those who had no MSP. This was also true for subjects with pain in knee for BMI category for overweight. Subjects with pain in limbs had significantly high BMI and BVI as compared to subjects with no MSP. A significant positive correlation of age with BMI, BVI, BV and BSA was observed among subjects having no MSP denoting a direct relationship of age and these body factors. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MSP among housewives is associated with increasing age, BMI and BVI. This can possibly be used for formulating a strategy for prevention of MSP.
Published: 2013
Full Text: View/download PDF

10. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in women due to indoor biomass burning: a meta analysis

Author: Vipin Bihari, Anup Kumar Srivastava, Amarnath Singh, Ritul Kamal, and Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran
Subjects: Male, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Air pollution, Biomass, Pulmonary disease, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Air Pollution, Environmental health, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Biomass burning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Air Pollutants, COPD, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Pollution, Air Pollution, Indoor, Meta-analysis, Female, business
Abstract: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is attributable to household air pollution and is known to increase the Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), morbidity and mortality and women are most susceptible groups for the exposure. In order to understand the global risk among women with COPD due to exposure of household air pollutants, an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Meta regression analysis was carried out to identify potential sources of heterogeneity. The summary estimates of the included studies showed higher prevalence of COPD due to biomass fuel exposure in women. Clinical diagnosis has shown more risk of COPD prevalence compared to diagnosis based on spirometer test alone. However, the data between included studies for both clinical and spirometry-based studies showed higher heterogeneity. The present meta-data analysis has shown that household air pollutants may be a factor associated with increased risk of COPD in women.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

11. Association between PAHs biomarkers and kidney injury biomarkers among kitchen workers with microalbuminuria: A cross-sectional pilot study

Author: Vipin Bihari, Vikas Srivastava, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Afzal Ansari, Devendra Kumar Patel, Vivek Kumar Gaur, G.N.V. Satyanarayana, Ratnakar Tiwari, Amarnath Singh, Ritul Kamal, and Parappurath Abdul Azeez
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Urinary system, Clinical Biochemistry, Pilot Projects, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Urine dipstick test, Internal medicine, medicine, Kidney injury, Albuminuria, Humans, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Creatinine, Kidney, business.industry, Biochemistry (medical), Acute kidney injury, General Medicine, Acute Kidney Injury, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Significant positive correlation, population characteristics, Microalbuminuria, business, Biomarkers
Abstract: Background To study the association between kidney injury biomarkers and urinary OH-PAH metabolites in kitchen workers, with microalbuminuria. Methods A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted among 120 male kitchen workers in a mega kitchen located at Coimbatore, India. Personal and sub-clinical details of study subjects were collected using a questionnaire. Albumin, creatinine, and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) were measured using urine dipstick test for the determination of microalbuminuria. Urinary hydroxylated PAHs metabolites (1-NAP, 9-HF, 3-HF, 2-HF, 9-PHN, and 1-OHP) were measured using GC–MS/MS and urinary kidney biomarkers (uNGAL, uCyst-C, uKIM-1, uOPN, and uTIMP-1) were measured using Multiplex Reader. Results Concentrations of urinary PAHs metabolites (1-NAP, 3-HF, 2-HF, 9-PHN, and 1-OHP) and kidney biomarkers (uKIM-1, uTIMP-1, uCyst-C and uNGAL) were significantly higher among kitchen workers with MAU compared to non-kitchen workers with MAU. Urinary kidney biomarkers viz., uKIM-1, uTIMP-1, uCyst-C, uNGAL, and uOPN showed higher median concentration among the kitchen workers with MAU compared to kitchen workers without MAU. Significant positive correlation was observed for 9-HF with uKIM-1 and uTIMP-1 and 1-OHP with uKIM-1. ACR was also well correlated with urinary kidney biomarkers. ROC analysis showed higher sensitivity and specificity for uKIM-1, uCyst-C, and uNGAL as biomarkers for early prediction of acute kidney injury among kitchen workers. Conclusions The PAHs exposure among kitchen workers can lead to kidney injury. This was evident from the association of OH-PAHs and kidney injury biomarkers in kitchen workers with microalbuminuria.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

12. PAH exposure-associated lung cancer: an updated meta-analysis

Author: Bihari, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, I Ahamed, M Wagh, Brijesh Sathian, Amarnath Singh, and Ritul Kamal
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Lung Neoplasms, 010501 environmental sciences, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Occupational Exposure, Environmental health, Manufacturing Industry, Epidemiology, Humans, Medicine, Coal, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Lung cancer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Chi-Square Distribution, business.industry, Incidence, Confounding, technology, industry, and agriculture, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Coke, medicine.disease, respiratory tract diseases, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Relative risk, Meta-analysis, business, Cohort study
Abstract: Background Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been shown to be associated with lung cancer in various epidemiological studies in industries such as aluminium reduction/smelting, coal gasification, coke production, iron/steel foundries, coal/coke and related products and carbon/graphite electrodes production. Aims To update data on the association between PAH exposure and morbidity and mortality due to lung cancer among workers in different occupations, including smoking data. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted to retrieve relevant papers for meta-analysis. Cohort studies with standardized mortality ratios or standardized incidence ratios and calculated overall risk ratio with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were included in the analysis. Chi-square test for heterogeneity was used to evaluate the consistency of findings between the studies. Results A significant risk of lung cancer was observed among the coal/coke and related product industry 1.55 (95% CI 1.01-2.37) and the iron/steel foundry industry 1.52 (95% CI 1.05-2.20). There was a wide variation in smoking habits and PAHs exposure among studies. Conclusions Coal/coke industry and iron/steel industry workers showed a higher risk of lung cancer compared with other occupations exposed to PAHs. The confounding effects of smoking and individual exposure levels of PAH should be taken into account.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

13. Assessing hazardous risks of indoor airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the kitchen and its association with lung functions and urinary PAH metabolites in kitchen workers

Author: Abhay Raj, Vipin Bihari, Altaf Khan, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Anup Kumar Srivastava, Izharul Haq, Nishi Kumar Shukla, Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam, Kesavachandran Chandrasekharan Nair, Amarnath Singh, Ritul Kamal, and G.N.V. Satyanarayana
Subjects: Adult, Male, Pollution, Adolescent, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Clinical Biochemistry, India, Air Pollutants, Occupational, 010501 environmental sciences, Risk Assessment, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, law.invention, Young Adult, Indoor air quality, Hazardous waste, law, Occupational Exposure, Environmental health, Humans, Cooking, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Lung, Lung function, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Biochemistry (medical), General Medicine, Decreased pulmonary function, Middle Aged, Control subjects, Respiratory Function Tests, Cross-Sectional Studies, Air Pollution, Indoor, population characteristics, Environmental science, Risk assessment, Spirometer
Abstract: Background Indoor air pollution is associated with decreased pulmonary function but the relative impact of pollution from kitchen sources on health risks in kitchen workers is not well-known or studied. A study was conducted to measure the kitchen indoor air quality including PAHs estimation and risk assessment based on reported PAHs in indoor air in a central kitchen at North India. Methods A cross sectional study was undertaken to assess the lung function status using spirometer and urinary PAH metabolite measurements using GC-MS/MS among 94 male kitchen workers and their corresponding controls. Assessment of the indoor air quality levels was evaluated using standard methods. Results All the indoor air pollutants were within the recommended guidelines except CO, TVOC and PAH emission in the kitchen. Incremental life time cancer risk (ICLR) based on indoor air PAH measurements indicates potential for carcinogenic risk. Significant lung function decline was observed among kitchen workers as compared to controls after adjusting for smoking habits. Urinary PAH metabolites were detected in kitchen workers and measured concentrations were comparatively higher than control subjects. Conclusion The decline in lung functions after adjustment for confounders and detection of urinary PAH metabolites in kitchen workers can be associated with higher concentrations of PAHs, CO and TVOCs in kitchen indoor air.
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

14. Particulate matter in ambient air and its association with alterations in lung functions and respiratory health problems among outdoor exercisers in National Capital Region, India

Author: Vipin Bihari, Manoj Kumar Pathak, Amarnath Singh, Ritul Kamal, and Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Lung, respiratory health, business.industry, Air pollution, National capital region, Environmental engineering, Particulates, medicine.disease_cause, Pollution, Ambient air, law.invention, medicine.anatomical_structure, law, Environmental health, outdoor exercisers, Medicine, Respiratory system, business, Particulate matter, Waste Management and Disposal, Spirometer, Respiratory health
Abstract: Regular exercise improves physiological processes and yields positive health outcomes. However, it is relatively less known that exposure to air pollution during outdoor exercises may actually exacerbate several health problems. The present cross–sectional study was undertaken to assess the particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air and its association with lung functions, pulse rate and respiratory problems among 378 outdoor exercisers in the National Capital Region (NCR), India. Lung functions were measured using a Spirometer (PIKO–1, PIKO–6) and respiratory problems were recorded through a questionnaire–based survey. Concentrations of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 and 1 microns were monitored at 10 locations across the study area using an online automated ambient air monitoring instrument–HAZ–DUST (EPAM–5000). Decline in Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 sec–FEV1 (p
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

15. Alterations in lung functions based on BMI and Body fat % among obese Indian population at National Capital Region

Author: Anup Kumar Srivastava, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Brijesh Sathian, Ritul Kamal, and Vipin Bihari
Subjects: Gerontology, medicine.medical_specialty, Lung, Epidemiology, business.industry, Cross-sectional study, Indian population, National capital region, respiratory system, medicine.disease, Obesity, respiratory tract diseases, Pulmonary function testing, law.invention, medicine.anatomical_structure, law, Internal medicine, medicine, business, Spirometer, Lung function, Research Article
Abstract: Background: In India, non-asthmatic hospital admission case study has been conducted to find out the relationship between obesity and lung functions. The main objective of the present study was to find out the alterations in lung functions due to obesity among Indian population living at National Capital Region (NCR). Materials and Methods: We examined 609 non obese and 211 obese subjects in a cross sectional study from National Capital Region, India with age group ranges between 18-70 years. BMI and body fat % was determined using body fat analyzer. Obese and non-obese subjects were classified based on criteria for BMI and Body fat %. Lung function test viz., FEV 1 and PEFR were conducted using portable spirometer (PIKO-1). Results: A significant correlation (p
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

16. Association of Polymorphism of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene with Risk to Parkinson’s Disease

Author: Rakesh Shukla, Satya Prakash Gupta, Mahendra Pratap Singh, Ritul Kamal, Suman K Mishra, and Maneesh Kumar Singh
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, Neutrophils, Neuroscience (miscellaneous), Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Nitric oxide, Pathogenesis, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, Exon, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene Frequency, Internal medicine, Genotype, Odds Ratio, medicine, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Association Studies, Nitrites, Aged, Parkinson Disease, Exons, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, Nitric oxide synthase, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, Neurology, chemistry, Case-Control Studies, biology.protein, Female, Lipid Peroxidation, Gene polymorphism, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Oxidative stress
Abstract: Environmental factors are implicated in aging as well as genetic predisposition-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Wrongdoers increase oxidative stress and nitrosative burden, which eventually degenerate the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Inhibition of the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), an enzyme responsible for nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis, prevents the demise of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Polymorphism of NOS is thus expected to alter PD susceptibility. The study therefore aimed to examine an association of neuronal NOS (nNOS) gene polymorphism with nitrite, an indicator of nitrosative load; lipid peroxidation, an index of oxidative stress and PD susceptibility. An age-matched case-control study was performed in the north Indian residents enrolled at the Neurology Department of the King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. While nNOS exon 29 TT variant genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 2.20, 95 % CI = 1.08-5.34, P = 0.040], combined TT and CT variants [OR = 1.68, 95 % CI = 1.05-2.69, P = 0.031] and T allele [OR = 1.58, 95 % CI = 1.10-2.28, P = 0.014] were found to be significantly associated with PD susceptibility, no association between nNOS exon 18 [OR for TT carriers = 1.97, 95 % CI = 0.89-4.20, P = 0.09 and OR for T allele = 1.35, 95 % CI = 0.94-1.93, P = 0.098] and PD risk was observed. Lipid peroxidation was augmented in all patients irrespective of their genotype. While genotype independent increase in nitrite content was observed in PD patients of exon 29 polymorphic groups, only heterozygous variant genotype of exon 18 was associated with augmentation in nitrite level as compared with respective control. The results obtained thus demonstrate that selected nNOS polymorphisms do not significantly contribute to PD risk in north Indian population.
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

17. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Haidong, Wang, Mohsen, Naghavi, Christine, Allen, Ryan M, Barber Zulfi, qar A, Bhutta, Austin, Carter, Daniel C, Casey Fiona, J Charlson, Alan Zian, Chen Matthew, M Coates, Megan, Coggeshall, Lalit, Dandona, Daniel J, Dicker Holly, E Erskine, Alize J, Ferrari, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Kyle, Foreman, Mohammad H, Forouzanfar Maya, S Fraser, Nancy, Fullman, Peter W, Gething Ellen, M Goldberg, Nicholas, Graetz, Juanita A, Haagsma Simon, I Hay, Chantal, Huynh, Catherine O, Johnson Nicholas, J Kassebaum, Yohannes, Kinfu, Xie Rachel, Kulikoff, Michael, Kutz, Hmwe H, Kyu Heidi, J Larson, Janni, Leung, Xiaofeng, Liang, Stephen S, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Rafael, Lozano, Neal, Marquez, George A, Mensah, Joe, Mikesell, Ali H, Mokdad Meghan, D Mooney, Grant, Nguyen, Elaine, Nsoesie, David M, Pigott, Christine, Pinho, Gregory A, Roth Joshua, A Salomon, Logan, Sandar, Naris, Silpakit, Amber, Sligar, Reed J, D Sorensen, Jeff rey, Stanaway, Caitlyn, Steiner, Stephanie, Teeple, Bernadette A, Thomas, Christopher, Troeger, Amelia, VanderZanden, Stein Emil, Vollset, Valentine, Wanga, Harvey A, Whiteford, Timothy, Wolock, Leo, Zoeckler, Kalkidan Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja M, Abbas, Foad, Abd-Allah, Semaw Ferede, Abera Daisy, M X, Abreu Laith, J Abu-Raddad, Gebre Yitayih, Abyu, Tom, Achoki, Ademola Lukman, Adelekan Zanfi, na Ademi, Arsène Kouablan, Adou José, C Adsuar, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afanvi, Ashkan, Afshin, Emilie Elisabet, Agardh, Arnav, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kiadaliri Oluremi, N Ajala, Ali Shafqat, Akanda Rufus, Olusola Akinyemi, Tomi F, Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Faris Hasan, Al Lami, Samer, Alabed, Ziyad, Al-Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K, M Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Saleh Fahed, Aldhahri Robert, William Aldridge, Miguel Angel, Alegretti Alicia, V Aleman, Zewdie Aderaw, Alemu Lily, T Alexander, Samia, Alhabib, Raghib, Ali, Ala’a, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid A, Altirkawi Elena, Alvarez Martin, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T, Amare Adeladza, Kofi Amegah, Emmanuel A, Ameh, Heresh, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Stephen Marc, Amrock Hjalte, H Andersen, Benjamin O, Anderson Gregory, M Anderson, Carl Abelardo, T Antonio, Atsede Fantahun, Aregay, Johan, Ärnlöv, Valentina S, Arsic Arsenijevic, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Rana Jawad, Asghar, Suleman, Atique, Euripide Frinel, G Arthur, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Peter, Azzopardi, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Maria C, Bahit, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Suzanne L, Barker-Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Lars, Barregard, Lope H, Barrero, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bayou, Shahrzad, Bazargan-Hejazi, Justin, Beardsley, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Haileeyesus Adamu, Belay, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bell Aminu, K Bello, Derrick A, Bennett Isabela, M Bensenor, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Balem Demtsu, Betsu Addisu, Shunu Beyene, Neeraj, Bhala, Ashish, Bhalla, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Boris, Bikbov, Aref A, Bin Abdulhak, Brian J, Biroscak, Stan, Biryukov, Espen, Bjertness, Jed D, Blore Christopher, D Blosser, Megan A, Bohensky, Rohan, Borschmann, Dipan, Bose, Rupert R, A Bourne, Michael, Brainin, Carol E, G Brayne, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas J, K Breitborde, Hermann, Brenner, Jerry D, Brewer, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brown, Traolach S, Brugha Geoff, rey Colin, Buckle Zahid, A Butt, Bianca, Calabria, Ismael Ricardo, Campos-Nonato Julio, Cesar Campuzano, Jonathan R, Carapetis, Rosario, Cárdenas, David O, Carpenter Juan, Jesus Carrero, Carlos A, Castañeda-Orjuela Jacqueline, Castillo Rivas, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Fiorella, Cavalleri, Kelly, Cercy, Jorge, Cerda, Wanqing, Chen, Adrienne, Chew, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chiang, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Chioma Ezinne, Chibueze, Odgerel, Chimed-Ochir, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chisumpa Jee-Young, Jasmine Choi, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam Jesudas, Christopher Liliana, G Ciobanu, Cirillo Massimo, Aaron J, Cohen, Valentina, Colistro, Mercedes, Colomar, Samantha M, Colquhoun, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Monica, Cortinovis, Benjamin C, Cowie John, A Crump, James, Damsere-Derry, Hadi, Danawi, Rakhi, Dandona, Farah, Daoud, Sarah C, Darby Paul, I Dargan, José das, Neves, Gail, Davey, Adrian C, Davis Dragos, V Davitoiu, E Filipa, de Castro, Pieter de, Jager Diego, De Leo, Louisa, Degenhardt, Robert P, Dellavalle, Kebede, Deribe, Amare, Deribew, Samath D, Dharmaratne Preet, K Dhillon, Cesar, Diaz-Torné, Eric L, Ding Kadine, Priscila Bender, dos Santos, Edem, Dossou, Tim R, Driscoll, Leilei, Duan, Manisha, Dubey, Bruce Bartholow, Duncan Richard, G Ellenbogen, Christian Lycke, Ellingsen, Iqbal, Elyazar, Aman Yesuf, Endries Sergey, Petrovich Ermakov, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Kara, Estep, Imad D, A Faghmous, Saman, Fahimi, Emerito Jose, Aquino Faraon, Talha A, Farid Carla, Sofi a, e Sa, Farinha, André, Faro, Maryam S, Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery L, Feigin, Seyed-Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jeff erson, G Fernandes, Joao C, Fernandes, Florian, Fischer, Joseph R, A Fitchett, Abraham, Flaxman, Nataliya, Foigt, F Gerry, R Fowkes, Elisabeth Barboza, Franca Richard, C Franklin, Joseph, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Thomas, Fürst, Neal D, Futran Seana, L Gall, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Parthasarathi, Ganguly, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gankpé, Teshome, Gebre, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebrehiwot Amanuel, Tesfay Gebremedhin, Alemseged Aregay, Gebru Johanna, M Geleijnse, Bradford D, Gessner Aloke, Gopal Ghoshal, Katherine B, Gibney Richard, F Gillum, Stuart, Gilmour, Ababi Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, Elizabeth, Glaser, William W, Godwin, Hector, Gomez-Dantes, Philimon, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer Vali, Gopalani Richard, A Gosselin, Carolyn C, Gotay, Atsushi, Goto, Hebe N, Gouda, Felix, Greaves, Harish Chander, Gugnani, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Reyna A, Gutiérrez, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Demewoz, Haile, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu Gessessew, Bugssa Hailu, Yara A, Halasa Randah, Ribhi Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Jamie, Hancock, Alexis J, Handal Graeme, J Hankey, Yuantao, Hao, Hilda L, Harb, Sivadasanpillai, Harikrishnan, Josep Maria, Haro, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Susan R, Heckbert Ileana, Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Pouria, Heydarpour, Henk B, M Hilderink, Hans W, Hoek Robert, S Hogg, Masako, Horino, Nobuyuki, Horita, H Dean, Hosgood Peter, J Hotez, Damian G, Hoy, Mohamed, Hsairi, Aung Soe, Htet Maung, Maung Than, Htike, Guoqing, Hu, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, Laetitia, Huiart, Abdullatif, Husseini, Inge, Huybrechts, Grace, Huynh, Kim Moesgaard, Iburg, Kaire, Innos, Manami, Inoue, Veena J, Iyer Troy, A Jacobs, Kathryn H, Jacobsen, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B, Jakovljevic, Peter, James, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Sudha P, Jayaraman Achala, Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Paul N, Jensen, Vivekanand, Jha, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jiang, Tariku, Jibat, Aida, Jimenez-Corona, Jost B, Jonas Tushar, Kant Joshi, Zubair, Kabir, Ritul, Kamal, Haidong, Kan, Surya, Kant, André, Karch, Corine Kakizi, Karema, Chante, Karimkhani, Dimitris, Karletsos, Ganesan, Karthikeyan, Amir, Kasaeian, Marzieh, Katibeh, Anil, Kaul, Norito, Kawakami, Jeanne Françoise, Kayibanda Peter, Njenga Keiyoro, Laura, Kemmer, Andrew Haddon, Kemp Andre, Pascal Kengne, Andre, Keren, Maia, Kereselidze, Chandrasekharan Nair, Kesavachandran Yousef, Saleh Khader, Ibrahim A, Khalil Abdur, Rahman Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Young-Ho, Khang, Sahil, Khera, Tawfi k, Ahmed Muthafer, Khoja, Christian, Kieling, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim Brett, M Kissela, Niranjan, Kissoon, Luke D, Knibbs Ann, Kristin Knudsen, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Dhaval, Kolte, Jacek A, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz A, Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Norun Hjertager, Krog Barthelemy, Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk, Bicer Andreas, A Kudom, Ernst J, Kuipers Veena, S Kulkarni, G Anil, Kumar Gene, F Kwan, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Lam Sinead, M Langan, Van C, Lansingh, Anders, Larsson, Dennis Odai, Laryea Asma, Abdul Latif, Alicia Elena, Beatriz Lawrynowicz, James, Leigh, Miriam, Levi, Yongmei, Li, M Patrice, Lindsay Steven, E Lipshultz, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Liu, Loon-Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Paulo A, Lotufo Robyn, M Lucas, Raimundas, Lunevicius, Ronan A, Lyons, Stefan, Ma, Vasco Manuel, Pedro Machado, Mark T, Mackay Jennifer, H MacLachlan, Hassan Magdy, Abd El, Razek Mohammed, Magdy Abd, El Razek, Marek, Majdan, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Wondimu Ayele, Ayele Manamo, John, Mandisarisa, Srikanth, Mangalam, Chabila C, Mapoma, Wagner, Marcenes, David Joel, Margolis Gerard, Robert Martin, Jose, Martinez-Raga, Melvin Barrientos, Marzan, Felix, Masiye, Amanda J, Mason-Jones, João, Massano, Richard, Matzopoulos, Bongani M, Mayosi Stephen, Theodore McGarvey, John J, McGrath, Martin, McKee, McMahon Peter, A Meaney, Alem, Mehari, Man Mohan, Mehndiratta, Fabiola, Mejia-Rodriguez, Alemayehu B, Mekonnen Yohannes, Adama Melaku, Peter, Memiah, Ziad A, Memish, Walter, Mendoza, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja Francis, Apolinary Mhimbira, Renata, Micha, Ted R, Miller Mojde, Mirarefi n, Awoke, Misganaw, Charles N, Mock Karzan, Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Alireza, Mohammadi, Shafi u, Mohammed, Viswanathan, Mohan, Glen Liddell, D Mola, Lorenzo, Monasta, Julio Cesar, Montañez Hernandez, Pablo, Montero, Marcella, Montico, Thomas J, Montine, Maziar, Moradi-Lakeh, Lidia, Morawska, Katherine, Morgan, Rintaro, Mori, Dariush Mozaff, arian Ulrich, O Mueller, Gudlavalleti Venkata, Satyanarayana Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Kamarul Imran, Musa Jean, B Nachega, Gabriele, Nagel, Kovin S, Naidoo, Nitish, Naik, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Denis, Nash, Chakib, Nejjari, Subas, Neupane, Charles R, Newton John, N Newton, Marie, Ng, Frida Namnyak, Ngalesoni Jean, de Dieu, Ngirabega Quyen, Le Nguyen, Muhammad Imran, Nisar Patrick, Martial Nkamedjie, Pete, Marika, Nomura, Ole F, Norheim Paul, E Norman, Bo, Norrving, Luke, Nyakarahuka, Felix Akpojene, Ogbo, Takayoshi, Ohkubo, Foluke Adetola, Ojelabi Pedro, R Olivares, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya Jacob, Olusegun Olusanya, John Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Alberto, Ortiz, Majdi, Osman, Erika, Ota, Raziye, Ozdemir, Mahesh, PA, Jeyaraj D, Pandian Puspa, Raj Pant, Christina, Papachristou, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Park, Charles D, Parry, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Angel J, Paternina Caicedo, Scott B, Patten George, C Patton, Vinod K, Paul, Neil, Pearce, João Mário, Pedro Ljiljana, Pejin Stokic, Pereira, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudovs, Max, Petzold, Michael Robert, Phillips Frédéric, B Piel, Julian David, Pillay, Dietrich, Plass, James A, Platts-Mills, Suzanne, Polinder, C Arden, Pope, Svetlana, Popova, Richie G, Poulton, Farshad, Pourmalek, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Mostafa, Qorbani, Justice, Quame-Amaglo, D Alex, Quistberg, Anwar, Rafay, Kazem, Rahimi, Vafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ur Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rahman Rajesh, Kumar Rai, Zhale, Rajavi, Sasa, Rajsic, Murugesan, Raju, Ivo, Rakovac, Saleem M, Rana Chhabi, L Ranabhat, Thara, Rangaswamy, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R, Rao Amany, H Refaat, Jürgen, Rehm, Marissa B, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Serge Resnikoff, Antonio L, Ribeiro, Stefano, Ricci, Maria Jesus, Rios Blancas, Bayard, Roberts, Anna, Roca, David, Rojas-Rueda, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K, Roy George, Mugambage Ruhago, Rajesh, Sagar, Sukanta, Saha, Ramesh, Sahathevan, Muhammad Muhammad, Saleh Juan, R Sanabria, Maria Dolores, Sanchez-Niño, Lidia, Sanchez-Riera, Itamar S, Santos, Rodrigo, Sarmiento-Suarez, Benn, Sartorius, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Michael P, Schaub Maria, Inês Schmidt, Ione J, C Schneider, Ben, Schöttker, Aletta E, Schutte David, C Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Sadaf G, Sepanlou Edson, E Servan-Mori, Katya A, Shackelford, Gavin, Shaddick, Amira, Shaheen, Saeid, Shahraz, Masood Ali, Shaikh, Marina, Shakh-Nazarova, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shen, Donald S, Shepard Kevin, N Sheth, Balakrishna P, Shetty, Peilin, Shi, Kenji, Shibuya, Min-Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Ivy, Shiue, Mark G, Shrime Inga, Dora Sigfusdottir, Donald H, Silberberg Diego, Augusto Santos, Silva Dayane, Gabriele Alves, Silveira Jonathan, I Silverberg, Edgar P, Simard, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh Jasvinder, A Singh, Om Prakash, Singh Prashant, Kumar Singh, Virendra, Singh, Samir, Soneji, Kjetil, Søreide, Joan B, Soriano Luciano, A Sposato, Chandrashekhar T, Sreeramareddy, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Dan J, Stein Murray, B Stein, Saverio, Stranges, Konstantinos, Stroumpoulis, Bruno F, Sunguya, Patrick, Sur, Soumya, Swaminathan, Bryan L, Sykes Cassandra, E I, Szoeke, Rafael, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Karen M, Tabb, Ken, Takahashi, Jukka S, Takala Roberto, Tchio Talongwa, Nikhil, Tandon, Mohammad, Tavakkoli, Bineyam, Taye, Hugh R, Taylor Braden, J Te, Ao Bemnet, Amare Tedla, Worku Mekonnen, Tefera Margreet, Ten Have, Abdullah Sulieman, Terkawi Fisaha, Haile Tesfay, Gizachew Assefa, Tessema Alan, J Thomson, Andrew L, Thorne-Lyman Amanda, G Thrift, George D, Thurston, Taavi, Tillmann, David L, Tirschwell, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman, Topor-Madry, Fotis, Topouzis, Allen Towbin, Traebert Bach, Xuan Tran, Thomas, Truelsen, Ulises, Trujillo, Abera Kenay, Tura Emin, Murat Tuzcu, Uche S, Uchendu Kingsley, N Ukwaja, Eduardo A, Undurraga Olalekan, A Uthman, Rita Van, Dingenen Aaron, van Donkelaar, Tommi, Vasankari, Ana Maria, Nogales Vasconcelos, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Ramesh, Vidavalur, Lakshmi, Vijayakumar, Salvador, Villalpando, Francesco S, Violante Vasiliy, Victorovich Vlassov, Joseph A, Wagner Gregory, R Wagner, Mitchell T, Wallin, Linhong, Wang, David A, Watkins, Scott, Weichenthal, Elisabete, Weiderpass, Robert G, Weintraub, Andrea, Werdecker, Ronny, Westerman, Richard A, White, Tissa, Wijeratne, James D, Wilkinson Hywel, C Williams, Charles Shey, Wiysonge Solomon, Meseret Woldeyohannes, A Wolfe, Sungho, Won, John Q, Wong Anthony, D Woolf, Denis, Xavier, Qingyang, Xiao, Gelin, Xu, Bereket, Yakob, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yalew Lijing, L Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Pengpeng, Ye, Henock Gebremedhin, Yebyo, Paul, Yip, Biruck Desalegn, Yirsaw, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Gerald, Yonga, Mustafa Z, Younis, Shicheng, Yu, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa El, Sayed Zaki, Faiez, Zannad, Diego E, Zavala, Hajo, Zeeb, Berihun M, Zeleke, Hao, Zhang, Sanjay, Zodpey, David, Zonies, Liesl Joanna, Zuhlke, Theo, Vos, Alan D, Lopez Christopher, J L, Murray., Haidong, Wang, Mohsen, Naghavi, Christine, Allen, Ryan, M, Barber, Zulfi, Qar, A, Bhutta, Austin, Carter, Daniel, C, Casey, Fiona, J, Charlson, Alan, Zian, Chen, Matthew, M, Coate, Megan, Coggeshall, Lalit, Dandona, Daniel, J, Dicker, Holly, E, Erskine, Alize, J, Ferrari, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Kyle, Foreman, Mohammad, H, Forouzanfar, Maya, S, Fraser, Nancy, Fullman, Peter, W, Gething, Ellen, M, Goldberg, Nicholas, Graetz, Juanita, A, Haagsma, Simon, I, Hay, Chantal, Huynh, Catherine, O, Johnson, Nichola, J, Kassebaum, Yohannes, Kinfu, Xie, Rachel, Kulikoff, Michael, Kutz, Hmwe, H, Kyu, Heidi, J, Larson, Janni, Leung, Xiaofeng, Liang, Stephen, S, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Rafael, Lozano, Neal, Marquez, George, A, Mensah, Joe, Mikesell, Ali, H, Mokdad, Meghan, D, Mooney, Grant, Nguyen, Elaine, Nsoesie, David, M, Pigott, Christine, Pinho, Gregory, A, Roth, Joshua, A, Salomon, Logan, Sandar, Naris, Silpakit, Amber, Sligar, Reed, J, D, Sorensen, Jeff, Rey, Stanaway, Caitlyn, Steiner, Stephanie, Teeple, Bernadette, A, Thomas, Christopher, Troeger, Amelia, Vanderzanden, Stein, Emil, Vollset, Valentine, Wanga, Harvey, A, Whiteford, Timothy, Wolock, Leo, Zoeckler, Kalkidan, Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja, M, Abbas, Foad, Abd-Allah, Semaw, Ferede, Abera, Daisy, M, X, Abreu, Laith, J, Abu-Raddad, Gebre, Yitayih, Abyu, Tom, Achoki, Ademola, Lukman, Adelekan, Zanfi, Na, Ademi, Arsène, Kouablan, Adou, José, C, Adsuar, Kossivi, Agbelenko, Afanvi, Ashkan, Afshin, Emilie, Elisabet, Agardh, Arnav, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Oluremi, N, Ajala, Ali, Shafqat, Akanda, Rufu, Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi, F, Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Faris, Hasan, Al, Lami, Samer, Alabed, Ziyad, Al-Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, K, M, Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Saleh, Fahed, Aldhahri, Robert, William, Aldridge, Miguel, Angel, Alegretti, Alicia, V, Aleman, Zewdie, Aderaw, Alemu, Lily, T, Alexander, Samia, Alhabib, Raghib, Ali, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, A, Altirkawi, Elena, Alvarez, Martin, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw, T, Amare, Adeladza, Kofi, Amegah, Emmanuel, A, Ameh, Heresh, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Stephen, Marc, Amrock, Hjalte, H, Andersen, Benjamin, O, Anderson, Gregory, M, Anderson, Carl, Abelardo, T, Antonio, Atsede, Fantahun, Aregay, Johan, Ärnlöv, Valentina, S, Arsic, Arsenijevic, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Rana, Jawad, Asghar, Suleman, Atique, Euripide, Frinel, G, Arthur, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Peter, Azzopardi, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Maria, C, Bahit, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Suzanne, L, Barker-Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Lars, Barregard, Lope, H, Barrero, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Yibeltal, Tebekaw, Bayou, Shahrzad, Bazargan-Hejazi, Justin, Beardsley, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Haileeyesus, Adamu, Belay, Brent, Bell, Michelle, L, Bell, Aminu, K, Bello, Derrick, A, Bennett, Isabela, M, Bensenor, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Balem, Demtsu, Betsu, Addisu, Shunu, Beyene, Neeraj, Bhala, Ashish, Bhalla, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Boris, Bikbov, Aref, A, Bin, Abdulhak, Brian, J, Biroscak, Stan, Biryukov, Espen, Bjertne, Jed, D, Blore, Christopher, D, Blosser, Megan, A, Bohensky, Rohan, Borschmann, Dipan, Bose, Rupert, R, A, Bourne, Michael, Brainin, Carol, E, G, Brayne, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas, J, K, Breitborde, Hermann, Brenner, Jerry, D, Brewer, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brown, Traolach, S, Brugha, Geoff, Rey, Colin, Buckle, Zahid, A, Butt, Bianca, Calabria, Ismael, Ricardo, Campos-Nonato, Julio, Cesar, Campuzano, Jonathan, R, Carapetis, Rosario, Cárdena, David, O, Carpenter, Juan, Jesus, Carrero, Carlos, A, Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline, Castillo, Riva, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Fiorella, Cavalleri, Kelly, Cercy, Jorge, Cerda, Wanqing, Chen, Adrienne, Chew, Peggy, Pei-Chia, Chiang, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Chioma, Ezinne, Chibueze, Odgerel, Chimed-Ochir, Vesper, Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Jee-Young, Jasmine, Choi, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam, Jesuda, Christopher, Liliana, G, Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Aaron, J, Cohen, Valentina, Colistro, Mercedes, Colomar, Samantha, M, Colquhoun, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie, Trumbull, Cooper, Monica, Cortinovi, Benjamin, C, Cowie, John, A, Crump, James, Damsere-Derry, Hadi, Danawi, Rakhi, Dandona, Farah, Daoud, Sarah, C, Darby, Paul, I, Dargan, José, Da, Neves, Gail, Davey, Adrian, C, Davis, Drago, V, Davitoiu, E, Filipa, De, Castro, Pieter, De, Jager, Diego, De, Leo, Louisa, Degenhardt, Robert, P, Dellavalle, Kebede, Deribe, Amare, Deribew, Samath, D, Dharmaratne, Preet, K, Dhillon, Cesar, Diaz-Torné, Eric, L, Ding, Kadine, Priscila, Bender, Dos, Santo, Edem, Dossou, Tim, R, Driscoll, Leilei, Duan, Manisha, Dubey, Bruce, Bartholow, Duncan, Richard, G, Ellenbogen, Christian, Lycke, Ellingsen, Iqbal, Elyazar, Aman, Yesuf, Endries, Sergey, Petrovich, Ermakov, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Kara, Estep, Imad, D, A, Faghmou, Saman, Fahimi, Emerito, Jose, Aquino, Faraon, Talha, A, Farid, Carla, Sofi, A, E, Sa, Farinha, André, Faro, Maryam, S, Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery, L, Feigin, Seyed-Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jeff, Erson, G, Fernande, Joao, C, Fernandes, Florian, Fischer, Joseph, R, A, Fitchett, Abraham, Flaxman, Nataliya, Foigt, F, Gerry, R, Fowke, Elisabeth, Barboza, Franca, Richard, C, Franklin, Joseph, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Thomas, Fürst, Neal, D, Futran, Seana, L, Gall, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Parthasarathi, Ganguly, Fortuné, Gbètoho, Gankpé, Teshome, Gebre, Tsegaye, Tsewelde, Gebrehiwot, Amanuel, Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Alemseged, Aregay, Gebru, Johanna, M, Geleijnse, Bradford, D, Gessner, Aloke, Gopal, Ghoshal, Katherine, B, Gibney, Richard, F, Gillum, Stuart, Gilmour, Ababi, Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu, Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, Elizabeth, Glaser, William, W, Godwin, Hector, Gomez-Dante, Philimon, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer, Vali, Gopalani, Richard, A, Gosselin, Carolyn, C, Gotay, Atsushi, Goto, Hebe, N, Gouda, Felix, Greave, Harish, Chander, Gugnani, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Reyna, A, Gutiérrez, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Demewoz, Haile, Alemayehu, Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew, Bugssa, Hailu, Yara, A, Halasa, Randah, Ribhi, Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Jamie, Hancock, Alexis, J, Handal, Graeme, J, Hankey, Yuantao, Hao, Hilda, L, Harb, Sivadasanpillai, Harikrishnan, Josep, Maria, Haro, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Susan, R, Heckbert, Ileana, Beatriz, Heredia-Pi, Pouria, Heydarpour, Henk, B, M, Hilderink, Hans, W, Hoek, Robert, S, Hogg, Masako, Horino, Nobuyuki, Horita, H, Dean, Hosgood, Peter, J, Hotez, Damian, G, Hoy, Mohamed, Hsairi, Aung, Soe, Htet, Maung, Maung, Than, Htike, Guoqing, Hu, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, Laetitia, Huiart, Abdullatif, Husseini, Inge, Huybrecht, Grace, Huynh, Kim, Moesgaard, Iburg, Kaire, Inno, Manami, Inoue, Veena, J, Iyer, Troy, A, Jacob, Kathryn, H, Jacobsen, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo, B, Jakovljevic, Peter, Jame, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Sudha, P, Jayaraman, Achala, Upendra, Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Paul, N, Jensen, Vivekanand, Jha, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jiang, Tariku, Jibat, Aida, Jimenez-Corona, Jost, B, Jonas, Tushar, Kant, Joshi, Zubair, Kabir, Ritul, Kamal, Haidong, Kan, Surya, Kant, André, Karch, Corine, Kakizi, Karema, Chante, Karimkhani, Dimitris, Karletso, Ganesan, Karthikeyan, Amir, Kasaeian, Marzieh, Katibeh, Anil, Kaul, Norito, Kawakami, Jeanne, Françoise, Kayibanda, Peter, Njenga, Keiyoro, Laura, Kemmer, Andrew, Haddon, Kemp, Andre, Pascal, Kengne, Andre, Keren, Maia, Kereselidze, Chandrasekharan, Nair, Kesavachandran, Yousef, Saleh, Khader, Ibrahim, A, Khalil, Abdur, Rahman, Khan, Ejaz, Ahmad, Khan, Young-Ho, Khang, Sahil, Khera, Tawfi, K, Ahmed, Muthafer, Khoja, Christian, Kieling, Daniel, Kim, Yun, Jin, Kim, Brett, M, Kissela, Niranjan, Kissoon, Luke, D, Knibbs, Ann, Kristin, Knudsen, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Dhaval, Kolte, Jacek, A, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz, A, Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Norun, Hjertager, Krog, Barthelemy, Kuate, Defo, Burcu, Kucuk, Bicer, Andrea, A, Kudom, Ernst, J, Kuipers, Veena, S, Kulkarni, G, Anil, Kumar, Gene, F, Kwan, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh, Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer, O, Lam, Sinead, M, Langan, Van, C, Lansingh, Anders, Larsson, Dennis, Odai, Laryea, Asma, Abdul, Latif, Alicia, Elena, Beatriz, Lawrynowicz, James, Leigh, Miriam, Levi, Yongmei, Li, M, Patrice, Lindsay, Steven, E, Lipshultz, Patrick, Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Liu, Loon-Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Paulo, A, Lotufo, Robyn, M, Luca, Raimundas, Luneviciu, Ronan, A, Lyons, Stefan, Ma, Vasco, Manuel, Pedro, Machado, Mark, T, Mackay, Jennifer, H, Maclachlan, Hassan, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Mohammed, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Marek, Majdan, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Wondimu, Ayele, Ayele, Manamo, John, Mandisarisa, Srikanth, Mangalam, Chabila, C, Mapoma, Wagner, Marcene, David, Joel, Margolis, Gerard, Robert, Martin, Jose, Martinez-Raga, Melvin, Barriento, Marzan, Felix, Masiye, Amanda, J, Mason-Jones, João, Massano, Richard, Matzopoulo, Bongani, M, Mayosi, Stephen, Theodore, Mcgarvey, John, J, Mcgrath, Martin, Mckee, Mcmahon, Peter, A, Meaney, Alem, Mehari, Man, Mohan, Mehndiratta, Fabiola, Mejia-Rodriguez, Alemayehu, B, Mekonnen, Yohanne, Adama, Melaku, Peter, Memiah, Ziad, A, Memish, Walter, Mendoza, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo, J, Meretoja, Franci, Apolinary, Mhimbira, Renata, Micha, Ted, R, Miller, Mojde, Mirarefi, N, Awoke, Misganaw, Charles, N, Mock, Karzan, Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Alireza, Mohammadi, Shafi, U, Mohammed, Viswanathan, Mohan, Glen, Liddell, D, Mola, Lorenzo, Monasta, Julio, Cesar, Montañez, Hernandez, Pablo, Montero, Marcella, Montico, Thomas, J, Montine, Maziar, Moradi-Lakeh, Lidia, Morawska, Katherine, Morgan, Rintaro, Mori, Dariush, Mozaff, Arian, Ulrich, O, Mueller, Gudlavalleti, Venkata, Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Kamarul, Imran, Musa, Jean, B, Nachega, Gabriele, Nagel, Kovin, S, Naidoo, Nitish, Naik, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Denis, Nash, Chakib, Nejjari, Subas, Neupane, Charles, R, Newton, John, N, Newton, Marie, Ng, Frida, Namnyak, Ngalesoni, Jean, De, Dieu, Ngirabega, Quyen, Le, Nguyen, Muhammad, Imran, Nisar, Patrick, Martial, Nkamedjie, Pete, Marika, Nomura, Ole, F, Norheim, Paul, E, Norman, Bo, Norrving, Luke, Nyakarahuka, Felix, Akpojene, Ogbo, Takayoshi, Ohkubo, Foluke, Adetola, Ojelabi, Pedro, R, Olivare, Bolajoko, Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob, Olusegun, Olusanya, John, Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Alberto, Ortiz, Majdi, Osman, Erika, Ota, Raziye, Ozdemir, Mahesh, Pa, Jeyaraj, D, Pandian, Puspa, Raj, Pant, Christina, Papachristou, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Park, Charles, D, Parry, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Angel, J, Paternina, Caicedo, Scott, B, Patten, George, C, Patton, Vinod, K, Paul, Neil, Pearce, João, Mário, Pedro, Ljiljana, Pejin, Stokic, Pereira, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudov, Max, Petzold, Michael, Robert, Phillips, Frédéric, B, Piel, Julian, David, Pillay, Dietrich, Pla, James, A, Platts-Mills, Suzanne, Polinder, C, Arden, Pope, Svetlana, Popova, Richie, G, Poulton, Farshad, Pourmalek, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Mostafa, Qorbani, Justice, Quame-Amaglo, D, Alex, Quistberg, Anwar, Rafay, Kazem, Rahimi, Vafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad, Hifz, Ur, Rahman, Sajjad, Ur, Rahman, Rajesh, Kumar, Rai, Zhale, Rajavi, Sasa, Rajsic, Murugesan, Raju, Ivo, Rakovac, Saleem, M, Rana, Chhabi, L, Ranabhat, Thara, Rangaswamy, Puja, Rao, Sowmya, R, Rao, Amany, H, Refaat, Jürgen, Rehm, Marissa, B, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Serge, Resnikoff, Antonio, L, Ribeiro, Stefano, Ricci, Maria, Jesu, Rios, Blanca, Bayard, Robert, Anna, Roca, David, Rojas-Rueda, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal, K, Roy, George, Mugambage, Ruhago, Rajesh, Sagar, Sukanta, Saha, Ramesh, Sahathevan, Muhammad, Muhammad, Saleh, Juan, R, Sanabria, Maria, Dolore, Sanchez-Niño, Lidia, Sanchez-Riera, Itamar, S, Santos, Rodrigo, Sarmiento-Suarez, Benn, Sartoriu, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Michael, P, Schaub, Maria, Inês, Schmidt, Ione, J, C, Schneider, Ben, Schöttker, Aletta, E, Schutte, David, C, Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Sadaf, G, Sepanlou, Edson, E, Servan-Mori, Katya, A, Shackelford, Gavin, Shaddick, Amira, Shaheen, Saeid, Shahraz, Masood, Ali, Shaikh, Marina, Shakh-Nazarova, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shen, Donald, S, Shepard, Kevin, N, Sheth, Balakrishna, P, Shetty, Peilin, Shi, Kenji, Shibuya, Min-Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Ivy, Shiue, Mark, G, Shrime, Inga, Dora, Sigfusdottir, Donald, H, Silberberg, Diego, Augusto, Santo, Silva, Dayane, Gabriele, Alve, Silveira, Jonathan, I, Silverberg, Edgar, P, Simard, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali, M, Singh, Jasvinder, A, Singh, Om, Prakash, Singh, Prashant, Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Samir, Soneji, Kjetil, Søreide, Joan, B, Soriano, Luciano, A, Sposato, Chandrashekhar, T, Sreeramareddy, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Dan, J, Stein, Murray, B, Stein, Saverio, Strange, Konstantinos, Stroumpouli, Bruno, F, Sunguya, Patrick, Sur, Soumya, Swaminathan, Bryan, L, Sykes, Cassandra, E, I, Szoeke, Rafael, Tabarés-Seisdedo, Karen, M, Tabb, Ken, Takahashi, Jukka, S, Takala, Roberto, Tchio, Talongwa, Nikhil, Tandon, Mohammad, Tavakkoli, Bineyam, Taye, Hugh, R, Taylor, Braden, J, Te, Ao, Bemnet, Amare, Tedla, Worku, Mekonnen, Tefera, Margreet, Ten, Have, Abdullah, Sulieman, Terkawi, Fisaha, Haile, Tesfay, Gizachew, Assefa, Tessema, Alan, J, Thomson, Andrew, L, Thorne-Lyman, Amanda, G, Thrift, George, D, Thurston, Taavi, Tillmann, David, L, Tirschwell, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman, Topor-Madry, Fotis, Topouzi, Allen, Towbin, Traebert, Bach, Xuan, Tran, Thomas, Truelsen, Ulises, Trujillo, Abera, Kenay, Tura, Emin, Murat, Tuzcu, Uche, S, Uchendu, Kingsley, N, Ukwaja, Eduardo, A, Undurraga, Olalekan, A, Uthman, Rita, Van, Dingenen, Aaron, Van, Donkelaar, Tommi, Vasankari, Ana, Maria, Nogales, Vasconcelo, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Ramesh, Vidavalur, Lakshmi, Vijayakumar, Salvador, Villalpando, Francesco, S, Violante, Vasiliy, Victorovich, Vlassov, Joseph, A, Wagner, Gregory, R, Wagner, Mitchell, T, Wallin, Linhong, Wang, David, A, Watkins, Scott, Weichenthal, Elisabete, Weiderpa, Robert, G, Weintraub, Andrea, Werdecker, Ronny, Westerman, Richard, A, White, Tissa, Wijeratne, James, D, Wilkinson, Hywel, C, William, Charles, Shey, Wiysonge, Solomon, Meseret, Woldeyohanne, A, Wolfe, Sungho, Won, John, Q, Wong, Anthony, D, Woolf, Denis, Xavier, Qingyang, Xiao, Gelin, Xu, Bereket, Yakob, Ayalnesh, Zemene, Yalew, Lijing, L, Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Pengpeng, Ye, Henock, Gebremedhin, Yebyo, Paul, Yip, Biruck, Desalegn, Yirsaw, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Gerald, Yonga, Mustafa, Z, Younis, Shicheng, Yu, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa, El, Sayed, Zaki, Faiez, Zannad, Diego, E, Zavala, Hajo, Zeeb, Berihun, M, Zeleke, Hao, Zhang, Sanjay, Zodpey, David, Zonie, Liesl, Joanna, Zuhlke, Theo, Vo, Alan, D, Lopez, Christopher, J, L, Murra, Y., Wang, Haidong, Naghavi, Mohsen, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Zian, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fraser, Maya S, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nichola, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Huynh, Chantal, Johnson, Catherine O, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Larson, Heidi J, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Lozano, Rafael, Marquez, Neal, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Roth, Gregory A, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Silpakit, Nari, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J D, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A, Troeger, Christopher, Vanderzanden, Amelia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wolock, Timothy, Zoeckler, Leo, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abreu, Daisy M X, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Alabed, Samer, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Belay, Haileeyesus Adamu, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Bori, Abdulhak, Aref A Bin, Biroscak, Brian J, Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Blosser, Christopher D, Bohensky, Megan A, Borschmann, Rohan, Bose, Dipan, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E G, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Brewer, Jerry D, Brown, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Cerda, Jorge, Chen, Wanqing, Chew, Adrienne, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cohen, Aaron J, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercede, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyru, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Cowie, Benjamin C, Crump, John A, Damsere-Derry, Jame, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Darby, Sarah C, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Davitoiu, Dragos V, de Castro, E Filipa, de Jager, Pieter, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Dossou, Edem, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faghmous, Imad D A, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D, Gall, Seana L, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Gilmour, Stuart, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Greaves, Felix, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Heckbert, Susan R, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hilderink, Henk B M, Hoek, Hans W, Hogg, Robert S, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Grace, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jonas, Jost B, Joshi, Tushar Kant, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kant, Surya, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karletsos, Dimitri, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kasaeian, Amir, Katibeh, Marzieh, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissela, Brett M, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Krog, Norun Hjertager, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Ander, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leigh, Jame, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Stefan, Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Mackay, Mark T, Maclachlan, Jennifer H, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Magdy, Mohammed, Razek, Abd El, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele Ayele, Mandisarisa, John, Mangalam, Srikanth, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Gerard Robert, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Massano, João, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mcgarvey, Stephen Theodore, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Mcmahon, Brian J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Morgan, Katherine, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Sriniva, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naik, Nitish, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Deni, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Suba, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Paul E, Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Ozdemir, Raziye, Pa, Mahesh, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Pant, Puspa Raj, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paul, Vinod K, Pearce, Neil, Pedro, João Mário, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C Arden, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quame-Amaglo, Justice, Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajavi, Zhale, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi L, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R, Refaat, Amany H, Rehm, Jürgen, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Ricci, Stefano, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rio, Roberts, Bayard, Roca, Anna, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shetty, Balakrishna P, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Have, Margreet Ten, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tirschwell, David L, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thoma, Trujillo, Ulise, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uthman, Olalekan A, Dingenen, Rita Van, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Wagner, Joseph A, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Woolf, Anthony D, Xavier, Deni, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zannad, Faiez, Zavala, Diego E, Zeeb, Hajo, Zeleke, Berihun M, Zhang, Hao, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: VITAL-STATISTICS, INTEGRATED APPROACH, ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, UNITED-STATES, Global Health, Communicable Disease, Communicable Diseases, cause of death, Medicine, General & Internal, Life Expectancy, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Mortality, Medicine(all), Science & Technology, Mortality, Premature, Medicine (all), EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators, CIVIL REGISTRATION, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, VERBAL AUTOPSY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human
Abstract: Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2016

18. Indoor air pollution and its association with poor lung function, microalbuminuria and variations in blood pressure among kitchen workers in India: a cross-sectional study

Author: Altaf Hussain Khan, Prem Narain Saxena, Amarnath Singh, Ritul Kamal, Vipin Bihari, Parappurath Abdul Azeez, Afzal Ansari, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, and Anil Kumar Ks
Subjects: Lung Diseases, Male, Cross-sectional study, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Air pollution, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, Indoor air quality, law, Ultrafine particle, Cooking, Lung, media_common, Carbon Monoxide, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Middle Aged, Particulates, Respiratory Function Tests, Occupational Diseases, Air Pollution, Indoor, Blood pressure, lcsh:Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene, Indoor air, population characteristics, Environmental Monitoring, Adult, Pollution, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, India, Air Pollutants, Occupational, Young Adult, lcsh:RC963-969, 03 medical and health sciences, Occupational Exposure, Environmental health, medicine, Albuminuria, Humans, Intensive care medicine, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Volatile Organic Compounds, business.industry, Research, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Kitchen workers, lcsh:RA1-1270, Carbon Dioxide, medicine.disease, Lung function, Particulate Matter, Microalbuminuria, business, Spirometer
Abstract: Background The present study is an attempt to explore the association between kitchen indoor air pollutants and physiological profiles in kitchen workers with microalbuminuria (MAU) in north India (Lucknow) and south India (Coimbatore). Methods The subjects comprised 145 control subjects, 233 kitchen workers from north India and 186 kitchen workers from south India. Information related to the personal and occupational history and health of the subjects at both locations were collected using a custom-made questionnaire. Worker lung function was measured using a spirometer. Blood pressure was monitored using a sphygmomanometer. Urinary MAU was measured using a urine analyzer. Indoor air monitoring in kitchens for particulate matter (PM), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) was conducted using indoor air quality monitors. The size and shape of PM in indoor air was assessed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to detect organic or inorganic compounds in the air samples. Results Particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5 and PM1) were significantly higher in both north and south Indian kitchens than in non-kitchen areas. The concentrations of TVOC, CO and CO2 were higher in the kitchens of north and south India than in the control locations (non-kitchen areas). Coarse, fine and ultrafine particles and several elements were also detected in kitchens in both locations by SEM and elemental analysis. The FTIR spectra of kitchen indoor air at both locations show the presence of organic chemicals. Significant declines in systolic blood pressure and lung function were observed in the kitchen workers with MAU at both locations compared to those of the control subjects. A higher prevalence of obstruction cases with MAU was observed among the workers in the southern region than in the controls (p
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

19. Corrigendum to 'Assessing hazardous risks of indoor airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the kitchen and its association with lung functions and urinary PAH metabolites in kitchen workers' [Clin. Chim. Acta 452 (2016) 204-213.]

Author: Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam, Abhay Raj, Nishi Kumar Shukla, Amarnath Singh, Ritul Kamal, Izharul Haq, Kesavachandran Chandrasekharan Nair, G.N.V. Satyanarayana, Altaf Khan, Anup Kumar Srivastava, Manoj Kumar Gupta, and Vipin Bihari
Subjects: Hazardous waste, business.industry, Environmental health, Urinary system, Biochemistry (medical), Clinical Biochemistry, Medicine, General Medicine, business, Biochemistry
Published: 2017

20. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years

Author: Yun Jin Kim, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Hirbos Shore Roba, Rafael Lozano, Lalit Dandona, Xiaofeng Liang, Azeem Majeed, Stephen M. Amrock, Yousef Khader, Derrick A Bennett, Theo Vos, Stephen T. McGarvey, Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer, Johan Ärnlöv, Liliana G Ciobanu, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Tommi Vasankari, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Samath D Dharmaratne, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Azmeraw T. Amare, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Rakhi Dandona, Philimon Gona, Jonathan I. Silverberg, Andre Pascal Kengne, Amir Kasaeian, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Colm McAlinden, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Ivy Shiue, Saverio Stranges, Moretza Shamsizadeh, Kelly Cercy, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Alireza Esteghamati, Patrick Liu, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Saeid Safiri, Marissa B Reitsma, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Mall Leinsalu, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Jarnail Singh Thakur, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Ala'a Alkerwi, Nikolas Reinig, Joshua Wesana, Christopher J L Murray, Benn Sartorius, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Alan D. Lopez, João C. Fernandes, Elisabete Weiderpass, Kokeb T. Hadush, Aleksandra Barac, Amitava Banerjee, Juan Sanabria, Leslie Cornaby, Ritul Kamal, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Joseph Salama, Yuichiro Yano, Gerald Yonga, Maria Inês Schmidt, Simon I. Hay, Solomon Abrha Damtew, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Gert B. M. Mensink, Audra L Gold, Dube Jara Boneya, George C Patton, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Mohsen Naghavi, Estifanos Baye, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Laurie B. Marczak, Patrick J Sur, Zoubida Zaidi, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Olalekan A. Uthman, Reza Malekzadeh, Kara Estep, Alexander Lee, Jasvinder A. Singh, Masako Horino, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Cristiana Abbafati, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Balewgizie Sileshi Tegegne, Ulrich O Mueller, Min Jeong Shin, Farhad Islami, Ben Zipkin, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Ali H. Mokdad, Soumya Swaminathan, Monika Sawhney, Mostafa Qorbani, Marcello Tonelli, Juan Jesus Carrero, Jagdish Khubchandani, Pedro Cecilio, Valery L. Feigin, Thomas Fürst, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Joshua A. Salomon, Mohsen Mazidi, Tiffany Ku, Ziad Al-Aly, Alemayehu Amberbir, Itamar S. Santos, Soewarta Kosen, Atsushi Goto, Ronny Westerman, Anwar Rafay, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Stephen S Lim, Espen Bjertness, Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Naohiro Yonemoto, Hamid Asayesh, Young-Ho Khang, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Ashkan Afshin, Heidi J. Larson, Farshad Pourmalek, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Josef Schmidhuber, Yohannes Kinfu, Roman Topor-Madry, Babak Eshrati, Aletta E. Schutte, Rahman Shiri, Masoud Vaezghasemi, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Erfan Amini, Stan Biryukov, Fentaw Tadese, George A. Mensah, Anil Kumar, Daniel Kim, Bemnet Amare Tedla, Afshin, Ashkan, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Sur, Patrick, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Murray, Christopher JL, and Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Subjects: Male, Gerontology, Pediatric Obesity, obesity, VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Epidemiologi medisinsk og odontologisk statistikk: 803, global health, Disease, Overweight, Global Health, VDP::Social science: 200::Demography: 300, DISEASE, VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Nutrition: 811, Body Mass Index, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Pandemic, Prevalence, adults, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, humans, ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY, child, adult, 1. No poverty, pediatric obesity/epidemiology, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, General Medicine, CANCER, 3. Good health, female, VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Epidemiology medical and dental statistics: 803, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cohort, Female, medicine.symptom, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, obesitat, Research Article, Adult, prevalence, overweight/complications/epidemiology, WEIGHT-LOSS, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS, VDP::Samfunnsvitenskap: 200::Demografi: 300, VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Ernæring: 811, 03 medical and health sciences, cardiovascular diseases/complications/mortality, Medicine, General & Internal, children, male, General & Internal Medicine, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, overweight, COHORT, Obesity, Disease burden, METAANALYSIS, Science & Technology, GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators, business.industry, ADULTS, medicine.disease, PREVENTION, BODY-MASS INDEX, Cross-Sectional Studies, business, Body mass index, obesity/complications/*epidemiology
Abstract: Source at: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362 Background: Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. Methods: We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. Restults: In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem.
Published: 2017

21. Diagnostic accuracy of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with septic acute kidney injury

Author: Rekha Sachan, Satish Kumar, Arvind Misra, Munna Lal Patel, Radhey Shyam, and Ritul Kamal
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Urinary system, International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease, 030232 urology & nephrology, Diagnostic accuracy, Lipocalin, urologic and male genital diseases, Gastroenterology, Sepsis, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, AKI, Internal medicine, medicine, In patient, Intensive care medicine, Original Research, urogenital system, business.industry, septicemia, Acute kidney injury, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, medicine.disease, Predictive value, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, Nephrology, diagnostic accuracy, urinary NGAL, business
Abstract: Munna Lal Patel,1 Rekha Sachan,2 Radhey Shyam,3 Satish Kumar,1 Ritul Kamal,4 Arvind Misra1 1Department of Medicine, 2Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 3Department of Geriatric Intensive Care Unit, King George Medical University, 4Epidemiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-IITR), Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Background: Sepsis is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Very few studies have investigated the predictive properties of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) as a marker of AKI in septic patients. The aim of this study is to examine uNGAL in septic patients with and without AKI and to evaluate its predictive value.Methods: We prospectively studied 155 patients with sepsis over a period of 1 year. Urine was analyzed for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin at 12, 24, and 48 hours after admission. Patients with
Published: 2016

22. Heat and PAHs Emissions in Indoor Kitchen Air and Its Impact on Kidney Dysfunctions among Kitchen Workers in Lucknow, North India

Author: Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam, Nishi Kumar Shukla, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Amarnath Singh, Ritul Kamal, Vipin Bihari, G.N.V. Satyanarayana, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, and Altaf Hussain Khan
Subjects: Male, Atmospheric Science, Hot Temperature, Physiology, Air pollution, lcsh:Medicine, 010501 environmental sciences, Urine, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry, Toxicology, 0302 clinical medicine, Indoor air quality, Medicine and Health Sciences, Metabolites, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cooking, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, lcsh:Science, Specific Gravity, Multidisciplinary, Dry-bulb temperature, Physics, Classical Mechanics, Particulates, Middle Aged, Body Fluids, Chemistry, Nephrology, Air Pollution, Indoor, Physical Sciences, Mechanical Stress, population characteristics, Kidney Diseases, Anatomy, Environmental Monitoring, Research Article, Adult, Adolescent, India, Air Pollutants, Occupational, Air Quality, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Meteorology, Occupational Exposure, medicine, Humidex, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, Relative humidity, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Aged, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, lcsh:R, Humidity, Biology and Life Sciences, Kidneys, Renal System, Cross-Sectional Studies, Metabolism, Thermal Stresses, Chemical Properties, Atmospheric Chemistry, Earth Sciences, Environmental science, Particulate Matter, lcsh:Q, Microalbuminuria
Abstract: Indoor air quality and heat exposure have become an important occupational health and safety concern in several workplaces including kitchens of hotels. This study investigated the heat, particulate matter (PM), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions in indoor air of commercial kitchen and its association with kidney dysfunctions among kitchen workers. A cross sectional study was conducted on 94 kitchen workers employed at commercial kitchen in Lucknow city, North India. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect the personal and occupational history of the kitchen workers. The urine analysis for specific gravity and microalbuminuria was conducted among the study subjects. Indoor air temperature, humidity, wet/ dry bulb temperature and humidex heat stress was monitored during cooking activities at the kitchen. Particulate matter (PM) for 1 and 2.5 microns were monitored in kitchen during working hours using Hazdust. PAHS in indoor air was analysed using UHPLC. Urinary hydroxy-PAHs in kitchen workers were measured using GC/MS-MS. Higher indoor air temperature, relative humidity, PM1 and PM2.5 (p
Published: 2016

23. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Kiran Thapa, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Azeem Majeed, Hjalte Holm Andersen, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Alireza Mohammadi, John J. McGrath, Konstantin Kazanjan, Naohiro Yonemoto, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Jennifer O Lam, Laetitia Huiart, Xiaofeng Liang, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Lalit Dandona, Felix Masiye, Joseph R Fitchett, Derrick A Bennett, Rosana E. Norman, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Rahman Shiri, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Charles R. Newton, Kelly Cercy, Masoud Vaezghasemi, Elena Alvarez Martin, Christopher Troeger, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Amany H Refaat, Ruben Castro, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Michael R. Phillips, Samath D Dharmaratne, Reed J D Sorensen, Roderick J. Hay, Johan Ärnlöv, Ivo Rakovac, Alexandra Brazinova, Nancy Fullman, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Liliana G Ciobanu, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Luigi Naldi, Rana Jawad Asghar, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Corine Karema, Biju Abraham, Rynaz H S Rabiee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Philimon Gona, Jonathan I. Silverberg, Alexandria Brown, Kovin Naidoo, Suleman Atique, Yun Jin Kim, Benn Sartorius, Hwashin Hyun Shin, George Mugambage Ruhago, Adugnaw Berhane, Tesfaye Tekle, Abdur Rahman Khan, Vipin Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Héctor Gómez-Dantés, Jun She, Ted R. Miller, Tolesa Bekele, Yohannes Kinfu, Srinivas Murthy, Alaa Badawi, Mahfuzar Rahman, Raghib Ali, Robert G. Weintraub, Nicholas Steel, Khalid A Altirkawi, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Thomas N. Williams, Adrian Davis, Usha Ram, Nobuyuki Horita, Qingyang Xiao, Bishal Gyawali, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Eun-Kee Park, Subas Neupane, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Lorenzo Monasta, Roman Topor-Madry, Marc-Alain Widdowson, James Leigh, Padukudru Anand Mahesh, Stephen M. Amrock, Stefan Ma, Virendra Singh, Amir Kasaeian, Mahdi Mahdavi, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Jean B. Nachega, Hamid Asayesh, Pratik Pinal Doshi, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Peter J. Hotez, Ying Jiang, Girma Temam Shifa, Warren D. Lo, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Joan B. Soriano, Ritul Kamal, Young-Ho Khang, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Daniel C Casey, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Demewoz Haile, Tomi Akinyemiju, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Rajeev Gupta, Rosario Cárdenas, Peter W. Gething, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Maigeng Zhou, Ferrán Catalá-López, Anders Larsson, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Bach Xuan Tran, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Marina Shakh-Nazarova, Jamie Hancock, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Jasvinder A. Singh, Isabela M. Benseñor, Shafiu Mohammed, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Belinda K Lloyd, Samir Bhatt, Geoffrey Buckle, Tissa Wijeratne, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Robert W Aldridge, Luca Ronfani, Raj Kumar Verma, Jagdish Khubchandani, Irma Khonelidze, Ai Koyanagi, Teshome Gebre, Michael Kutz, Om Prakash Singh, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Margaret Lind, Svetlana Popova, Hmwe H Kyu, Tom Achoki, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Henock Yebyo, Mehdi Yaseri, Max Petzold, Sungho Won, Semaw Ferede Abera, Devina Nand, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Abdishakur M. Abdulle, Yingfeng Zheng, Soewarta Kosen, Aleksandra Barac, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Yuichiro Yano, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Simon I. Hay, Luke D. Knibbs, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Solomon Abrha Damtew, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Boris Bikbov, Bemnet Amare Tedla, Daniel Kim, Ulrich O Mueller, Khurshid Alam, Andrew H. Kemp, Austin Carter, Chuanhua Yu, Ibrahim A Khalil, João Mário Pedro, Atsushi Goto, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Scott B. Patten, Nicola Low, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Heidi J. Larson, Worku Tefera, Sanjay Zodpey, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Donal Bisanzio, Hilda L Harb, Meghan D. Mooney, John N Newton, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Marcella Montico, Mojde Mirarefin, Vinay Nangia, Edgar P. Simard, Ben Schöttker, Michael Brainin, Ziad A. Memish, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Alexis J Handal, Saleem M Rana, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Oluremi N Ajala, Christopher J L Murray, Chioma Ezinne Chibueze, Rupert R A Bourne, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Andreas A Kudom, Hilton Lam, Aman Yesuf Endries, Farshad Pourmalek, Andre Pascal Kengne, Gholamreza Roshandel, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tommi Vasankari, Zahid A Butt, Alemseged Aregay Gebru, Samer Hamidi, Soraya Seedat, Xie Rachel Kulikoff, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Gelin Xu, Shireen Sindi, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Haidong Wang, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Ryan M Barber, André Karch, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Hebe N. Gouda, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Erika Ota, Kerrie E. Doyle, Olalekan A. Uthman, Jed D. Blore, Walid Ammar, Guohong Jiang, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ibrahim Abubakar, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Megan Coggeshall, Charles N Mock, Ronan A Lyons, Jose Martinez-Raga, Thomas Fürst, Ambuj Roy, Mustafa Z. Younis, Harish Chander Gugnani, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Lidia Morawska, Noore Alam, Paul S. F. Yip, Grant Nguyen, Randah R. Hamadeh, Victor Aboyans, Miloje Savic, Ketevan Gambashidze, Graeme J. Hankey, David M. Pereira, Cho-il Kim, Peter A. Meaney, Haidong Kan, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Murugesan Raju, Saeid Shahraz, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi, Kenji Shibuya, Raimundas Lunevicius, Sun Ha Jee, Prashant Singh, Atte Meretoja, Suzanne Polinder, Alex Reynolds, Joseph Mikesell, David O. Carpenter, Carla Sofia e Sa Farinha, Miguel Angel Alegretti, Nataliya Foigt, Naris Silpakit, Amare Deribew, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Reza Assadi, Yichong Li, Georgina A. V. Murphy, Babak Eshrati, Rintaro Mori, Scott Weichenthal, Andre Keren, Van C. Lansingh, Kebede Deribe, Bulat Idrisov, François Alla, Maaya Kita, Ala'a Alkerwi, Maia Kereselidze, Yanping Wang, Rajesh Sharma, Florian Fischer, Foluke Adetola Ojelabi, Maya S Fraser, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, H. Dean Hosgood, Puja Rao, Deena Alasfoor, Muhammad Muhammad Saleh, Bryan L. Sykes, Juan Sanabria, Ronny Westerman, Julian David Pillay, Cassandra Szoeke, Umar Bacha, Edward J Mills, Manisha Dubey, Aliya Naheed, Al Artaman, Jiabin Shen, Michael Burch, Reza Malekzadeh, Hans W. Hoek, David C. Schwebel, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Leilei Duan, Matthew M Coates, Arnav Agarwal, Soumya Swaminathan, Quyen Nguyen, Hye-Youn Park, Peter Nguhiu, Bereket Yakob, Patrick Liu, Elisabeth Barboza França, Tigist Assefa Bayou, Azmeraw T. Amare, Farshad Farzadfar, Tariku Jibat, Jost B. Jonas, Kaja Abbas, Thomas Truelsen, Maryam S. Farvid, Louisa Degenhardt, George A. Mensah, Till Bärnighausen, Ivy Shuie, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Amitava Banerjee, Zubair Kabir, Ingrid Wolfe, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie Pete, Preet K Dhillon, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Gagandeep Kang, Aminu K. Bello, Bineyam Taye, Mohsen Naghavi, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Walter Mendoza, M. Patrice Lindsay, Sergey K Vladimirov, Tesfaye Setegn, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Eric L. Ding, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Stephen S Lim, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, G Anil Kumar, João C. Fernandes, In-Hwan Oh, Rasmus Havmoeller, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Pengpeng Ye, Gabrielle deVeber, Espen Bjertness, Hao Zhang, Ali H. Mokdad, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Peter Memiah, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Konrad Pesudovs, Yong Zhao, Joseph Friedman, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Hadi Danawi, André Faro, Kevin N. Sheth, Abera Kenay Tura, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Sergey Soshnikov, Ajit Kumar Yadav, Michelle L. Bell, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Miia Kivipelto, Pieter de Jager, Yongmei Li, Giancarlo Logroscino, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Talha Farid, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Alemayehu Amberbir, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Parvaiz A Koul, Edson Serván-Mori, Anil Kaul, Cheng Huang, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Hsiang Huang, Foad Abd-Allah, Marek Majdan, Sait Mentes Birlik, Jung-Chen Chang, Rahul Gupta, Luciano A. Sposato, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Yibeltal Tebekaw Bayou, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Hajo Zeeb, Norberto Perico, Jun Zhu, Bruno F. Sunguya, Parthasarathi Ganguly, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Min-Jeong Shin, Ashish Awasthi, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Alan J Thomson, Mostafa Qorbani, Ye Jin, Don C. Des Jarlais, Itamar S. Santos, Juanita A. Haagsma, Anwar Rafay, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, José Neves, Gregory M Anderson, Amador Goodridge, Bolanle F Banigbe, David Rojas-Rueda, Pedro R. Olivares, Rakhi Dandona, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Mohamed Hsairi, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Jeanne Françoise Kayibanda, Alemayehu B. Mekonnen, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Lela Sturua, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Amber Sligar, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Melkamu Dedefo Gishu, Chantal Huynh, Lope H Barrero, Linhong Wang, Neeraj Bedi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ricky Leung, Mehdi Javanbakht, Alemayehu Hailu, Kimani M Harun, Ubai Alsharif, Richard C. Franklin, Zoubida Zaidi, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Masako Horino, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Marcello Tonelli, Juan Jesus Carrero, Cyrus Cooper, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Juan Liang, Leslie Cornaby, Awoke Misganaw, Norito Kawakami, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Daniel J. Weiss, Abhishek Singh, Vivekanand Jha, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Alem Mehari, Wagner Marcenes, Chabila C Mapoma, Ababi Zergaw Giref, Farhad Pishgar, Khassoum Diallo, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Emmanuel A. Ameh, Justin Beardsley, Ademola Lukman Adelekan, Joshua A. Salomon, Mamo Wubshet, Diego De Leo, Daniel Pope, Elisabete Weiderpass, Gregory A. Roth, Niranjan Kissoon, Kaire Innos, João Vasco Santos, Rajesh Sagar, Bradford D. Gessner, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, John J Huang, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Eduardo Bernabé, Nadia Akseer, Maheswar Satpathy, Fotis Topouzis, Health Services Management & Organisation (HSMO), Public Health, Psychiatry, Neurology, Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, M, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Murray, Christopher JL, Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Hay, Simon I, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joseph B, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A, Silpakit, Nari, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J D, Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alla, Françoi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Bori, Birlik, Sait Mente, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyru, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, Davis, Adrian C, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C De, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J, Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kumar, G Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Ander, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Warren D, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Stefan, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Masiye, Felix, Mcgrath, John J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murphy, Georgina A V, Murthy, Sriniva, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Suba, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Pedro, João Mário, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: Pediatrics, Nutrition and Disease, Global Health, Communicable Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Voeding en Ziekte, Infant Mortality, Compensation law of mortality, Global health, Medicine, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES, 10. No inequality, Medicine(all), NEWBORN BABIES, Medicine (all), Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, DEATH, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Stillbirth, 3. Good health, Child Mortality, SURVIVAL, CHILD-MORTALITY, HEALTH, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, DEVELOPMENT GOAL 4, Human, INTERVENTIONS, medicine.medical_specialty, RJ, INTEGRATED APPROACH, Developing country, Communicable Diseases, neonatal, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, 030225 pediatrics, General & Internal Medicine, Life Science, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, VLAG, Estimation, Science & Technology, business.industry, Klinisk medicin, Infant, GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collaborators, Infant mortality, Malaria, Child mortality, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Life expectancy, Clinical Medicine, RG, business, Demography
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. METHODS: Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age-sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for under-5 mortality. Third, we analysed levels and cause compositions of under-5 mortality, across time and geographies, as they related to rising SDI. Finally, we decomposed the changes in under-5 mortality to changes in SDI at the global level, as well as changes in leading causes of under-5 deaths for countries and territories. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 child mortality estimation process, as well as data sources, in accordance with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). FINDINGS: Globally, 5·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5·7-6·0) children younger than 5 years died in 2015, representing a 52·0% (95% UI 50·7-53·3) decrease in the number of under-5 deaths since 1990. Neonatal deaths and stillbirths fell at a slower pace since 1990, decreasing by 42·4% (41·3-43·6) to 2·6 million (2·6-2·7) neonatal deaths and 47·0% (35·1-57·0) to 2·1 million (1·8-2·5) stillbirths in 2015. Between 1990 and 2015, global under-5 mortality decreased at an annualised rate of decrease of 3·0% (2·6-3·3), falling short of the 4·4% annualised rate of decrease required to achieve MDG4. During this time, 58 countries met or exceeded the pace of progress required to meet MDG4. Between 2000, the year MDG4 was formally enacted, and 2015, 28 additional countries that did not achieve the 4·4% rate of decrease from 1990 met the MDG4 pace of decrease. However, absolute levels of under-5 mortality remained high in many countries, with 11 countries still recording rates exceeding 100 per 1000 livebirths in 2015. Marked decreases in under-5 deaths due to a number of communicable diseases, including lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, and malaria, accounted for much of the progress in lowering overall under-5 mortality in low-income countries. Compared with gains achieved for infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies, the persisting toll of neonatal conditions and congenital anomalies on child survival became evident, especially in low-income and low-middle-income countries. We found sizeable heterogeneities in comparing observed and expected rates of under-5 mortality, as well as differences in observed and expected rates of change for under-5 mortality. At the global level, we recorded a divergence in observed and expected levels of under-5 mortality starting in 2000, with the observed trend falling much faster than what was expected based on SDI through 2015. Between 2000 and 2015, the world recorded 10·3 million fewer under-5 deaths than expected on the basis of improving SDI alone. INTERPRETATION: Gains in child survival have been large, widespread, and in many places in the world, faster than what was anticipated based on improving levels of development. Yet some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, still had high rates of under-5 mortality in 2015. Unless these countries are able to accelerate reductions in child deaths at an extraordinary pace, their achievement of proposed SDG targets is unlikely. Improving the evidence base on drivers that might hasten the pace of progress for child survival, ranging from cost-effective intervention packages to innovative financing mechanisms, is vital to charting the pathways for ultimately ending preventable child deaths by 2030. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Erratum: Department of Error, The Lancet,Volume 389, Issue 10064, 2017, Page e1. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32608-3
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

24. Adverse Respiratory Health and Hematological Alterations among Agricultural Workers Occupationally Exposed to Organophosphate Pesticides: A Cross-Sectional Study in North India

Author: Anup Kumar Srivastava, Manoj Kumar Pathak, Vipin Bihari, Ritul Kamal, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, and Mohd. Fareed
Subjects: Male, Veterinary medicine, Pulmonology, Epidemiology, Toxicology, Biochemistry, Pulmonary function testing, Medicine, Respiratory system, Lung, Epidemiological Methods, Multidisciplinary, medicine.diagnostic_test, Statistics, Agriculture, Hematology, Middle Aged, Occupational and Industrial Health, Enzymes, medicine.anatomical_structure, Acetylcholinesterase, Public Health, medicine.symptom, Agrochemicals, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Clinical Research Design, Science, Toxic Agents, India, Respiratory physiology, Biostatistics, Environmental and Occupational Lung Diseases, Environmental Epidemiology, FEV1/FVC ratio, Internal medicine, Occupational Exposure, Humans, Respiratory sounds, Pesticides, Biology, Occupational Health, Respiratory Sounds, Survey Research, Population Biology, business.industry, Pesticide, Social Epidemiology, Agricultural Workers' Diseases, Blood Cell Count, Cross-Sectional Studies, Survey Methods, Cough, Butyrylcholinesterase, Sputum, Pest Control, Population Ecology, business, Mathematics
Abstract: BackgroundNon-protective work practices followed by farm workers during spraying of pesticides lead to occupational exposure among them.ObjectiveThis study is designed to explore the respiratory health and hematological profile of agricultural workers occupationally exposed to OP pesticides.Materials and methodsA cross sectional study was undertaken among 166 pesticide sprayers working in mango orchards of Lucknow district in North India compared with 77 controls to assess the respiratory illness, lung functions, cholinesterase levels and hematological profile. A questionnaire based survey and clinical examination for respiratory health were conducted among study subjects. Lung function test was conducted among study subjects by using spirometer. Cholinesterase level as biomarker of OP pesticides and hematological profile of study subjects were investigated in the laboratory by following the standard protocols.ResultsOverall respiratory morbidity observed among exposed subjects was 36.75%. Symptoms for respiratory illness like dry cough, productive cough, wheezing, irritation of throat and blood stained sputum were found to be significantly more (pConclusionThis study shows that the unsafe occupational exposure of OP pesticides causes respiratory illness, decreased lung functions and hematological alterations among pesticide sprayers.
Published: 2013

25. Correction to Lancet HIV 2016; 3: e361–87

Author: Kerrie E. Doyle, Olalekan A. Uthman, Laxmikant Chavan, Azmeraw T. Amare, Rasmus Havmoeller, Maryam S. Farvid, Louisa Degenhardt, Mohamed Hsairi, Kimani M Harun, Zoubida Zaidi, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Masako Horino, Rajesh Sagar, Bradford D. Gessner, Bongani M. Mayosi, Konrad Pesudovs, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Hye Youn Park, Alexandria Brown, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Bach Xuan Tran, Haidong Kan, Ajit Kumar Yadav, ArsÃ¨ne Kouablan Adou, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, In-Hwan Oh, Juan Jesus Carrero, Pratik Pinal Doshi, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Teshome Gebre, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Hsing-Yi Chang, Bulat Idrisov, Azeem Majeed, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Zahid A Butt, Yuichiro Yano, Nataliya Foigt, Naris Silpakit, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Rajaa Mohammad, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Haidong Wang, Samir Soneji, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Boris Bikbov, John Q. Wong, Yun Jin Kim, Giancarlo Logroscino, Raimundas Lunevicius, Eesh Bhatia, Kazem Rahimi, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Henock Yebyo, Mehdi Yaseri, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Yong Zhao, Joseph Friedman, André Faro, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Yongmei Li, Bemnet Amare Tedla, Wanqing Chen, Shafiu Mohammed, Vivekanand Jha, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho, Girma Temam Shifa, Suzanne Polinder, Bryan L. Sykes, Kaja Abbas, Nadia Akseer, Rakhi Dandona, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Scott B. Patten, Jiabin Shen, Donal Bisanzio, Hilda L Harb, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Wagner Marcenes, Chabila C Mapoma, Miia Kivipelto, Hsiang Huang, Jung-Chen Chang, P. V. Rao, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Hilton Lam, Amare Deribew, Saleem M Rana, Mohammad Taghi Hedayati, Khurshid Alam, Reza Malekzadeh, Mohamed Magdy Abd El Razek, Mojde Mirarefin, Juan Sanabria, Umar Bacha, Rashmi Gupta, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Felix Masiye, Maurice Giroud, Palwasha Anwari, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Rosario CÃ¡rdenas, John J Huang, Alaa Badawi, Edward J Mills, Guohong Jiang, Matthew M Coates, Martin McKee, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Norito Kawakami, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Pieter de Jager, Hajo Zeeb, Tim Driscoll, James Leigh, Mohammad Yahya Saeedi, Gelin Xu, Rana J. Asghar, Koranteng Adofo, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Jeanne FranÃ§oise Kayibanda, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Alemseged Aregay Gebru, Yuantao Hao, Bereket Yakob, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Jose Martinez-Raga, Rosana E. Norman, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Anders Larsson, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Sasa Rajsic, Elena Alvarez, Nikolaos Tsilimparis, Kenji Shibuya, Alexandra Brazinova, Nader Jahanmehr, Solomon Abreha Damtew, Ambuj Roy, Elisabete Weiderpass, Derrick A Bennett, Holly Hagan, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Shifalika Goenka, Gudlavalleti V S Murthy, Mirriam Chibalabala, Mostafa Qorbani, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Sanjay Zodpey, Alemayehu B. Mekonnen, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Stephen M. Amrock, Soewarta Kosen, Haseeb Nawaz, Tukur Dahiru, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Atsushi Goto, Abdur Rahman Khan, Vipin Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Parvaiz A Koul, John Nelson Opio, Jun She, Michael Brainin, Luke Nyakarahuka, Edson Serván-Mori, Dimitris Karletsos, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Van C. Lansingh, Ala'a Alkerwi, Elizabeth Glaser, Ziad A. Memish, Sinead Langan, Usha Ram, Alicia Aleman, Brighton Murimira, Jae-Hyun Park, Foluke Adetola Ojelabi, Anil Kaul, Foad Abd-Allah, Aman Yesuf Endries, Erika Ota, Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães, Rajesh Sharma, Mahdi Mahdavi, Andre Pascal Kengne, Joan B. Soriano, Soumya Swaminathan, Ritul Kamal, Quyen Nguyen, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Alan J Thomson, Don C. Des Jarlais, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Al Artaman, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Tsegaye Tewelde Ghiwot, Maya S Fraser, Veena S. Kulkarni, Corine Karema, Samer Hamidi, Randah R. Hamadeh, Marek Majdan, Sait Mentes Birlik, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Tariku Jibat, Julian David Pillay, Suleman Atique, Raghib Ali, Shicheng Yu, Carlos A. CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, Nobuyuki Horita, Graeme J. Hankey, Prashant Singh, Mouhanad Hammami, Nicholas Steel, Yohannes Kinfu, Hao Zhang, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, FranÃ§ois Alla, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Nancy Fullman, Rintaro Mori, Ying Jiang, Semaw Ferede Abera, Atte Meretoja, Katherine Pearson, Robert G. Weintraub, Zubair Kabir, Juanita A. Haagsma, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Benn Sartorius, Lalit Dandona, Amir Kasaeian, Andrew H. Kemp, Melkamu Dedefo Gishu, FerrÃ¡n CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, Deena Alasfoor, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Hwashin Hyun Shin, Peter Memiah, Muhammad Muhammad Saleh, Mahfuzar Rahman, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, Meghan D. Mooney, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Walid Ammar, Vegard Skirbekk, David M. Prokop, Edgar P. Simard, Jagdish Khubchandani, FortunÃ© GbÃ¨toho GankpÃ©, Arindam Basu, Roman Topor-Madry, Walter Mendoza, Amador Goodridge, G Anil Kumar, Jean de Dieu Ngirabega, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, João C. Fernandes, Michael Burch, Gholamreza Roshandel, Leo Zoeckler, Ai Koyanagi, Emmanuel Peprah, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Shireen Sindi, Adam Trickey, Ali H. Mokdad, William Msemburi, James D. Wilkinson, Rafael TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos, Sungho Won, Abdishakur M. Abdulle, Ted R. Miller, Oluremi N Ajala, Karen Sliwa, Linhong Wang, Awoke Misganaw Temesgen, Jasvinder A. Singh, Kaire Innos, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Steven E. Lipshultz, Belinda Lloyd, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Abera Kenay Tura, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Ulrich O Mueller, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Tomi Akinyemiju, Tissa Wijeratne, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Alemayehu Amberbir, Itamar S. Santos, Ibrahim A Khalil, Aliya Naheed, Anwar Rafay, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Saleh F. Aldhahri, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, AndrÃ© Karch, Harish Chander Gugnani, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Ronny Westerman, Vinod K. Paul, Dietrich Plass, David Rojas-Rueda, Reza Assadi, Tigist Assefa Bayou, Vinay Nangia, Ayalnesh Zemene Yalew, Eric L. Ding, Justin Beardsley, Veena R. Iyer, Stephen S Lim, Bineyam Taye, Till BÃ¤rnighausen, Ademola Lukman Adelekan, Joshua A. Salomon, Chakib Nejjari, Josep Maria Haro, Diego De Leo, Faris Lami, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Om P. Singh, Farshad Farzadfar, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Yibeltal Tebekaw Bayou, Norberto Perico, Bruno F. Sunguya, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Ashish Awasthi, Lorenzo Monasta, David O Soti, Hamid Asayesh, Young-Ho Khang, Thomas FÃ¼rst, Hmwe H Kyu, Heidi J. Larson, Amber Sligar, Mahesh Anand Padukudru, Ricky Leung, Reed J D Sorensen, Farshad Pourmalek, Liliana G Ciobanu, Luigi Naldi, Kiran Thapa, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Yousef M. Elshrek, Naohiro Yonemoto, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Jennifer O Lam, Neeraj Bedi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Soraya Seedat, Mehdi Javanbakht, Paul S. F. Yip, Grant Nguyen, Peter A. Meaney, Joseph Mikesell, Kebede Deribe, Johan Ã„rnlÃ¶v, Emmanuela Gakidou, Robert W Aldridge, Joseph Robert Ander Fitchett, JosÃ© das Neves, Ubai Alsharif, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Cyrus Cooper, H. Dean Hosgood, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Liesl Zühlke, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Tim M. Wolock, David M. Pereira, Carla Sofia e Sa Farinha, Miguel Angel Alegretti, Babak Eshrati, Paulo A. Lotufo, Salem Al-Raddadi, Christopher J L Murray, Austin Carter, Rajeev Gupta, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Mustafa Z. Younis, Michael R. Phillips, Snehal Patil, Samath D Dharmaratne, Robert P. Dellavalle, George Mugambage Ruhago, Tesfaye Tekle, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Peter W. Gething, Isabela M. Benseñor, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Max Petzold, Chuanhua Yu, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ibrahim Abubakar, Noore Alam, Aletta E. Schutte, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Denis Nash, Luca Ronfani, Manisha Dubey, Lydia S. Atkins, Hans W. Hoek, David C. Schwebel, Jost B. Jonas, Carla Makhlouf, Sergey K Vladimirov, Damian G Hoy, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Florian Fischer, and Imad D A Faghmous
Subjects: Burden of disease, medicine.medical_specialty, Operations research, Epidemiology, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Immunology, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Infectious Diseases, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Virology, Family medicine, Medicine, business
Abstract: © 2016 Elsevier Ltd GBD 2015 HIV Collaborators. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet HIV 2016; 3: e361–87—In this Article, Kerrie E Doyle and David M Pereira have been added to the list of collaborators and Claudia C Pereira has been removed. These corrections have been made as of Aug 22, 2016.
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

26. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of disease progression in patients with chronic kidney disease

Author: Ritul Kamal, Munna Lal Patel, Rekha Sachan, Amita Verma, and Kamlesh Kumar Gupta
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Urinary system, Renal function, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, lcsh:RC870-923, Gastroenterology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Chronic kidney disease, Internal medicine, Medicine, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, Stage (cooking), business.industry, Proportional hazards model, Hazard ratio, lcsh:Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Biomarker (medicine), Original Article, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, progression, business, Kidney disease
Abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with early mortality, decreased quality of life and increased health care expenditures. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not urinary NGAL (uNGAL) level is associated with renal damage and kidney disease progression in patients with CKD and to evaluate the predictive value of uNGAL in progression of CKD. Totally, 91 cases of CKD stage II, III, IV, and 50 age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. The follow-up end-point was 18 months; end-point of the study was progression to an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

27. Prognostic significance of urinary NGAL in chronic kidney disease

Author: Rekha Sachan, Ravi Misra, Radhey Shyam, Munna Lal Patel, Pushpalata Sachan, and Ritul Kamal
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Urinary system, International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease, Renal function, Stage ii, urologic and male genital diseases, Bioinformatics, medicine.disease, prognostic significance, Disease severity, Decreased glomerular filtration rate, Nephrology, Internal medicine, medicine, Biomarker (medicine), urinary NGAL, Prospective cohort study, business, chronic kidney disease, Original Research, Kidney disease
Abstract: Munna Lal Patel,1 Rekha Sachan,2 Ravi Misra,3 Ritul Kamal,4 Radhey Shyam,5 Pushpalata Sachan6 1Department of Medicine, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India; 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India; 3Department of Internal Medicine, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India; 4Epidemiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; 5Department of Geriatric Intensive Care Unit, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India; 6Department of Physiology, Career Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. Recently urinary NGAL (uNGAL) has been proven to be a useful (potentially ideal) biomarker for early detection of CKD. The aim of the present study was to examine the correlation of uNGAL with severity of renal impairment in CKD and to evaluate its prognostic value in these subjects. Methods: This was a prospective study carried out over a period of 24 months in subjects with CKD due to primary chronic glomerulonephritis. New cases of CKD stage II, III, IV aged between 18 and 65 years were enrolled as per KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) guidelines 2012. A total of 90 subjects completed the study up to the end-point. The primary follow-up end-point was 18 months, or decreased glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min. Secondary follow-up end-point was the number of subjects who expired during this period. Results: Multiple regression model of estimated glomerular filtration rate showed significant associations with log uNGAL (β=0.38, P3.51 unit had a renal survival rate of 14.7%. Conclusion: Our study result showed that uNGAL has a positive correlation with disease severity which signifies the prognostic importance of uNGAL in CKD. Keywords: urinary NGAL, chronic kidney disease, prognostic significance
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

28. Impact of carotid intima-media thickness on long-term outcome in hemodialysis patients

Author: Amita Verma, Ritul Kamal, Rekha Sachan, Radheyshyam, and Munna Lal Patel
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Creatinine, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Renal function, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Uremia, Surgery, chemistry.chemical_compound, Blood pressure, chemistry, Intima-media thickness, Hemodialysis, Internal medicine, medicine, Cardiology, Original Article, Carotid intima-media thickness, Prospective cohort study, business, Outcome, Kidney disease
Abstract: Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on hemodialysis are highly prone to cardiovascular disease, which accounts for roughly half of the mortality in these patients. Atherosclerosis begins many years before the development of clinical manifestations. Measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a noninvasive procedure to detect early atherosclerotic changes. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between CIMT and cardiovascular risk factors and to investigate its prognostic significance in CKD patients on hemodialysis. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study carried out over a period of 18 months. Total 88 patients on hemodialysis and 50 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Biochemical assay and CIMT was assessed using the high resolution 7.5 MHz sonography technique in all subjects. Results: Significant positive correlation was found with age, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, serum phosphorus, serum calcium-phosphorus product, serum uric acid, 24 h urine protein, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and body mass index. Negative correlation was found with estimated glomerular filtration rate. Adjusted hazards ratios of all cause and cardiovascular mortality for an increase of 0.1 mm in CIMT was 1.16 (95% confidence interval 0.15-9.09). Patients with CIMT value 0.97 mm had a renal survival rate of 16.5%. Conclusion: Uremia is an additive risk factors in those subjects who have raised CIMT despite of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

29. Mathematically Derived Body Volume and Risk of Musculoskeletal Pain among Housewives in North India

Author: Anup Kumar Srivastava, Manoj Kumar Pathak, B. S. Pangtey, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Vipin Bihari, Neeraj Mathur, and Ritul Kamal
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Body Surface Area, Cross-sectional study, lcsh:Medicine, India, Physical examination, Overweight, Body Mass Index, Young Adult, Musculoskeletal Pain, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, Young adult, lcsh:Science, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body surface area, Multidisciplinary, medicine.diagnostic_test, Body volume index, business.industry, lcsh:R, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Obesity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Body Composition, Physical therapy, lcsh:Q, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Body mass index, Research Article, Demography
Abstract: Background Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 demonstrates the impact of musculoskeletal diseases as the second greatest cause of disability globally in all regions of the world. The study was conducted to determine the role of mathematically derived body volume (BV), body volume index (BVI), body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA) and body fat % (BF %) on musculoskeletal pain (MSP) among housewives in National Capital Region (NCR). Methods A cross sectional study was undertaken among 495 housewives from Gurgaon and New Okhla Industrial Development Area (NOIDA) in National Capital Region (NCR), New Delhi, India. The study includes questionnaire survey, clinical examination and body composition monitoring among housewives. Results A significantly higher BMI, BVI, BV and BSA were observed in subjects with MSP as compared to those who had no MSP. This was also true for subjects with pain in knee for BMI category for overweight. Subjects with pain in limbs had significantly high BMI and BVI as compared to subjects with no MSP. A significant positive correlation of age with BMI, BVI, BV and BSA was observed among subjects having no MSP denoting a direct relationship of age and these body factors. Conclusions The prevalence of MSP among housewives is associated with increasing age, BMI and BVI. This can possibly be used for formulating a strategy for prevention of MSP.
Published: 2013
Full Text: View/download PDF

30. Meta-analysis approach to study the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among current, former and non-smokers

Author: Anup Kumar Srivastava, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, and Ritul Kamal
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Tobacco use, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Pulmonary disease, Toxicology, Article, Stratified analysis, Non-smokers, lcsh:RA1190-1270, medicine, COPD, Current smokers, lcsh:Toxicology. Poisons, business.industry, medicine.disease, Former Smoker, respiratory tract diseases, Meta-analysis, Systematic review, Physical therapy, business, Risk assessment, Former smokers, Demography
Abstract: Comparative risk assessment for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) among current, former and non-smokers categories remains controversial and not studied in detail. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize all the relevant published studies on this topic and to update the association between smoking and prevalence of COPD in current, former and non-smokers. Identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion of articles for the study were conducted as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Quality assessment of included studies was undertaken using a scoring sheet. Meta-analysis after the final synthesis of the selected studies was performed using the STATA and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Estimates from forty two independent studies reporting 547,391 individuals were identified. Twenty two studies were conducted in Europe, nine in America and ten in Asia and one from New Zealand. The meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of COPD was significantly higher in current smokers compared with former and non-smokers. However, owing to large heterogeneity among the estimates obtained from the studies, stratification was done with respect to continent, diagnostic criteria of COPD and study design which also showed similar results. The stratified analysis also revealed similar trend of results with prevalence of COPD being higher in current smokers as compared to former and non-smokers. The present meta-analysis highlights the positive association between smoking and COPD prevalence. There is an urgent need to implement more effective policies towards the restriction of tobacco use, to reduce the burden of COPD.
Full Text: View/download PDF

31. Meta-analysis approach to study the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among current, former and non-smokers

Author: Ritul Kamal, Anup Kumar Srivastava, and Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran

32. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Barber R. M. a, Fullman N. a, Sorensen R. J. D. a, Bollyky T. f, McKee M. i, Nolte E. g, Abajobir A. A. j, Abate K. H. n, Abbafati C. o, Abbas K. M. p, Abd-Allah F. q, Abdulle A. M. r, Abdurahman, A. A. ac, Abera, S. F. ad, ah Abraham, B. ai, Abreha, G. F. ad, Adane, K. af, Adelekan, A. L. aj, ak Adetifa, I. M. O. i al, Afshin A. a, Agarwal, A. ao, ap Agarwal, S. K. aq, S. ar, Agrawal, A. as, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. au, Ahmadi, A. ax, Ahmed, K. Y. ay, Ahmed M. B. m, Akinyemi, R. O. ak, az Akinyemiju, T. F. ba, Akseer, N. am, bc Al-Aly, Z. bd, Alam, K. be, bf dn, dq Alam, N. bg, S. S. bh, Alemu, Z. A. ay, Alene, K. A. bi, Alexander L. a, Ali, R. bm, S. D. bn, bo bp, Alizadeh-Navaei, R. bq, Alkerwi, A. bs, Alla, F. bt, Allebeck, P. bu, Allen C. a, Al-Raddadi, R. cb, Alsharif, U. cd, Altirkawi, K. A. ce, Alvarez Martin, E. cf, Alvis-Guzman, N. cg, Amare, A. T. ch, cj gr, Amini E. s, t wy, Ammar, W. cl, Amo-Adjei, J. cm, cn Amoako, Y. A. co, Anderson B. O. e, Androudi, S. cq, Ansari, H. cr, Ansha, M. G. cs, Antonio, C. A. T. ct, Ärnlöv, J. bv, cv Artaman, A. cw, Asayesh, H. cx, Assadi, R. cy, Astatkie, A. cz, Atey, T. M. ag, Atique, S. da, Atnafu, N. T. dc, dd Atre, S. R. de, Avila-Burgos, L. df, Avokpaho, E. F. G. A. dg, Ayala Quintanilla, B. P. di, dj Awasthi, A. dk, Ayele, N. N. dl, Azzopardi, P. dm, dn dr, Ba Saleem, H. O. dt, Bärnighausen, T. du, dz ea, Bacha, U. eb, Badawi, A. an, ec Banerjee, A. ed, Barac, A. eg, Barboza, M. A. ej, ek Barker-Collo, S. L. el, Barrero, L. H. en, Basu, S. eo, Baune, B. T. ch, gr Baye, K. eq, Bayou, Y. T. er, Bazargan-Hejazi, S. es, et Bedi, N. eu, Beghi, E. ev, Béjot, Y. ew, Bello, A. K. ex, Bennett, D. A. bm, Bensenor, I. M. ez, Berhane, A. fa, Bernabé, E. fd, Bernal, O. A. fe, Beyene, A. S. ff, ki Beyene, T. J. eq, fi Bhutta, Z. A. bc, fj Biadgilign, S. fk, Bikbov, B. fl, Birlik, S. M. fm, Birungi, C. ef, Biryukov S. a, Bisanzio, D. bk, Bizuayehu, H. M. fn, Bose, D. fo, Brainin, M. fp, Brauer M. a, fq Brazinova, A. fr, fs Breitborde, N. J. K. fu, Brenner, H. fw, Butt, Z. A. fx, Cárdenas, R. fy, Cahuana-Hurtado, Campos-Nonato, I. R. df, dx Car, J. fz, Carrero, J. J. bw, Casey D. a, Caso, V. ga, Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A. gb, Castillo Rivas, J. gd, ge Catalá-López, F. gf, gg Cecilio, P. gh, Cercy K. a, Charlson F. J. a, j gi, Chen A. Z. a, Chew A. a, Chibalabala, M. gj, Chibueze, C. E. gk, Chisumpa, V. H. gl, gm Chitheer, A. A. gn, Chowdhury, R. go, Christensen, H. gp, Christopher, D. J. gq, Ciobanu, L. G. ci, Cirillo, M. gs, Coggeshall M. S. a, Cooper, L. T. gt, Cortinovis, M. fl, Crump, J. A. gu, Dalal, K. gv, Danawi, H. gw, Dandona L. a, gy Dandona, R. a gy, Dargan, P. I. gz, Das Neves, J. ha, hb Davey, G. hd, Davitoiu, D. V. he, Davletov, K. hf, De Leo, D. hh, Del Gobbo, L. C. eo, Del Pozo-Cruz, B. em, Dellavalle, R. P. hi, Deribe, K. ep, hj Deribew, A. al, Des Jarlais, D. C. hk, hl Dey, S. hm, Dharmaratne, S. D. hn, Dicker D. a, Ding, E. L. dx, Dokova, K. ho, Dorsey, E. R. hp, Doyle, K. E. hq, hr Dubey, M. hs, Ehrenkranz R. a, Ellingsen, C. L. hu, Elyazar, I. hv, Enayati, A. hw, Ermakov, S. P. hx, hy Eshrati, B. hz, ia Esteghamati, A. t wz, Estep K. a, Fürst T. h, ic ie, Faghmous I. D. A. i, Fanuel, F. B. B. cz, if Faraon, E. J. A. cu, ig Farid, T. A. ih, Farinha, C. S. E. S. ii, ij Faro, A. ik, Farvid, M. S. dw, il Farzadfar, F. u xa, Feigin, V. L. im, Feigl, A. B. du, Fereshtehnejad, S. -M. bx, Fernandes, J. G. in, J. C. io, Feyissa, T. R. ip, Fischer, F. iq, Fitzmaurice C. a, b ir, Fleming T. D. a, Foigt, N. is, Foreman K. J. a, ib Forouzanfar, M. H. it, Franklin, R. C. iu, Frostad J. a, Ghiwot T. T. n, Gakidou E. a, Gambashidze, K. iv, Gamkrelidze, A. iv, Gao, W. ix, Garcia-Basteiro, A. L. iy, iz Gebre, T. ja, Gebremedhin A. T. n, jb Gebremichael, M. W. ag, Gebru, A. A. ag, jc Gelaye, A. A. jd, Geleijnse, J. M. fh, Genova-Maleras, R. je, jf Gibney, K. B. jg, Giref, A. Z. eq, Gishu, M. D. fg, jh Giussani, G. ev, Godwin W. W. a, Gold A. a, Goldberg E. M. a, Gona, P. N. ji, Goodridge, A. jj, Gopalani, S. V. jk, Goto, A. jl, Graetz N. a, Greaves, F. ib, jm Griswold, M. a Guban, P. I. jn, Gugnani, H. C. jo, Gupta, P. C. jp, R. jq, R. jr, T. js, V. jt, Habtewold, T. D. fb, jv Hafezi-Nejad, N. t xb, Haile, D. eq, Hailu, A. D. ep, jx Hailu, G. B. ag, jc Hakuzimana, A. jz, ka Hamadeh, R. R. kb, Hambisa, M. T. ff, Hamidi, S. kc, Hammami, M. kd, Hankey, G. J. ke, kf kg, Hao, Y. kh, Harb, H. L. cl, Hareri, H. A. eq, Haro, J. M. mw, Hassanvand M. S. w, xc Havmoeller, R. ca, Hay, R. J. fd, kk Hay, S. I. a bl, Hendrie, D. kl, Heredia-Pi, I. B. df, Hoek, H. W. ju, km Horino, M. ko, Horita, N. kp, Hosgood, H. D. kq, Htet, A. S. kr, ks Hu, G. kt, Huang, H. ku, J. J. kv, Huntley B. M. a, Huynh C. a, Iburg, K. M. kw, Ileanu, B. V. kx, Innos, K. ky, Irenso, A. A. fg, kj Jahanmehr, N. kz, Jakovljevic, M. B. lb, James, P. dv, S. L. lc, Javanbakht, M. ld, Jayaraman, S. P. le, Jayatilleke, A. U. lf, lg Jeemon, P. gx, lh li, nh Jha, V. bm, lk John, D. ll, Johnson C. a, Johnson S. C. a, Jonas, J. B. lm, Juel, K. ln, Kabir, Z. lo, Kalkonde, Y. lp, Kamal, R. lq, Kan, H. ls, Karch, A. lt, lu Karema, C. K. id, lv Karimi, S. M. lw, Kasaeian A. t, y xd, Kassebaum N. J. a, lx Kastor, A. hs, Katikireddi, S. V. ly, Kazanjan, Keiyoro, P. N. lz, ma Kemmer, L. a Kemp, A. H. mc, me Kengne, A. P. jz, mf Kerbo, A. A. if, Kereselidze, M. iv, Kesavachandran, C. N. lq, Khader, Y. S. mg, Khalil I. a, Khan, A. R. ih, E. A. mh, G. mi, Khang, Y. -H. mj, Khoja, A. T. A. ml, Khonelidze, I. iv, Khubchandani, J. mm, Kibret, G. D. ay, Kim, D. mn, Kim P. a, Y. J. mo, Kimokoti, R. W. mp, Kinfu, Y. mq, Kissoon, N. fq, Kivipelto, M. by, Kokubo, Y. mr, Kolk, A. ms, Kolte, D. mt, Kopec, J. A. fq, Kosen, S. mu, Koul, P. A. mv, Koyanagi, A. mw, Kravchenko, M. mx, Krishnaswami, S. my, Krohn K. J. a, Kuate Defo, B. mz, Kucuk Bicer, B. nb, Kuipers, E. J. nd, Kulkarni, V. S. ne, Kumar, G. A. lj, Kumsa, F. A. fg, kj Kutz, M. a Kyu, H. H. a Lager, A. C. J. nf, Lal, A. ng, D. K. ni, Lalloo R. k, Lallukka, T. nj, Lan, Q. nl, Langan S. M. i, Lansingh, V. C. nm, nn Larson, H. J. a h, Larsson, A. no, Laryea, D. O. cp, Latif, A. A. np, Lawrynowicz, A. E. B. nq, Leasher, J. L. nr, Leigh, J. bf, Leinsalu, M. ky, nt Leshargie, C. T. ay, Leung J. e, j Leung, R. nu, Levi, M. nv, Liang, X. nw, Lim S. S. a, Lind M. a, Linn, S. nx, Lipshultz, S. E. ny, nz Liu, P. a Liu, Y. oa, L. -T. ob, oc Logroscino, G. od, Lopez, A. D. do, Lorch, S. A. oe, Lotufo, P. A. ez, Lozano, R. df, Lunevicius, R. of, og Lyons, R. A. mb, Macarayan, E. R. K. kv, Mackay, M. T. oh, Magdy Abd El Razek, H. oi, M. oj, Mahdavi, M. ok, ol Majeed, A. ib, Malekzadeh R. z, xe Malta, D. C. on, Mantovani LG, Manyazewal, T. op, Mapoma, C. C. gl, Marcenes, W. oq, Marks, G. B. md, ns Marquez, N. a Martinez-Raga, J. or, os Marzan, M. B. ot, Massano, J. hc, ou Mathur, M. R. ni, Maulik, P. K. ov, Mazidi, M. ow, McAlinden, C. ox, oy McGrath, J. J. l McNellan, C. a Meaney, P. A. oz, pa Mehari, A. pb, Mehndiratta, M. M. pc, Meier, T. pd, Mekonnen, A. B. bf, bj Meles, K. G. ad, Memish, Z. A. pe, pf Mengesha, M. M. ff, Mengiste, D. T. ae, Mengistie M. A. n, Menota, B. G. eq, Mensah, G. A. pg, Mereta S. T. n, Meretoja, A. dp, ph Meretoja, T. J. nk, pi Mezgebe, H. B. ag, Micha, R. pj, Millear A. a, Mills, E. J. pl, Minnig S. a, Mirarefin M. a, pm Mirrakhimov, E. M. pn, po Mock, C. N. c Mohammad, K. A. pp, Mohammed, S. ea, pq Mohanty, S. K. hs, Mokdad A. H. a, Mola, G. L. D. pr, Molokhia, M. fd, Monasta, L. ps, Montico, M. ps, Moradi-Lakeh M. a, pt Moraga, P. pz, Morawska, L. pv, pw Mori, R. qa, Moses M. a, Mueller, U. O. qc, Murthy, S. fq, Musa, K. I. qd, Nachega, J. B. qe, qf qg, Nagata, C. qh, Nagel, G. qj, Naghavi M. a, Naheed, A. bh, Naldi, L. qk, Nangia, V. ql, Nascimento, B. R. qm, qn Negoi, I. qo, Neupane, S. P. ks, Newton, C. R. qp, Ng M. a, Ngalesoni, F. N. qq, Ngunjiri, J. W. qr, Nguyen G. a, Ningrum, D. N. A. db, qs Nolte, S. cc, qt rj, Nomura, M. qv, Norheim, O. F. jx, Norrving, B. av, Noubiap, J. J. N. jz, qw Obermeyer, C. M. qx, Ogbo, F. A. qy, I. -H. ra, Okoro, A. rb, Oladimeji, O. rc, rd Olagunju, A. T. ci, Olivares, P. R. re, Olsen H. E. a, Olusanya, B. O. rf, J. O. rf, Opio, J. N. rg, Oren, E. rh, Ortiz, A. ri, Osborne, R. H. rk, Osman, M. dy, rl Owolabi, M. O. rm, rn Mahesh, P. A. ro, Pain A. W. a, Pakhale, S. rp, Palomares Castillo, E. rq, rr Pana, A. kx, Papachristou, C. cd, Parsaeian M. u, v xa, Patel, T. rs, Patton, G. C. dn, Paudel, D. rt, Paul, V. K. aq, Pearce N. i, Pereira, D. M. ru, Perez-Padilla, R. rv, Perez-Ruiz, F. rw, rx Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. ry, Petzold, M. rz, sa Phillips, M. R. oa, sb Pigott, D. M. a Pillay, J. D. sc, Pinho C. a, Polinder, S. nc, Pond, C. D. sd, Prakash, V. se, Purwar, M. sf, Qorbani, M. sg, Quistberg D. A. c, d Radfar, A. sh, Rafay, A. si, sj Rahimi, K. bm, Rahimi-Movaghar, V. aa, xf Rahman, M. sk, Rahman, M. H. U. hs, Rai, R. K. sl, Ram, U. hs, Rana, S. M. si, sj Rankin, Z. a Rao, P. V. sm, sn Rao, P. C. a Rawaf, S. ib, Rego, M. A. S. om, Reitsma M. a, Remuzzi, G. fl, so sp, Renzaho, A. M. N. N. qz, Resnikoff, S. sq, sr Rezaei, S. aw, Rezai, M. S. br, Ribeiro, A. L. qm, Roba, H. S. ff, Rokni, M. B. ac, Ronfani, Roshandel G. z, st xe, Roth G. A. a, Rothenbacher, D. qi, Roy, N. K. su, sv Sachdev, P. S. ss, sw Sackey, B. B. sx, Saeedi, M. Y. sy, Safiri, S. sz, Sagar, R. aq, Sahraian, M. A. ab, xg Saleh, M. M. ta, Salomon, J. A. du, Samy, A. M. tb, Sanabria, J. R. tc, td Sanchez-Niño, M. D. te, Sandar L. a, Santos, I. S. ey, J. V. hc, Santric Milicevic, M. M. eh, ei Sarmiento-Suarez, R. tf, Sartorius, B. tg, ti Satpathy, M. aq, Savic, M. hu, Sawhney, M. tj, Saylan, M. I. tk, Schöttker, B. fv, tl Schutte, A. E. tm, tn Schwebel, D. C. bb, Seedat, S. qf, Seid, A. M. ff, Seifu, C. N. if, Sepanlou S. G. z, xe Serdar, B. to, Servan-Mori, E. E. df, Setegn, T. ck, Shackelford K. A. a, Shaheen, A. tp, Shahraz, S. tq, Shaikh, M. A. tr, Shakh-Nazarova, Shamsipour M. x, Shariful Islam, S. M. bh, Sharma, J. ts, R. tt, She, J. lr, Sheikhbahaei S. t, wz Shen, J. ft, tu Shi, P. pk, Shigematsu, M. tv, tw Shin, M. -J. tx, Shiri, R. nj, Shoman, H. tz, Shrime, M. G. dy, Sibamo, E. L. S. if, Sigfusdottir, I. D. ua, Silva, D. A. S. ub, Silveira, D. G. A. uc, Sindi, S. ca, Singh, J. A. ud, O. P. ue, P. K. uf, V. ug, Sinke, A. H. uh, Sinshaw, A. E. ui, Skirbekk, V. hu, kn Sliwa, K. jy, Smith A. a, Sobngwi, E. uj, uk Soneji, S. ul, Soriano, J. B. um, Sousa, T. C. M. un, Sposato, L. A. uo, Sreeramareddy, C. T. up, Stathopoulou, V. uq, Steel, N. jm, ur Steiner, C. a Steinke, S. us, Stokes, M. A. qu, Stranges, S. bs, Strong, M. ut, Stroumpoulis, K. uu, uv Sturua, L. iv, Sufiyan, M. B. uw, Suliankatchi, R. A. ux, Sun, J. px, py uy, Sur P. a, Swaminathan, S. uz, Sykes, B. L. va, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. gf, Tabb, K. M. vb, Taffere, G. R. ad, Talongwa, R. T. vc, Tarajia, M. vd, Tavakkoli, M. ve, Taveira, N. vf, vg Teeple, S. a Tegegne, T. K. ay, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. pu, Tekelab, T. ip, vh Tekle, D. Y. ag, Temam Shifa, G. eq, vi Terkawi, A. S. vj, vk vl, Tesema, A. G. ag, Thakur, J. S. vm, Thomson, A. J. vn, Tillmann, T. ee, Tiruye, T. Y. ay, Tobe-Gai, R. vo, Tonelli, M. vp, Topor-Madry, R. vq, vr Tortajada, M. vs, Troeger C. a, Truelsen, T. vt, Tura, A. K. fg, jv Uchendu, U. S. vu, Ukwaja, K. N. vv, Undurraga, E. A. vw, Uneke, C. J. vx, Uthman, O. A. vy, Van Boven, J. F. M. jv, Van Dingenen, R. vz, Varughese, S. gq, Vasankari, T. wa, Venketasubramanian, N. wb, Violante, F. S. wc, Vladimirov, S. K. wd, Vlassov, V. V. we, Vollset S. E. a, ht jw, Vos T. a, Wagner J. A. a, Wakayo T. n, Waller, S. G. wf, Walson J. L. e, wg Wang, H. a Wang, Y. -P. wh, Watkins D. A. e, jz Weiderpass, E. bz, wi wj, wk Weintraub, R. G. dn, oh Wen, C. -P. iw, Werdecker, A. qb, Wesana, J. wl, wm Westerman, R. qc, wn Whiteford, H. A. a j, gi Wilkinson, J. D. ny, nz Wiysonge, C. S. qf, wo Woldeyes, Wolfe, C. D. A. fc, wp Won, S. mk, Workicho A. n, wq Workie, S. B. if, Wubshet, M. wr, ws Xavier, D. wt, G. wu, Yadav, A. K. hs, Yaghoubi, M. wv, Yakob, B. th, Yan, L. L. ww, Yano, Y. wx, Yaseri, M. la, xi Yimam, H. H. dc, Yip, P. xj, xk Yonemoto, N. xl, Yoon, S. -J. ty, Younis, M. Z. xm, C. xn, xo Zaidi, Z. xp, El Sayed Zaki, M. xq, Zambrana-Torrelio, C. xr, xs Zapata, T. xt, Zenebe, Z. M. ag, Zodpey, Zoeckler L. a, Zuhlke, L. J. xu, Murray C. J. L., Barber, Ryan, Fullman, Nancy, Sorensen, Reed, Thomas, Bollyky, Martin, Mckee, Ellen, Nolte, Amanuel, Alemu, Abajobir, Kalkidan, Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja, Abba, Foad, Abd Allah, Abdishakur, Abdulle, Ahmed, Abdulahi, Abdurahman, Semaw, Ferede, Abera, Biju, Abraham, Girmatsion, Fisseha, Abreha, Kelemework, Adane, Ademola, Lukman, Adelekan, Ifedayo, Morayo, Adetifa, Ashkan, Afshin, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay, Kumar, Agarwal, Sunilkumar, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Alireza, Ahmadi, Kedir, Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar, Beshir, Ahmed, Rufus, Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi, F, Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Ziyad, Al Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Sayed, Saidul, Alam, Zewdie, Aderaw, Alemu, Kefyalew, Addi, Alene, Lily, Alexander, Raghib, Ali, Syed, Danish, Ali, Reza, Alizadeh Navaei, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Rajaa, Al Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, Altirkawi, Elena, Alvarez, Martin, Nelson, Alvis Guzman, Azmeraw, Amare, Erfan, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Joshu, Amo Adjei, Yaw, Ampem, Amoako, Benjamin, Anderson, Sofia, Androudi, Hossein, Ansari, Mustafa, Geleto, Ansha, Carl, Abelardo, Antonio, Johan, Ärnlöv, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Reza, Assadi, Ayalew, Astatkie, Tesfay, Mehari, Atey, Suleman, Atique, Niguse, Tadele, Atnafu, Sachin, Atre, Leticia, Avila Burgo, Euripide, Frinel, Arthur, Avokpaho, Beatriz, Paulina, Ayala, Quintanilla, Ashish, Awasthi, Nebiyu, Negussu, Ayele, Peter, Azzopardi, Huda, Omer, Ba, Saleem, Till, Bärnighausen, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Miguel, Barboza, Suzanne, Barker Collo, Lope, Barrero, Sanjay, Basu, Bernhard, Baune, Kaleab, Baye, Yibeltal, Tebekaw, Bayou, Shahrzad, Bazargan Hejazi, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Yannick, Béjot, Aminu, Bello, Derrick, Bennett, Isabela, Bensenor, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Oscar, Alberto, Bernal, Addisu, Shunu, Beyene, Tariku, Jibat, Beyene, Zulfiqar, Bhutta, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Boris, Bikbov, Sait, Mente, Birlik, Charles, Birungi, Stan, Biryukov, Donal, Bisanzio, Habtamu, Mellie, Bizuayehu, Dipan, Bose, Michael, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas, Breitborde, Hermann, Brenner, Zahid, Butt, Rosario, Cárdena, Lucero, Cahuana Hurtado, Ismael, Ricardo, Campos, Nonato, Josip, Car, Juan, Jesu, Carrero, Daniel, Casey, Valeria, Caso, Carlos, Castañeda Orjuela, Jacqueline, Castillo, Rivas, Ferrán, Catalá López, Pedro, Cecilio, Kelly, Cercy, Fiona, Charlson, Alan, Chen, Adrienne, Chew, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Chioma, Ezinne, Chibueze, Vesper, Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Abdulaal, Chitheer, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam, Jesuda, Christopher, Liliana, Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Megan, Coggeshall, Leslie, Trumbull, Cooper, Monica, Cortinovi, John, Crump, Koustuv, Dalal, Hadi, Danawi, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Paul, Dargan, Jose, Da, Neves, Gail, Davey, Dragos, V, Davitoiu, Kairat, Davletov, Diego, De, Leo, Liana, Del, Gobbo, Borja, Del, Pozo, Cruz, Robert, Dellavalle, Kebede, Deribe, Amare, Deribew, Don, De, Jarlais, Subhojit, Dey, Samath, Dharmaratne, Daniel, Dicker, Eric, Ding, Klara, Dokova, Ray, Dorsey, Kerrie, Doyle, Manisha, Dubey, Rebecca, Ehrenkranz, Christian, Lycke, Ellingsen, Iqbal, Elyazar, Ahmadali, Enayati, Sergey, Petrovich, Ermakov, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Kara, Estep, Thomas, Fürst, Imad, Faghmou, Fanuel, Belayneh, Bekele, Fanuel, Emerito, Jose, Aquino, Faraon, Talha, Farid, Carla, Sofia, Sa, Farinha, Andre, Faro, Maryam, Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery, Feigin, Andrea, Feigl, Seyed Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jefferson, Fernande, João, Fernande, Tesfaye, Regassa, Feyissa, Florian, Fischer, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Thomas, Fleming, Nataliya, Foigt, Kyle, Foreman, Mohammad, Forouzanfar, Richard, Franklin, Joseph, Frostad, Tsegaye, Tewelde, G/hiwot, Emmanuela, Gakidou, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Wayne, Gao, Alberto, Garcia Basteiro, Teshome, Gebre, Amanuel, Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Welday, Gebremichael, Alemseged, Aregay, Gebru, Amha, Admasie, Gelaye, Johanna, Geleijnse, Ricard, Genova Malera, Katherine, Gibney, Ababi, Zergaw, Giref, Melkamu, Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, William, Godwin, Audra, Gold, Ellen, Goldberg, Philimon, N, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer, Vali, Gopalani, Atsushi, Goto, Nicholas, Graetz, Felix, Greave, Max, Griswold, Peter, Imre, Guban, Harish, Chander, Gugnani, Prakash, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Tesfa, Dejenie, Habtewold, Nima, Hafezi Nejad, Demewoz, Haile, Alemayehu, Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew, Bugssa, Hailu, Alex, Hakuzimana, Randah, Ribhi, Hamadeh, Mitiku, Teshome, Hambisa, Samer, Hamidi, Mouhanad, Hammami, Graeme, Hankey, Yuantao, Hao, Hilda, Harb, Habtamu, Abera, Hareri, Josep, Maria, Haro, Mohammad, Sadegh, Hassanvand, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Roderick, Hay, Simon, Hay, Delia, Hendrie, Ileana, Beatriz, Heredia, Pi, Hans, Hoek, Masako, Horino, Nobuyuki, Horita, Dean, Hosgood, Aung, Soe, Htet, Guoqing, Hu, Hsiang, Huang, John, Huang, Bethany, Huntley, Chantal, Huynh, Kim, Moesgaard, Iburg, Bogdan, Vasile, Ileanu, Kaire, Inno, Asnake, Ararsa, Irenso, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo, Jakovljevic, Peter, Jame, Spencer, Lewi, James, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Sudha, Jayaraman, Achala, Upendra, Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Vivekanand, Jha, Denny, John, Catherine, Johnson, Sarah, Johnson, Jost, Jona, Knud, Juel, Zubair, Kabir, Yogeshwar, Kalkonde, Ritul, Kamal, Haidong, Kan, Andre, Karch, Corine, Kakizi, Karema, Seyed, Karimi, Amir, Kasaeian, Nicholas, Kassebaum, Anshul, Kastor, Srinivasa, Vittal, Katikireddi, Konstantin, Kazanjan, Peter, Njenga, Keiyoro, Laura, Kemmer, Andrew, Haddon, Kemp, Andre, Pascal, Kengne, Amene, Abebe, Kerbo, Maia, Kereselidze, Chandrasekharan, Nair, Kesavachandran, Yousef, Saleh, Khader, Ibrahim, Khalil, Abdur, Rahman, Khan, Ejaz, Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Young Ho, Khang, Abdullah, Tawfih, Abdullah, Khoja, Irma, Khonelidze, Jagdish, Khubchandani, Getiye, Dejenu, Kibret, Daniel, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Yun, Jin, Kim, Ruth, Kimokoti, Yohannes, Kinfu, Niranjan, Kissoon, Miia, Kivipelto, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Anneli, Kolk, Dhaval, Kolte, Jacek, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz, Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Michael, Kravchenko, Sanjay, Krishnaswami, Kristopher, Krohn, Barthelemy, Kuate, Defo, Burcu, Kucuk, Bicer, Ernst, Kuiper, Veena, Kulkarni, Anil, Kumar, Fekede, Asefa, Kumsa, Michael, Kutz, Hmwe, Kyu, Anton, Carl, Jonas, Lager, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh, Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Tea, Lallukka, Qing, Lan, Sinead, Langan, Van, Lansingh, Heidi, Larson, Anders, Larsson, Dennis, Odai, Laryea, Asma, Abdul, Latif, Alicia, Elena, Beatriz, Lawrynowicz, Janet, Leasher, James, Leigh, Mall, Leinsalu, Cheru, Tesema, Leshargie, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Leung, Miriam, Levi, Xiaofeng, Liang, Stephen, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Shai, Linn, Steven, Lipshultz, Patrick, Liu, Yang, Liu, Loon Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Alan, Lopez, Scott, Lorch, Paulo, Lotufo, Rafael, Lozano, Raimundas, Luneviciu, Ronan, Lyon, Erlyn, Rachelle, King, Macarayan, Mark, Mackay, Hassan, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Mohammed, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Mahdi, Mahdavi, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Deborah, Carvalho, Malta, Lorenzo, Mantovani, Tsegahun, Manyazewal, Chabila, Mapoma, Wagner, Marcene, Guy, Mark, Neal, Marquez, Jose, Martinez Raga, Melvin, Barriento, Marzan, João, Massano, Manu, Raj, Mathur, Pallab, Maulik, Mohsen, Mazidi, Colm, Mcalinden, John, Mcgrath, Claire, Mcnellan, Peter, Meaney, Alem, Mehari, Man, Mohan, Mehndiratta, Toni, Meier, Alemayehu, Mekonnen, Kidanu, Gebremariam, Meles, Ziad, Memish, Melkamu, Merid, Mengesha, Desalegn, Tadese, Mengiste, Mubarek, Abera, Mengistie, Bereket, Gebremichael, Menota, George, Mensah, Seid, Tiku, Mereta, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo, Meretoja, Haftay, Berhane, Mezgebe, Renata, Micha, Anoushka, Millear, Edward, Mill, Shawn, Minnig, Mojde, Mirarefin, Erkin, Mirrakhimov, Charles, N, Mock, Karzan, Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Shafiu, Mohammed, Sanjay, Mohanty, Ali, Mokdad, Glen, Liddell, Mola, Mariam, Molokhia, Lorenzo, Monasta, Marcella, Montico, Maziar, Moradi Lakeh, Paula, Moraga, Lidia, Morawska, Rintaro, Mori, Mark, Mose, Ulrich, Mueller, Srinivas, Murthy, Kamarul, Imran, Musa, Jean, Nachega, Chie, Nagata, Gabriele, Nagel, Mohsen, Naghavi, Aliya, Naheed, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Bruno, Ramo, Nascimento, Ionut, Negoi, Sudan, Prasad, Neupane, Charles, Newton, Marie, Ng, Frida, Namnyak, Ngalesoni, Josephine, Wanjiku, Ngunjiri, Grant, Nguyen, Dina, Nur, Anggraini, Ningrum, Sandra, Nolte, Marika, Nomura, Ole, F, Norheim, Bo, Norrving, Jean, Jacque, N, Noubiap, Carla, Makhlouf, Obermeyer, Felix, Akpojene, Ogbo, In Hwan, Oh, Anselm, Okoro, Olanrewaju, Oladimeji, Andrew, Toyin, Olagunju, Pedro, Olivare, Helen, Olsen, Bolajoko, Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob, Olusegun, Olusanya, John, Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Alberto, Ortiz, Richard, Osborne, Majdi, Osman, Mayowa, Owolabi, Mahesh, Pa, Amanda, Pain, Smita, Pakhale, Elizabeth, Palomare, Castillo, Adrian, Pana, Christina, Papachristou, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Tejas, Patel, George, Patton, Deepak, Paudel, Vinod, Paul, Neil, Pearce, David, Pereira, Rogelio, Perez Padilla, Fernando, Perez Ruiz, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudov, Max, Petzold, Michael, Robert, Phillips, David, Pigott, Julian, David, Pillay, Christine, Pinho, Suzanne, Polinder, Constance, Pond, V, Prakash, Manorama, Purwar, Mostafa, Qorbani, Alex, Quistberg, Amir, Radfar, Anwar, Rafay, Kazem, Rahimi, Vafa, Rahimi Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad, Hifz, Ur, Rahman, Rajesh, Kumar, Rai, Usha, Ram, Saleem, Rana, Zane, Rankin, Paturi, Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja, Rao, Salman, Rawaf, Maria, Albertina, Santiago, Rego, Marissa, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Andre, N, N, Renzaho, Serge, Resnikoff, Satar, Rezaei, Rezai, Antonio, Ribeiro, Hirbo, Shore, Roba, Mohammad, Bagher, Rokni, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Gregory, Roth, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Nawal, Roy, Perminder, Sachdev, Ben, Benasco, Sackey, Mohammad, Yahya, Saeedi, Saeid, Safiri, Rajesh, Sagar, Mohammad, Ali, Sahraian, Muhammad, Muhammad, Saleh, Joshua, Salomon, Abdallah, Samy, Juan, Ramon, Sanabria, Maria, Dolores, Sanchez, Niño, Logan, Sandar, Itamar, Santo, João, Vasco, Santos, Milena, Santric, Milicevic, Rodrigo, Sarmiento Suarez, Benn, Sartoriu, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Mete, Saylan, Ben, Schöttker, Aletta, Schutte, David, Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Abdulbasit, Musa, Seid, Canaan, Negash, Seifu, Sadaf, Sepanlou, Berrin, Serdar, Edson, Servan Mori, Tesfaye, Setegn, Katya, Anne, Shackelford, Amira, Shaheen, Saeid, Shahraz, Masood, Ali, Shaikh, Marina, Shakh Nazarova, Mansour, Shamsipour, Sheikh, Mohammed, Shariful, Islam, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Peilin, Shi, Mika, Shigematsu, Min Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Haitham, Shoman, Mark, Shrime, Ephrem, Lejore, Sibamo, Sibamo, Inga, Dora, Sigfusdottir, Diego, Augusto, Santo, Silva, Dayane, Gabriele, Alve, Silveira, Shireen, Sindi, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder, Singh, Om, Prakash, Singh, Prashant, Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Abiy, Hiruye, Sinke, Aklilu, Endalamaw, Sinshaw, Vegard, Skirbekk, Karen, Sliwa, Alison, Smith, Eugene, Sobngwi, Samir, Soneji, Joan, Soriano, Tatiane, Cristina, Moraes, Sousa, Luciano, Sposato, Chandrashekhar, Sreeramareddy, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Nicholas, Steel, Caitlyn, Steiner, Sabine, Steinke, Mark, Andrew, Stokes, Saverio, Strange, Mark, Strong, Konstantinos, Stroumpouli, Lela, Sturua, Muawiyyah, Babale, Sufiyan, Rizwan, Abdulkader, Suliankatchi, Jiandong, Sun, Patrick, Sur, Soumya, Swaminathan, Bryan, Syke, Rafael, Tabarés Seisdedo, Karen, Tabb, Getachew, Redae, Taffere, Roberto, Tchio, Talongwa, Musharaf, Tarajia, Mohammad, Tavakkoli, Nuno, Taveira, Stephanie, Teeple, Teketo, Kassaw, Tegegne, Arash, Tehrani Banihashemi, Tesfalidet, Tekelab, Dejen, Yemane, Tekle, Girma, Temam, Shifa, Abdullah, Sulieman, Terkawi, Azeb, Gebresilassie, Tesema, Js, Thakur, Alan, Thomson, Taavi, Tillmann, Tenaw, Yimer, Tiruye, Ruoyan, Tobe Gai, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman, Topor Madry, Miguel, Tortajada, Christopher, Troeger, Thomas, Truelsen, Abera, Kenay, Tura, Uche, Uchendu, Kingsley, N, Ukwaja, Eduardo, Undurraga, Chigozie, Jesse, Uneke, Olalekan, Uthman, Job, F, Van, Boven, Rita, Van, Dingenen, Santosh, Varughese, Tommi, Vasankari, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Francesco, Violante, Sergey, Vladimirov, Vasiliy, Victorovich, Vlassov, Stein, Emil, Vollset, Theo, Vo, Joseph, Wagner, Tolassa, Wakayo, Stephen, Waller, Judd, Walson, Haidong, Wang, Yuan Pang, Wang, David, Watkin, Elisabete, Weiderpa, Robert, Weintraub, Chi Pang, Wen, Andrea, Werdecker, Joshua, Wesana, Ronny, Westerman, Harvey, Whiteford, James, Wilkinson, Charles, Shey, Wiysonge, Belete, Getahun, Woldeye, Charles, Wolfe, Sungho, Won, Abdulhalik, Workicho, Shimelash, Bitew, Workie, Mamo, Wubshet, Denis, Xavier, Gelin, Xu, Ajit, Kumar, Yadav, Mohsen, Yaghoubi, Bereket, Yakob, Lijing, Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Hassen, Hamid, Yimam, Paul, Yip, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Seok Jun, Yoon, Mustafa, Youni, Chuanhua, Yu, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa, El, Sayed, Zaki, Carlos, Zambrana Torrelio, Tomas, Zapata, Zerihun, Menlkalew, Zenebe, Sanjay, Zodpey, Leo, Zoeckler, Liesl, Joanna, Zuhlke, Murray, Christopher, Barber, R, Fullman, N, Sorensen, R, Bollyky, T, Mckee, M, Nolte, E, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, A, Abdurahman, A. A., A, Abera, S. F., A, Ah, A, B., A, G. F., A, Adane, K., A, Adelekan, A. L., A, Ak, A, I. M. O. i., A, Afshin, A, A., A, Ap, A, S. K., A, S., A, Agrawal, At, Ahmad, K, Ahmadi, Ahmed, K. Y., A, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R. O., A, Az, A, T. F., B, Akseer, N., A, Bc, A, Z., B, Alam, K., B, Bf, D, Dq, A, N., B, S. S., B, Alemu, Z. A., A, K. A., B, Alexander, L, R., B, S. D., B, Bo, B, Alizadeh-Navaei, Alkerwi, A., B, Alla, F., B, Allebeck, P., B, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R., C, Alsharif, U., C, Altirkawi, K. A., C, Alvarez, M, E., C, Alvis-Guzman, N., C, Amare, A. T., C, Cj, G, Amini, E, T, W, Ammar, W., C, Amo-Adjei, J., C, Cn, A, Y. A., C, Anderson, B, Androudi, S., C, Ansari, H., C, Ansha, M. G., C, Antonio, C. A. T., C, Ärnlöv, J., B, Cv, A, A., C, Asayesh, Assadi, Astatkie, T. M., A, Atique, S., D, N. T., D, Dd, A, S. R., D, Avila-Burgos, L., D, Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., D, Dh, Ayala, Q, B. P., D, Dj, A, A., D, N. N., D, Azzopardi, P., D, Dn, D, Ds, Ba, S, H. O., D, Bärnighausen, T., D, Dz, E, Bacha, U., E, Badawi, Ec, B, A., E, Barac, Barboza, M. A., E, Ek, B, S. L., E, Barrero, L. H., E, Basu, S., E, Baune, B. T., C, Gr, B, K., E, Y. T., E, Bazargan-Hejazi, Et, B, N., E, Beghi, E., E, Béjot, Y., E, Bello, A. K., E, Bennett, D. A., B, Bensenor, I. M., E, Berhane, A., F, Bernabé, E., F, Bernal, O. A., F, A. S., F, Ki, B, T. J., E, Fi, B, Z. A., B, Fj, B, S., F, Bikbov, B., F, S. M., F, Birungi, C., E, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D., B, H. M., F, Bose, D., F, Brainin, M., F, Brauer, M, Fq, B, Fs, B, N. J. K., F, Brenner, H., F, Butt, Z. A., F, Cárdenas, R., F, Cahuana-Hurtado, Campos-Nonato, I. R., D, Dx, C, J., F, J. J., B, Casey, D, Caso, V., G, Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., G, Gc, Castillo, R, J., G, Ge, C, F., G, Gg, C, P., G, Cercy, K, Charlson, F, J, G, Chen, A, Chew, A, Chibalabala, M., G, Chibueze, C. E., G, Chisumpa, V. H., G, Gm, C, A. A., G, Chowdhury, R., G, Christensen, H., G, D. J., G, Ciobanu, L. G., C, Cirillo, Coggeshall, M, L. T., G, Cortinovis, Crump, J. A., G, Dalal, K., G, Danawi, Dandona, L, Gy, D, R. a., G, Dargan, P. I., G, Das, N, J., H, Hb, D, G., H, D. V., H, Davletov, K., H, Hg, De, L, D., H, Del, G, L. C., E, Del, P, B., E, Dellavalle, R. P., H, Deribe, Hj, D, Bk, Des, J, D. C., H, Hl, D, S., H, Dharmaratne, S. D., H, Dicker, D, Ding, E. L., D, Dokova, Dorsey, E. R., H, Doyle, K. E., H, Hr, D, M., H, Ehrenkranz, R, C. L., H, Elyazar, I., H, Enayati, A., H, S. P., H, Hy, E, B., H, Ia, E, A. t., W, Estep, K, Fürst, T, Ic, I, Faghmous, I, Fanuel, F. B. B., C, If, F, E. J. A., C, Ig, F, T. A., I, Farinha, C. S. E. S., I, Ij, F, A., I, Farvid, M. S., D, Il, F, F. u., X, Feigin, V. L., I, Feigl, A. B., D, Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., B, Fernandes, J. G., I, J. C., I, T. R., I, Fischer, F., I, Fitzmaurice, C, B, I, Fleming, T, Foigt, N., I, Foreman, K, Ib, F, M. H., I, Franklin, R. C., I, Frostad, J, Ghiwot, T, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K., I, Gamkrelidze, Gao, W., I, Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., I, Iz, G, T., J, Gebremedhin, A, Jb, G, M. W., A, Gebru, Jc, G, A. A., J, Geleijnse, J. M., F, Genova-Maleras, R., J, Jf, G, K. B., J, Giref, A. Z., E, Gishu, M. D., F, Jh, G, G., E, Godwin, W, Gold, A, Goldberg, E, P. N., J, Goodridge, A., J, S. V., J, Goto, Graetz, N, Greaves, Jm, G, Guban, M, P. I., J, Gugnani, H. C., J, Gupta, P. C., J, V., J, T. D., F, Jv, H, N. t., X, Haile, D., E, Hailu, A. D., E, Jx, H, G. B., A, Jc, H, Ka, H, R. R., K, Hambisa, M. T., F, Hamidi, S., K, Hammami, M., K, Hankey, G. J., K, Kf, K, Hao, Y., K, Harb, H. L., C, Hareri, H. A., E, Haro, J. M., M, Hassanvand, M, Xc, H, Hay, R. J., F, Kk, H, S. I. a., B, Hendrie, D., K, Heredia-Pi, I. B., D, Hoek, H. W., J, Km, H, Horita, N., K, Hosgood, H. D., K, A. S., K, Ks, H, G., K, Huang, H., K, J. J., K, Huntley, B, Huynh, C, Iburg, K. M., K, Ileanu, B. V., K, Innos, K., K, A. A., F, Kj, J, Jakovljevic, M. B., L, S. L., L, Javanbakht, M., L, Jayaraman, S. P., L, A. U., L, Lg, J, Lh, L, Nh, J, V., B, Lk, J, D., L, Johnson, C, Johnson, S, Jonas, J. B., L, Juel, K., L, Kabir, Z., L, Kalkonde, Y., L, Kamal, R., L, Kan, H., L, Karch, A., L, Lu, K, C. K., I, Lv, K, S. M., L, Kasaeian, A, Y, X, Kassebaum, N, Lx, K, S. V., L, Kazanjan, P. N., L, Ma, K, Kemp, L, A. H., M, Me, K, A. P., J, Mf, K, A. A., I, Kereselidze, M., I, Kesavachandran, C. N., L, Khader, Y. S., M, Khalil, I, Khan, A. R., I, E. A., M, G., M, Khang, Y. -H., M, Khoja, A. T. A., M, Khonelidze, I., I, Khubchandani, J., M, G. D., A, D., M, Kim, P, Y. J., M, Kimokoti, R. W., M, Kinfu, Y., M, Kissoon, N., F, Kivipelto, M., B, Kokubo, Kolk, A., M, Kolte, Kopec, J. A., F, Kosen, S., M, Koul, P. A., M, Koyanagi, Kravchenko, M., M, Krishnaswami, Krohn, K, Kuate, D, B., M, Na, Kucuk, B, B., N, Kuipers, E. J., N, Kulkarni, V. S., N, Kumar, G. A., L, F. A., F, Kj, K, Kyu, M, Lager, H, A. C. J., N, A., N, D. K., N, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T., N, Lan, Q., N, Langan, S, Lansingh, V. C., N, Nn, L, H, H, Larsson, Laryea, D. O., C, Latif, A. A., N, Lawrynowicz, A. E. B., N, Leasher, J. L., N, Leigh, Leinsalu, Nt, L, C. T., A, Leung, J, J, L, R., N, Levi, M., N, Liang, X., N, Lim, S, Lind, M, Linn, S., N, Lipshultz, S. E., N, Nz, L, Liu, P, Y., O, Lo, L. -T., O, Oc, L, G., O, Lopez, A. D., D, Lorch, S. A., O, Lotufo, P. A., E, Lozano, R., D, Lunevicius, R., O, Og, L, R. A., M, Macarayan, E. R. K., K, Mackay, M. T., O, Magdy Abd El, R, H., O, M., O, Mahdavi, Ol, M, Malekzadeh, R, Xe, M, D. C., O, Mantovani, L, Manyazewal, T., O, Mapoma, C. C., G, Marcenes, W., O, Marks, G. B., M, Ns, M, Martinez-Raga, N, J., O, Os, M, M. B., O, Massano, Ou, M, M. R., N, Maulik, P. K., O, Mazidi, Mcalinden, C., O, Oy, M, Mcnellan, J, Meaney, C, P. A., O, Pa, M, A., P, M. M., P, Meier, T., P, Mekonnen, A. B., B, Bj, M, K. G., A, Memish, Z. A., P, Pf, M, M. M., F, Mengiste, D. T., A, Mengistie, M, Menota, B. G., E, Mensah, G. A., P, Mereta, S, Meretoja, Ph, M, T. J., N, Pi, M, H. B., A, Micha, R., P, Millear, A, Mills, E. J., P, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Pm, M, E. M., P, Po, M, Mohammad, C, K. A., P, Mohammed, Pq, M, S. K., H, Mokdad, A, G. L. D., P, Molokhia, Monasta, L., P, Montico, M., P, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Pt, M, P., P, Morawska, Pw, M, R., Q, Moses, M, Mueller, U. O., Q, Murthy, K. I., Q, Nachega, J. B., Q, Qf, Q, Nagata, C., Q, Nagel, G., Q, Naghavi, M, Naheed, Naldi, L., Q, Nangia, V., Q, B. R., Q, Qn, N, I., Q, S. P., K, Newton, C. R., Q, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, F. N., Q, Ngunjiri, J. W., Q, Nguyen, G, Ningrum, D. N. A., D, Qs, N, Qt, R, Nomura, M., Q, O. F., J, Norrving, Noubiap, J. J. N., J, Qw, O, C. M., Q, Ogbo, F. A., Q, Oh, I. -H., R, Okoro, A., R, Oladimeji, O., R, Rd, O, Olivares, P. R., R, Olsen, H, Olusanya, B. O., R, J. O., R, J. N., R, Oren, E., R, Ortiz, Osborne, R. H., R, Osman, M., D, Rl, O, M. O., R, Rn, M, P. A., R, Pain, A, Pakhale, S., R, Palomares, C, Rr, P, A., K, Papachristou, C., C, Parsaeian, M, V, X, Patel, T., R, Patton, G. C., D, Paudel, D., R, Paul, V. K., A, Pearce, N, Pereira, D. M., R, Perez-Padilla, R., R, Perez-Ruiz, F., R, Rx, P, N., P, K., R, Petzold, M., R, Sa, P, M. R., O, Sb, P, Pillay, D, J. D., S, Pinho, C, Polinder, Pond, C. D., S, Prakash, V., S, Purwar, M., S, Qorbani, Quistberg, D, D, R, A., S, Rafay, Sj, R, Rahimi-Movaghar, V., A, Xf, R, Rahman, M. H. U., H, R. K., S, Ram, U., H, Rana, S. M., S, Rao, Z, P. V., S, Sn, R, Rawaf, P, S., I, Rego, M. A. S., O, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G., F, So, S, Renzaho, A. M. N. N., Q, Resnikoff, S., S, Sr, R, M. S., B, Ribeiro, A. L., Q, Roba, H. S., F, Rokni, M. B., A, Ronfani, Roshandel, G, St, X, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D., Q, Roy, N. K., S, Sv, S, P. S., S, Sw, S, B. B., S, Saeedi, M. Y., S, Safiri, Sagar, R., A, Sahraian, M. A., A, Xg, S, M. M., T, Salomon, J. A., D, Samy, A. M., T, Sanabria, J. R., T, Td, S, M. D., T, Sandar, L, Santos, I. S., E, J. V., H, Santric, M, M. M., E, Ei, S, R., T, Sartorius, B., T, Ti, S, M., A, Savic, Sawhney, M., T, Saylan, M. I., T, Schöttker, Tl, S, A. E., T, Tn, S, D. C., B, Seedat, S., Q, Seid, A. M., F, Seifu, C. N., I, Sepanlou, S, Xe, S, Servan-Mori, E. E., D, Setegn, T., C, Shackelford, K, Shaheen, A., T, Shahraz, S., T, M. A., T, Shakh-Nazarova, Shamsipour, M, Xh, Shariful, I, S. M., B, Sharma, J., T, She, J., L, Sheikhbahaei, S, Wz, S, Tu, S, Shigematsu, Tw, S, M. -J., T, Shiri, Shoman, H., T, Shrime, M. G., D, Sibamo, E. L. S., I, Sigfusdottir, I. D., U, Silva, D. A. S., U, D. G. A., U, Sindi, Singh, J. A., U, O. P., U, P. K., U, V., U, Sinke, A. H., U, Sinshaw, A. E., U, Skirbekk, V., H, Kn, S, K., J, Smith, A, Sobngwi, E., U, Uk, S, S., U, Soriano, J. B., U, Sousa, T. C. M., U, Sposato, L. A., U, Sreeramareddy, C. T., U, Stathopoulou, Steel, N., J, Ur, S, Steinke, C, M. A., Q, Stranges, S., B, Strong, M., U, Stroumpoulis, K., U, Uv, S, L., I, Sufiyan, M. B., U, Suliankatchi, R. A., U, Sun, J., P, Py, U, Sur, P, Swaminathan, Sykes, B. L., V, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Tabb, K. M., V, Taffere, G. R., A, Talongwa, R. T., V, Tarajia, M., V, Tavakkoli, Taveira, N., V, Vg, T, Tegegne, S, T. K., A, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Tekelab, T., I, Vh, T, D. Y., A, Temam, S, Vi, T, A. S., V, Vk, V, Tesema, A. G., A, Thakur, J. S., V, Thomson, A. J., V, Tillmann, T., E, T. Y., A, Tobe-Gai, R., V, Tonelli, Topor-Madry, Vr, T, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T., V, A. K., F, Jv, U, U. S., V, K. N., V, Undurraga, E. A., V, C. J., V, Uthman, O. A., V, Van, B, J. F. M., J, Van, D, Varughese, S., G, Vasankari, T., W, Venketasubramanian, N., W, Violante, F. S., W, Vladimirov, S. K., W, Vlassov, V. V., W, Vollset, S, Ht, J, Vos, T, Wagner, J, Wakayo, T, Waller, S. G., W, Walson, J, Wg, W, Wang, H, Y. -P., W, Watkins, D, Jz, W, E., B, Wi, W, Wk, W, R. G., D, Oh, W, C. -P., I, Werdecker, A., Q, Wesana, J., W, Wm, W, Wn, W, H. A. a., J, Gi, W, J. D., N, Nz, W, C. S., Q, Wo, W, Wolfe, C. D. A., F, Wp, W, Workicho, A, Wq, W, S. B., I, Wubshet, M., W, Ws, X, D., W, Xu, G., W, A. K., H, Yaghoubi, Yakob, Yan, L. L., W, Yano, Y., W, Yaseri, Xi, Y, H. H., D, Yip, P., X, Xk, Y, N., X, Yoon, S. -J., T, Younis, M. Z., X, Yu, C., X, Xo, Z, Z., X, El Sayed, Z, M., X, Zambrana-Torrelio, Xs, Z, T., X, Z. M., A, Zodpey, Zoeckler, L, L. J., X, Murray, C, Viðskiptadeild (HR), School of Business (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Molecular Genetics, Cell biology, Neurosciences, Rehabilitation Medicine, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Public Health, Hematology, Neurology, Barber, Ryan M, Sorensen, Reed J D, Bollyky, Thoma, McKee, Martin, Nolte, Ellen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abreha, Girmatsion Fisseha, Adane, Kelemework, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Agarwal, Sunilkumar, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alene, Kefyalew Addi, Alexander, Lily, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amo-Adjei, Joshu, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anderson, Benjamin O, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Assadi, Reza, Astatkie, Ayalew, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atique, Suleman, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayele, Nebiyu Negussu, Azzopardi, Peter, Saleem, Huda Omer Ba, Bärnighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Baye, Kaleab, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Bori, Birlik, Sait Mente, Birungi, Charle, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Bose, Dipan, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Butt, Zahid A, Cárdenas, Rosario, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Car, Josip, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Casey, Daniel, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cecilio, Pedro, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Z, Chew, Adrienne, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Coggeshall, Megan S, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, De Leo, Diego, Del Gobbo, Liana C, del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Enayati, Ahmadali, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fürst, Thoma, Faghmous, Imad D A, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, João C, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thomas D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Franklin, Richard C, Frostad, Joseph, G/hiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gao, Wayne, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremichael, Mengistu Welday, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelaye, Amha Admasie, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gibney, Katherine B, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gold, Audra, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nichola, Greaves, Felix, Griswold, Max, Guban, Peter Imre, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hakuzimana, Alex, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Roderick J, Hay, Simon I, Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Huntley, Bethany M, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Innos, Kaire, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, James, Spencer Lewi, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine, Johnson, Sarah C, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimi, Seyed M, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kerbo, Amene Abebe, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolk, Anneli, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Krohn, Kristopher J, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kumsa, Fekede Asefa, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lager, Anton Carl Jona, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Ander, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, Jame, Leinsalu, Mall, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lorch, Scott A, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Mackay, Mark T, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Marks, Guy B, Marquez, Neal, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Massano, João, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, McNellan, Claire, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memish, Ziad A, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengiste, Desalegn Tadese, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Mills, Edward J, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohanty, Sanjay K, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moses, Mark, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murthy, Sriniva, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagata, Chie, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramo, Negoi, Ionut, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Grant, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nolte, Sandra, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olivares, Pedro R, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Osman, Majdi, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda W, Pakhale, Smita, Castillo, Elizabeth Palomare, Pana, Adrian, Papachristou, Christina, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Teja, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paul, Vinod K, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Prakash, V., Purwar, Manorama, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quistberg, D Alex, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja C, Rawaf, Salman, Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago, Reitsma, Marissa, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Nawal K, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Seid, Abdulbasit Musa, Seifu, Canaan Negash, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Shamsipour, Mansour, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shi, Peilin, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sibamo, Ephrem Lejore Sibamo, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Sinke, Abiy Hiruye, Sinshaw, Aklilu Endalamaw, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Alison, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Soriano, Joan B, Sousa, Tatiane Cristina Morae, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sun, Jiandong, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarajia, Musharaf, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Teeple, Stephanie, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Thakur, J.S., Thomson, Alan J, Tillmann, Taavi, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tortajada, Miguel, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Tura, Abera Kenay, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Boven, Job F M, Van Dingenen, Rita, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A, Wakayo, Tolassa, Waller, Stephen G, Walson, Judd L, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Watkins, David A, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Wen, Chi-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Wesana, Joshua, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlo, Zapata, Toma, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: Dánartíðni, Lífslíkur, Life expectancy, Diseases, Health insurance, Globan Burden of Disease, Healthcare Access, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, Methods, Psychology, LIFE EXPECTANCY, Risk assessment, Public health, Globan Burden of Disease, Injuries, Tölfræði, Sjúkdómar, Statistics, DEATH, Þjóðir, Staðtölur, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Healthcare access, Health status indicators, Health policy, Global burden of disease, Gæðastjórnun, Sálfræði, COMPARATIVE RISK-ASSESSMENT, Lýðheilsa, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Standards, UNITED-STATES, Sjúkratryggingar, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, Heilbrigðisstefna, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Mortality, Public health systems, medicine (all), Áhættugreining, Science & Technology, Health services accessibility, Staðlar, TRENDS, Heilbrigðisþjónusta, MEDICAL-CARE, AVOIDABLE MORTALITY, Áverkar, Aðferðafræði, Quality of health care, EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, Heilbrigðiskerfi
Abstract: Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r= 0.88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r= 0.83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r= 0.77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28.6 to 94.6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40.7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39.0-42.8) in 1990 to 53.7 (52.2-55.4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21.2 in 1990 to 20.1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73.8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-systemcharacteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2017

33. Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Lim, Stephen S, Allen, Kate, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Dandona, Lalit, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Hay, Simon I, Holmberg, Mollie, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kutz, Michael J, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, McNellan, Claire R, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Olsen, Helen E, Pigott, David M, Salomon, Joshua A, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Uzma, Alasfoor, Deena, AlBuhairan, Fadia S, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alkhateeb, Mohammad AB, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arnlov, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bejot, Yannick, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly A, Bikbov, Boris, Binagwaho, Agnes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Bourne, Rupert RA, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Broday, David M, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Butt, Zahid A, Cahill, Leah E, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Helene, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel, Caso, Valeria, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cecilio, Pedro, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Che, Xuan, Chen, Alan Zian, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Cohen, Aaron J, Cooke, Graham S, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cowie, Benjamin C, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, de Castro, E Filipa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C Des, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Farid, Talha A, Sofia e Sa Farinha, Carla, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Mendonca Felicio, Manuela, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Ferrari, Alize J, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph RA, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Fraser, Maya, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Gabbe, Belinda, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gessner, Bradford D, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Graetz, Nicholas, Greenwell, Karen Fern, Griswold, Max, Gugnani, Harish, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutierrez, Reyna A, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Haakenstad, Annie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Jansen, Henrica AFM, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kandel, Amit, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karunapema, Palitha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Tawfi K Ahmed Muthafer, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-Il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krueger, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mapoma, Chabila C, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Randall V, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Massano, Joao, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, McGrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert BM, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefi, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafi U, Monasta, Lorenzo, De la Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murdoch, Michele E, Murimira, Brighton, Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Neal, Bruce, Nejjari, Chakib, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolte, Sandra, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Mahesh, PA, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Tejas, Patel, Vikram, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz HS, Radfar, Amir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rao, Puja C, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Rios Blancas, Maria Jesus, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Roberts, Bayard, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Joao Vasco, Santomauro, Damian F, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Sawyer, Susan M, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione JC, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shey, Muki, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sligar, Amber, Soneji, Samir, Soreide, Kjetil, Sorensen, Reed JD, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stahl, Hans-Christian, Stanaway, Jeff rey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Stockl, Heidi, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Sun, Jiandong, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra EI, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, JS, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Nogales Vasconcelos, Ana Maria, Veerman, J Lennert, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Volkow, Patricia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Wanga, Valentine, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles DA, Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Woolf, Anthony D, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos, Zapata, Tomas, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Murray, Christopher JL, Collaborators, GBD 2015 SDG, Stephen S., Lim, Kate, Allen, Zulfi qar A., Bhutta, Lalit, Dandona, Mohammad H., Forouzanfar, Nancy, Fullman, Peter W., Gething, Ellen M., Goldberg, Simon I., Hay, Mollie, Holmberg, Yohannes, Kinfu, Michael J., Kutz, Heidi J., Larson, Xiaofeng, Liang, Alan D., Lopez, Rafael, Lozano, Claire R., Mcnellan, Ali H., Mokdad, Meghan D., Mooney, Mohsen, Naghavi, Helen E., Olsen, David M., Pigott, Joshua A., Salomon, Theo, Vo, Haidong, Wang, Amanuel Alemu, Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja M., Abba, Foad Abd, Allah, Abdishakur M., Abdulle, Biju, Abraham, Ibrahim, Abubakar, Laith J., Abu Raddad, Niveen M. E., Abu Rmeileh, Gebre Yitayih, Abyu, Tom, Achoki, Akindele Olupelumi, Adebiyi, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedeji, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afanvi, Ashkan, Afshin, Arnav, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Hamid, Ahmadieh, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Ali Shafqat, Akanda, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi F., Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Ziyad Al, Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Uzma, Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Fadia S., Albuhairan, Saleh Fahed, Aldhahri, Robert William, Aldridge, Zewdie Aderaw, Alemu, Raghib, Ali, Ala’A, Alkerwi, Mohammad AB, Alkhateeb, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Rajaa Al, Raddadi, Khalid A., Altirkawi, Elena Alvarez, Martin, Nelson Alvis, Guzman, Azmeraw T., Amare, Alemayehu, Amberbir, Adeladza Kofi, Amegah, Heresh, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Stephen Marc, Amrock, Hjalte H., Andersen, Benjamin O., Anderson, Gregory M., Anderson, Carl Abelardo T., Antonio, Palwasha, Anwari, Johan, Ärnlöv, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Rana Jawad, Asghar, Suleman, Atique, Euripide Frinel G., Arthur Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Quintanilla, Peter, Azzopardi, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Ryan, Barber, Suzanne L., Barker Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Lope H., Barrero, Tonatiuh Barrientos, Gutierrez, Sanjay, Basu, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Shahrzad Bazargan, Hejazi, Justin, Beardsley, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Yannick, Béjot, Michelle L., Bell, Aminu K., Bello, Derrick A., Bennett, Isabela M., Bensenor, Habib, Benzian, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Oscar Alberto, Bernal, Balem Demtsu, Betsu, Addisu Shunu, Beyene, Neeraj, Bhala, Samir, Bhatt, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Kelly A., Bienhoff, Boris, Bikbov, Agnes, Binagwaho, Donal, Bisanzio, Espen, Bjertne, Jed, Blore, Rupert R. A., Bourne, Michael, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas J. K., Breitborde, David M., Broday, Traolach S., Brugha, Rachelle, Buchbinder, Zahid A., Butt, Leah E., Cahill, Ismael Ricardo Campos, Nonato, Julio Cesar, Campuzano, Hélène, Carabin, Rosario, Cárdena, Juan Jesus, Carrero, Austin, Carter, Daniel, Casey, Valeria, Caso, Carlos A., Castañeda Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo, Riva, Ferrán Catalá, López, Fiorella, Cavalleri, Pedro, Cecílio, Hsing Yi, Chang, Jung Chen, Chang, Fiona J., Charlson, Xuan, Che, Alan Zian, Chen, Peggy Pei Chia, Chiang, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Jee Young Jasmine, Choi, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Liliana G., Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Matthew M., Coate, Megan, Coggeshall, Aaron J., Cohen, Graham S., Cooke, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Benjamin C., Cowie, John A., Crump, Solomon Abrha, Damtew, Rakhi, Dandona, Paul I., Dargan, José das, Neve, Adrian C., Davi, Kairat, Davletov, E., Filipa de Castro, Diego De, Leo, Louisa, Degenhardt, Liana C., Del Gobbo, Kebede, Deribe, Sarah, Derrett, Don C., Des Jarlai, Aniruddha, Deshpande, Gabrielle A., Deveber, Subhojit, Dey, Samath D., Dharmaratne, Preet K., Dhillon, Eric L., Ding, E., Ray Dorsey, Kerrie E., Doyle, Tim R., Driscoll, Leilei, Duan, Manisha, Dubey, Bruce Bartholow, Duncan, Hedyeh, Ebrahimi, Aman Yesuf, Endrie, Sergey Petrovich, Ermakov, Holly E., Erskine, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Saman, Fahimi, Talha A., Farid, Carla Sofi a. e., Sa Farinha, André, Faro, Maryam S., Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery L., Feigin, Manuela Mendonca, Felicio, Seyed Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jefferson G., Fernande, Joao C., Fernande, Alize J., Ferrari, Florian, Fischer, Joseph R. A., Fitchett, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Nataliya, Foigt, Kyle, Foreman, F. Gerry R., Fowke, Elisabeth Barboza, Franca, Richard C., Franklin, Maya, Fraser, Joseph, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Thomas, Fürst, Belinda, Gabbe, Alberto L., Garcia Basteiro, Teshome, Gebre, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Alemseged Aregay, Gebru, Bradford D., Gessner, Richard F., Gillum, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Ginawi, Ababi Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu Dedefo, Gishu, William, Godwin, Philimon, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer Vali, Gopalani, Carolyn C., Gotay, Atsushi, Goto, Hebe N., Gouda, Nicholas, Graetz, Karen Fern, Greenwell, Max, Griswold, Yuming, Guo, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Reyna A., Gutiérrez, Bishal, Gyawali, Juanita A., Haagsma, Annie, Haakenstad, Nima Hafezi, Nejad, Demewoz, Haile, Gessessew Bugssa, Hailu, Yara A., Halasa, Randah Ribhi, Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Mouhanad, Hammami, Graeme J., Hankey, Hilda L., Harb, Josep Maria, Haro, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassanvand, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Ileana Beatriz Heredia, Pi, Hans W., Hoek, Masako, Horino, Nobuyuki, Horita, H., Dean Hosgood, Damian G., Hoy, Aung Soe, Htet, Guoqing, Hu, Hsiang, Huang, Kim Moesgaard, Iburg, Bulat T., Idrisov, Manami, Inoue, Farhad, Islami, Troy A., Jacob, Kathryn H., Jacobsen, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B., Jakovljevic, Peter, Jame, Henrica A. F. M., Jansen, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Achala Upendra, Jayatilleke, Sun Ha, Jee, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Vivekanand, Jha, Ying, Jiang, Tariku, Jibat, Ye, Jin, Jost B., Jona, Zubair, Kabir, Yogeshwar, Kalkonde, Ritul, Kamal, Haidong, Kan, Amit, Kandel, André, Karch, Corine Kakizi, Karema, Chante, Karimkhani, Palitha, Karunapema, Amir, Kasaeian, Nicholas J., Kassebaum, Anil, Kaul, Norito, Kawakami, Jeanne Françoise, Kayibanda, Peter Njenga, Keiyoro, Laura, Kemmer, Andrew Haddon, Kemp, Andre Pascal, Kengne, Andre, Keren, Chandrasekharan Nair, Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh, Khader, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Young Ho, Khang, Tawfi k., Ahmed Muthafer Khoja, Ardeshir, Khosravi, Jagdish, Khubchandani, Christian, Kieling, Cho il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Ruth W., Kimokoti, Niranjan, Kissoon, Miia, Kivipelto, Luke D., Knibb, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Dhaval, Kolte, Soewarta, Kosen, Georgios A., Kotsaki, Parvaiz A., Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Michael, Kravchenko, Hans, Krueger, Barthelemy Kuate, Defo, Ricardo S., Kuchenbecker, Ernst J., Kuiper, Xie Rachel, Kulikoff, Veena S., Kulkarni, G., Anil Kumar, Gene F., Kwan, Hmwe H., Kyu, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Hilton, Lam, Qing, Lan, Sinead M., Langan, Anders, Larsson, Dennis Odai, Laryea, Asma Abdul, Latif, Janet L., Leasher, James, Leigh, Mall, Leinsalu, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Leung, Miriam, Levi, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Li, Margaret, Lind, Shai, Linn, Steven E., Lipshultz, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Liu, Belinda K., Lloyd, Loon Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Paulo A., Lotufo, Robyn M., Luca, Raimundas, Luneviciu, Mohammed Magdy Abd El, Razek, Carlos Magis, Rodriguez, Mahdi, Mahdavi, Marek, Majdan, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho, Malta, Chabila C., Mapoma, David Joel, Margoli, Randall V., Martin, Jose Martinez, Raga, Felix, Masiye, Amanda J., Mason Jone, João, Massano, Richard, Matzopoulo, Bongani M., Mayosi, John J., Mcgrath, Martin, Mckee, Peter A., Meaney, Alem, Mehari, Alemayehu B., Mekonnen, Yohannes Adama, Melaku, Peter, Memiah, Ziad A., Memish, Walter, Mendoza, Gert B. M., Mensink, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Meretoja, Yonatan Moges Mesfi, N, Francis Apolinary, Mhimbira, Renata, Micha, Ted R., Miller, Edward J., Mill, Mojde Mirarefi, N, Awoke, Misganaw, Philip B., Mitchell, Charles N., Mock, Alireza, Mohammadi, Shafi u., Mohammed, Lorenzo, Monasta, Jonathan de la Cruz, Moni, Julio Cesar Montañez, Hernandez, Marcella, Montico, Maziar Moradi, Lakeh, Lidia, Morawska, Rintaro, Mori, Ulrich O., Mueller, Michele E., Murdoch, Brighton, Murimira, Joseph, Murray, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Kamarul Imran, Musa, Jean B., Nachega, Gabriele, Nagel, Kovin S., Naidoo, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Bruce, Neal, Chakib, Nejjari, Charles R., Newton, John N., Newton, Frida Namnyak, Ngalesoni, Peter, Nguhiu, Grant, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Muhammad Imran, Nisar, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Pete, Sandra, Nolte, Marika, Nomura, Ole F., Norheim, Bo, Norrving, Carla Makhlouf, Obermeyer, Felix Akpojene, Ogbo, In Hwan, Oh, Olanrewaju, Oladimeji, Pedro R., Olivare, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Olusanya, John Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Alberto, Ortiz, Richard H., Osborne, Erika, Ota, Mayowa O., Owolabi, Mahesh, Pa, Eun Kee, Park, Hye Youn, Park, Charles D., Parry, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Tejas, Patel, Vikram, Patel, Angel J., Paternina Caicedo, Snehal T., Patil, Scott B., Patten, George C., Patton, Deepak, Paudel, João Mário, Pedro, David M., Pereira, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudov, Max, Petzold, Michael Robert, Phillip, Frédéric B., Piel, Julian David, Pillay, Christine, Pinho, Farhad, Pishgar, Suzanne, Polinder, Richie G., Poulton, Farshad, Pourmalek, Mostafa, Qorbani, Rynaz H. S., Rabiee, Amir, Radfar, Vafa Rahimi, Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rahman, Rajesh Kumar, Rai, Sasa, Rajsic, Murugesan, Raju, Usha, Ram, Saleem M., Rana, Chhabi Lal, Ranabhat, Kavitha, Ranganathan, Puja C., Rao, Amany H., Refaat, Marissa B., Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Serge, Resnikoff, Antonio L., Ribeiro, Maria Jesus Rios, Blanca, Hirbo Shore, Roba, Bayard, Robert, Alina, Rodriguez, David Rojas, Rueda, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Gregory A., Roth, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Roy, Ben Benasco, Sackey, Rajesh, Sagar, Muhammad Muhammad, Saleh, Juan R., Sanabria, Damian F., Santomauro, Itamar S., Santo, Rodrigo Sarmiento, Suarez, Benn, Sartoriu, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Susan M., Sawyer, Josef, Schmidhuber, Maria Inês, Schmidt, Ione J. C., Schneider, Aletta E., Schutte, David C., Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Sadaf G., Sepanlou, Edson E., Servan Mori, Katya, Shackelford, Amira, Shaheen, Masood Ali, Shaikh, Teresa Shamah, Levy, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Kevin N., Sheth, Muki, Shey, Peilin, Shi, Kenji, Shibuya, Mika, Shigematsu, Min Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Kawkab, Shishani, Ivy, Shiue, Inga Dora, Sigfusdottir, Naris, Silpakit, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, Jonathan I., Silverberg, Edgar P., Simard, Shireen, Sindi, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M., Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Vegard, Skirbekk, Amber, Sligar, Samir, Soneji, Kjetil, Søreide, Reed J. D., Sorensen, Joan B., Soriano, Sergey, Soshnikov, Luciano A., Sposato, Chandrashekhar T., Sreeramareddy, Hans Christian, Stahl, Jeff rey D., Stanaway, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Nadine, Steckling, Nicholas, Steel, Dan J., Stein, Caitlyn, Steiner, Heidi, Stöckl, Saverio, Strange, Mark, Strong, Jiandong, Sun, Bruno F., Sunguya, Patrick, Sur, Soumya, Swaminathan, Bryan L., Syke, Cassandra E. I., Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés, Seisdedo, Karen M., Tabb, Roberto Tchio, Talongwa, Mohammed Rasoul, Tarawneh, Mohammad, Tavakkoli, Bineyam, Taye, Hugh R., Taylor, Bemnet Amare, Tedla, Worku, Tefera, Teketo Kassaw, Tegegne, Dejen Yemane, Tekle, Girma Temam, Shifa, Abdullah Sulieman, Terkawi, Gizachew Assefa, Tessema, J. S., Thakur, Alan J., Thomson, Andrew L., Thorne Lyman, Amanda G., Thrift, George D., Thurston, Taavi, Tillmann, Ruoyan Tobe, Gai, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman Topor, Madry, Fotis, Topouzi, Bach Xuan, Tran, Zacharie Tsala, Dimbuene, Abera Kenay, Tura, Emin Murat, Tuzcu, Stefanos, Tyrovola, Kingsley Nnanna, Ukwaja, Eduardo A., Undurraga, Chigozie Jesse, Uneke, Olalekan A., Uthman, Aaron van, Donkelaar, Yuri Y., Varakin, Tommi, Vasankari, Ana Maria Nogales, Vasconcelo, J., Lennert Veerman, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Raj Kumar, Verma, Francesco S., Violante, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vlassov, Patricia, Volkow, Stein Emil, Vollset, Gregory R., Wagner, Mitchell T., Wallin, Linhong, Wang, Valentine, Wanga, David A., Watkin, Scott, Weichenthal, Elisabete, Weiderpa, Robert G., Weintraub, Daniel J., Wei, Andrea, Werdecker, Ronny, Westerman, Harvey A., Whiteford, James D., Wilkinson, Charles Shey, Wiysonge, Charles D. A., Wolfe, Ingrid, Wolfe, Sungho, Won, Anthony D., Woolf, Shimelash Bitew, Workie, Mamo, Wubshet, Gelin, Xu, Ajit Kumar, Yadav, Bereket, Yakob, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yalew, Lijing L., Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Pengpeng, Ye, Paul, Yip, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Seok Jun, Yoon, Mustafa Z., Youni, Chuanhua, Yu, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa El Sayed, Zaki, Carlos Zambrana, Torrelio, Tomas, Zapata, Elias Asfaw, Zegeye, Yi, Zhao, Maigeng, Zhou, Sanjay, Zodpey, David, Zonie, Christopher J. L., Murray, Lim, Stephen S, Allen, Kate, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Dandona, Lalit, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Hay, Simon I, Holmberg, Mollie, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kutz, Michael J, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Mcnellan, Claire R, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Olsen, Helen E, Pigott, David M, Salomon, Joshua A, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Uzma, Alasfoor, Deena, Albuhairan, Fadia S, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alkhateeb, Mohammad AB, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly A, Bikbov, Bori, Binagwaho, Agne, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Broday, David M, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Butt, Zahid A, Cahill, Leah E, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cecílio, Pedro, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Che, Xuan, Chen, Alan Zian, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Cohen, Aaron J, Cooke, Graham S, Cooper, Cyru, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cowie, Benjamin C, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, Neves, José da, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, de Castro, E Filipa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Felicio, Manuela Mendonca, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Ferrari, Alize J, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Fraser, Maya, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Gabbe, Belinda, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gessner, Bradford D, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Godwin, William, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Graetz, Nichola, Greenwell, Karen Fern, Griswold, Max, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Haakenstad, Annie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Jansen, Henrica A F M, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kandel, Amit, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karunapema, Palitha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krueger, Han, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Ander, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, Jame, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimunda, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlo, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mapoma, Chabila C, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Randall V, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Massano, João, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert B M, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesfin, Yonatan Moge, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, de la Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murdoch, Michele E, Murimira, Brighton, Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Sriniva, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Neal, Bruce, Nejjari, Chakib, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolte, Sandra, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Teja, Patel, Vikram, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Pedro, João Mário, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rao, Puja C, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rio, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Roberts, Bayard, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Santomauro, Damian F, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Sawyer, Susan M, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shey, Muki, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Nari, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sligar, Amber, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stahl, Hans-Christian, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Stöckl, Heidi, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Sun, Jiandong, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, J.S., Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Veerman, J Lennert, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Volkow, Patricia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Wanga, Valentine, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Woolf, Anthony D, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlo, Zapata, Toma, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: Conservation of Natural Resources, spline regressions, Health Status, Global Health, Goal, Health Statu, Cost of Illness, Risk Factors, Universal Health Insurance, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, health-related SDG performance indicators, socio-demographic index, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Conservation of Natural Resource, Disabled Persons, Health Status Indicator, Medicine(all), Insurance, Health, Risk Factor, Medicine (all), Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, Cost of Illne, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Disabled Person, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Universal Coverage, Goals, Human
Abstract: Summary Background In September, 2015, the UN General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs specify 17 universal goals, 169 targets, and 230 indicators leading up to 2030. We provide an analysis of 33 health-related SDG indicators based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015). Methods We applied statistical methods to systematically compiled data to estimate the performance of 33 health-related SDG indicators for 188 countries from 1990 to 2015. We rescaled each indicator on a scale from 0 (worst observed value between 1990 and 2015) to 100 (best observed). Indices representing all 33 health-related SDG indicators (health-related SDG index), health-related SDG indicators included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG index), and health-related indicators not included in the MDGs (non-MDG index) were computed as the geometric mean of the rescaled indicators by SDG target. We used spline regressions to examine the relations between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI, a summary measure based on average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate) and each of the health-related SDG indicators and indices. Findings In 2015, the median health-related SDG index was 59·3 (95% uncertainty interval 56·8–61·8) and varied widely by country, ranging from 85·5 (84·2–86·5) in Iceland to 20·4 (15·4–24·9) in Central African Republic. SDI was a good predictor of the health-related SDG index (r2=0·88) and the MDG index (r2=0·92), whereas the non-MDG index had a weaker relation with SDI (r2=0·79). Between 2000 and 2015, the health-related SDG index improved by a median of 7·9 (IQR 5·0–10·4), and gains on the MDG index (a median change of 10·0 [6·7–13·1]) exceeded that of the non-MDG index (a median change of 5·5 [2·1–8·9]). Since 2000, pronounced progress occurred for indicators such as met need with modern contraception, under-5 mortality, and neonatal mortality, as well as the indicator for universal health coverage tracer interventions. Moderate improvements were found for indicators such as HIV and tuberculosis incidence, minimal changes for hepatitis B incidence took place, and childhood overweight considerably worsened. Interpretation GBD provides an independent, comparable avenue for monitoring progress towards the health-related SDGs. Our analysis not only highlights the importance of income, education, and fertility as drivers of health improvement but also emphasises that investments in these areas alone will not be sufficient. Although considerable progress on the health-related MDG indicators has been made, these gains will need to be sustained and, in many cases, accelerated to achieve the ambitious SDG targets. The minimal improvement in or worsening of health-related indicators beyond the MDGs highlight the need for additional resources to effectively address the expanded scope of the health-related SDGs. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2016

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources

Refine your results

33 results on '"Ritul Kamal"'

1. Impact of Institutionalisation of Births on Health Policies and Birth Registration in India

2. Indoor air pollution and its association with poor lung function, microalbuminuria and variations in blood pressure among kitchen workers in India: a cross-sectional study

3. Evaluation of Indian Prediction Models for Lung Function Parameters: A Statistical Approach

4. Gender Disparity in Lung Function Abnormalities among a Population Exposed to Particulate Matter Concentration in Ambient Air in the National Capital Region, India

5. Meta-analysis approach to study the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among current, former and non-smokers

6. Heat and PAHs Emissions in Indoor Kitchen Air and Its Impact on Kidney Dysfunctions among Kitchen Workers in Lucknow, North India.

7. Correction: Adverse Respiratory Health and Hematological Alterations among Agricultural Workers Occupationally Exposed to Organophosphate Pesticides: A Cross-Sectional Study in North India

8. Adverse respiratory health and hematological alterations among agricultural workers occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticides: a cross-sectional study in North India.

9. Mathematically derived body volume and risk of musculoskeletal pain among housewives in North India.

10. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in women due to indoor biomass burning: a meta analysis

11. Association between PAHs biomarkers and kidney injury biomarkers among kitchen workers with microalbuminuria: A cross-sectional pilot study

12. PAH exposure-associated lung cancer: an updated meta-analysis

13. Assessing hazardous risks of indoor airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the kitchen and its association with lung functions and urinary PAH metabolites in kitchen workers

14. Particulate matter in ambient air and its association with alterations in lung functions and respiratory health problems among outdoor exercisers in National Capital Region, India

15. Alterations in lung functions based on BMI and Body fat % among obese Indian population at National Capital Region

16. Association of Polymorphism of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene with Risk to Parkinson’s Disease

17. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

18. Indoor air pollution and its association with poor lung function, microalbuminuria and variations in blood pressure among kitchen workers in India: a cross-sectional study

19. Corrigendum to 'Assessing hazardous risks of indoor airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the kitchen and its association with lung functions and urinary PAH metabolites in kitchen workers' [Clin. Chim. Acta 452 (2016) 204-213.]

20. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years

21. Diagnostic accuracy of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with septic acute kidney injury

22. Heat and PAHs Emissions in Indoor Kitchen Air and Its Impact on Kidney Dysfunctions among Kitchen Workers in Lucknow, North India

23. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

24. Adverse Respiratory Health and Hematological Alterations among Agricultural Workers Occupationally Exposed to Organophosphate Pesticides: A Cross-Sectional Study in North India

25. Correction to Lancet HIV 2016; 3: e361–87

26. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of disease progression in patients with chronic kidney disease

27. Prognostic significance of urinary NGAL in chronic kidney disease

28. Impact of carotid intima-media thickness on long-term outcome in hemodialysis patients

29. Mathematically Derived Body Volume and Risk of Musculoskeletal Pain among Housewives in North India

30. Meta-analysis approach to study the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among current, former and non-smokers

31. Meta-analysis approach to study the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among current, former and non-smokers

32. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

33. Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Catalog

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Database

Publisher

33 results on '"Ritul Kamal"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources