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Foodborne pathogens may cause foodborne illness, which is among the major health problems worldwide. Since the therapeutic options for the treatment of the disease are becoming limited as a result of antibacterial resistance, there is an increasing interest to search for new alternatives of antibacterial. Bioactive essential oils from Curcuma sp become potential sources of novel antibacterial substances. The antibacterial activity of Curcuma heyneana essential oil (CHEO) was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, and Bacillus cereus. The principal constituents of CHEO are ar-turmerone, β-turmerone, α-zingiberene, α-terpinolene, 1,8-cineole, and camphor. CHEO exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against E. coli with a MIC of 3.9 µg/mL, which is comparable to that of tetracycline. The combination of CHEO (0.97 µg/mL) and tetracycline (0.48 µg/mL) produced a synergistic effect with a FICI of 0.37. Time-kill assay confirmed that CHEO enhanced the activity of tetracycline. The mixture disrupted membrane permeability of E. coli and induced cell death. CHEO at MIC of 3.9 and 6.8 µg/mL significantly reduced the formation of biofilm in E. coli. The findings suggest that CHEO has the potential to be an alternative source of antibacterial agents against foodborne pathogens, particularly E. coli.

The emergence of antibacterial resistance has significantly increased. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with nosocomial infection and difficult to control. Artocarpin, a flavonoid from Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. exhibits several pharmacological properties including antibacterial. The study was performed to evaluate interaction between artocarpin and antibiotics including tetracycline against P. aeruginosa. Its mechanism of action on membrane permeability was also investigated. Broth microdilution was conducted for the susceptibility assay. The interaction of artocarpin and antibiotics was evaluated using checkerboard method, the effect on alteration of membrane cell was investigated using bacteriolysis and the released of 260 nm materials. Artocarpin showed moderate to weak activity against the Gram-negative bacteria including P. aeruginosa with MIC values in the range of 31.25–250 μg/mL. A synergistic effect against P. aeruginosa was produced by the combination of artocarpin (31.25 μg/mL) and tetracycline (1.95 μg/mL) with FICI of 0.37. The time-killing assay showed that artocarpin enhance the antibacterial activity of tetracycline against P. aeruginosa by completely inhibiting the bacterial growth. Additionally, the mixture of artocarpin (31.25 μg/mL) and tetracycline (1.95 μg/mL) disrupted membrane permeability and lead to cell death. These results proposed that the combination of artocarpin and tetracycline may be used to overcome P. aeruginosa infection.

This work describes for the first time the surface modification of natural-based fluorescent nanoparticles with antibodies as optical biosensing platforms.

Background: Increased lipase activity can increase the amount of monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed by the body, this is what affects obesity. If pancreatic lipase activity is inhibited, the production of fatty acids will decrease, consequently the level of fat in the blood will also decrease. Objective: To study anti obesity potential of a single herb or a mixture of green tea and other herbs (Syzygium polyanthum. Lv, Artocarpus communis.Lv, Cinnamomum verum..Lv, Manilkara zapota.Lv, Tectona grandis.Lv) by the in vitro inhibition assay of the lipase enzyme activity Method : A single (8 herbs) or a mixture of three herbs powder (12 formulas) was put into a tea bag with a total weight of 1.5 g to be brewed in 100 mL bottled mineral water at 70⁰-90⁰C for 10 minutes. In vitro lipase enzyme inhibition assay were conducted to measure the ability of these samples as lipase inhibitor. Orlistat used as positive lipase inhibitor. Results : There wa s a difference results of lipase inhibition activity between the sample of a single and a mixture of herbs. I nterestingly, the results shows that formula 3 (mixture of green tea, Manilkara zapota and cinnamon) . has 53.942 % inhibition , formula 9 ( a mixture of green tea, Syzygium polyanthum and cinnamon) has 67.322 % inhibition and formula 12 ( a mixture of green tea, Tectona grandis and cinnamon) has 56.612 % inhibition which close to lipase inhibitory activity by standard Orlistat. Conclusion: The mixture of green tea and two other herbs has a lipase inhibitory activity similar to Orlistat , when compared to the single herb. The highest lipase inhibitory activity is found in formula 9 .

Background: Caulerpa lentillifera is edible macroalgae which has several biological properties. This marine plant also contains beneficial secondary metabolites that can be used for treatment and prevent several deficiencies. Objectives: This research was conducted to evaluate immunomodulatory effect on nitric oxide production and phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells from edible green seaweed of C. lentillifera extract. Methods: Extraction was applied to obtained ethanol extract, water extract and insoluble fraction. Alamar blue inclusion method was used to determine cytotoxicity and proliferation of RAW 264.7 after treated with sample. Griess assay using colourimetric commercial kits was selected to evaluate NO production and phagocytosis effect of samples was determined using phagocytic kit. Results: C. lentillifera extracts did not show any cytotoxic effect against RAW 264.7 macrophage. One hundred μg/mL of water extract increased the production of nitrite oxide. This extract revealed suspected-giant cells formation as a results of phagocytosis activity. The extract of C. lentillifera also enhanced phagocytosis activity of murine macrophage against E. coli. C. lentillifera extract enhanced activity of RAW 264.7 murine macrophage by increasing NO production and phagocytosis activity. This extract also caused suspected-giants’ cells as indicator of phagocytosis effect. Conclusion: This result provides an insight that the potency of C. lentillifera extract as immunostimulant.

Diabetes mellitus is still a global health problem that continues to increase rapidly and become one of the major metabolic diseases throughout the world. This study aims to determine the potential of Buni fruit as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. α-glucosidase inhibition test is carried out on a blank solution (test solution without sample/standard), acarbose solution as a comparison standard and samples are carried out in accordance with the optimization conditions obtained. The rendemen percent of green and red buni fruit extract yields are 6.35% and 3.09%, respectively. The results of the identification of secondary metabolites using TLC showed that green and red buni fruit extract contains flavonoid, phenolic and alkaloid compounds. The results of the α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition test showed that the red buni fruit extract had the highest activity compared to green buni fruit extract with an IC50 value of 85.27 ppm.

Rubus fraxinifolius is a genus that belongs to the Rosaceae family, which grows in the mountainous forests in Indonesia. The study aimed to determine the effects of air-drying (AD) and oven drying (OD) of the young R. fraxinifolius leaves and compare them to the fresh leaves (FL) to observe the phytochemical content and bioactivities. Phytochemical contents of the samples were determined based on qualitative assay, total phenolics, and total flavonoid, whereas bioactivities were evaluated on antioxidant DPPH free radical scavenging effect, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and antibacterial assays. LCMS-MS was used for the quantitative investigation of naturally occurring phytochemicals. The methanol exttract of FL had the highest free radical scavenging activity against DPPH with IC50of 45.51± 5.03µg/mL, total phenolic content (25.35 ± 1.06 mg GAE/100 mg extract), and total flavonoid content (28.71 ± 2.07 equivalent quercetin mg/ 100 mg extract) compared to those of AD and OD. However, AD had the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50= 8.86 ± 1.41µg/mL) among others. The antibacterial activity of the young leaves showed that there was no activity difference in both fresh and dried conditions. Based on LCMS-MS analysis, it was revealed that Luteolin-7-O-glucoronide, an active antioxidant flavonoid glycoside, had been detected in FL and AD leaf extracts, but it was not found in OD leaf extract. Our findings showed that drying could influence the phytochemical contents, which significantly affect the production of characteristic active compounds in R. fraxinifolius leaves.

Extraction of ripened noni juice has been carried out using ethanol and water. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenolic, total flavonoids, scopoletin, content and antioxidant activity of the ripened noni juice extract. The activity test was carried out on the ripened noni juice extract without and with the addition of ethanol and water solvent. The phytochemical assays of ethanol extract of the ripened noni juice showed that thetotal phenolic content was 3,94 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, the total flavonoids was 0,59 mg quercetin equivalent /g extract, the IC50 antioxidant activity was 24,92 mg/L, scopoletin content was 2,45 mg/gram.Keywords : Antioxidant, flavonoids, phenolic, ripened noni juice, scopoletin

WHO already declared that the novel corona virus SARS-CoV-2 as known as COVID-19 is a global pandemic. In order to decrease the spread of COVID-19 WHO recommend to regularly clean hands with alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water because those can kills viruses that might be occurred in hands. Alcohol with concentration 62-71% can reduce the growth of corona virus in 1 minute. Nanosilver and essential oil are also promising source as antibacterial agent. Nanosilver with particle size 5-100 nm is scientifically proven to have antibacterial activity. Essential oil Isopulegol shows antibacterial activity against Stapilococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Eschercia coli, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. This study will investigates the effectiveness hand sanitizer which contain nanosilver and isopulegol as antiseptic agent for health care in corona virus infection prevention. Isopulegol in concentration 100% and 50% showed inhibition zone against Bacillus subtilis. The hand sanitizer final product was proven has antiseptic ability and maintain hands keep clean after 2 hours application. Based on ACE2: SARS-CoV-2 spike inhibitor screening assay, the hand sanitizer in this study has potential to prevent SARS-CoV-2 virus spread by 88.2%. The usage of the hand sanitizer formulation in this study is expected to maintain cleanliness based on WHO public advice in order to prevent corona virus infection.

The emergence of antibacterial resistance has significantly increased.

The development of fluorescent silica nanoparticles (SNP-RB) from natural amorphous silica and its performance as an Escherichia coli (E. coli) biosensor is described in this paper. SNP-RB was derived from silica recovered from geothermal installation precipitation and modified with the dye, Rhodamine B. The Fourier Infrared (FTIR) confirms the incorporation of Rhodamine B in the silica matrix. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrographs show that the SNP-RB had an irregular structure with a particle diameter of about 20&ndash, 30 nm. The maximum fluorescence spectrum of SNP-RB was recorded at 580 nm, which was further applied to observe the detection performance of the fluorescent nanoparticles towards E. coli. The sensing principle was based on the fluorescence-quenching mechanism of SNP-RB and this provided a wide linear E. coli concentration range of 10&ndash, 105 CFU/mL with a limit detection of 8 CFU/mL. A rapid response time was observed after only 15 min of incubation of SNP-RB with E. coli. The selectivity of the biosensor was demonstrated and showed that the SNP-RB only gave quenching response only to live E. coli bacteria. The use of SNP-RB as a sensing platform reduced the response time significantly compared to conventional 3-day bacterial assays, as well having excellent analytical performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity.

Marine-derived Streptomyces sp. GMY01 is a biotechnologically potential bacterium which has anticancer activity. This research aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of GMY01 extract on human lung cancer cell line A549 and its mechanism using Western blot analysis and in silico molecular docking. Ethyl acetate extract was obtained from the supernatant of an 11-day fermented product and it was fractionated using flash chromatography. An in vitro assay of the selected fractions (F5, F6, F7, F8, and F14) on the A549 cell line showed moderate activity (IC50 value of 18.41–231.6 µg/ml), whereas the IC50 value of the crude extract (CE) was 34.26 µg/ml. Western blot analysis revealed the mode of action of GMY01 fractions F6 and F7 to be that of an autophagy induction mechanism, similar to that of the CE. Targeted liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of GMY01 extract detected eight compounds: herboxidiene (C25H42O6 ), vazabitide A (C12H21N3 O4 ), albaflavenone (C15H22O), grincamycin (C49H62O18), isorenieratene (C40H48), geosmin (C12H22O), hopene (C30H50), and saframycin A (C60H68N10O14). A molecular docking study on target proteins of antiapoptotic proteins (BCL-2 and BCL-XL) and autophagy proteins mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR-C1 and mTORC2) showed that these compounds had a high affinity. Among all the compounds, grincamycin (C49H62O18) had the highest affinity on antiapoptotic proteins (−11.8 and −10.4) and on autophagy proteins (−12.1 and −11.5) within all binding domains. These results indicate that Streptomyces sp. GMY01 has a promising anticancer agent, grincamycin, for human lung cancer.

This study aims to determine the effect of liquid media composition on the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase from endophytic fungus Aspergillus elegans SweF9 isolated from seaweed (Macroalgae Euchema sp). Fermentation was carried out in three types of liquid media, namely: potato dextrose broth (PDB), potato malt peptone (PMP), and Czapek-dox broth (CDB), which was incubated for 10 days at room temperature, with static conditions. Ethyl acetate solvents were used to extract active metabolites from fungal biomass and filtrate from each media. Antidiabetic activity was measured based on inhibition of enzyme α-glucosidase. The results showed that filtrate extract of A. elegans SweF9 which was cultured on the media PDB showed highest inhibitor activity to the α-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 1.74 µg / mL compared to other extracts. Based on these results, the PDB media is an appropriate medium for culturing A. elegans SweF9 to produces secondary metabolites that can be used as a new source of antidiabetic agents.

This study explored the tunability of a 3-D porous network in a freeze-dried silk fibroin/soursop seed (SF:SS) polymer composite bioadsorbent. Morphological, physical, electronic, and thermal properties were assessed using scanning electron microscopy, the BET N2 adsorption-desorption test, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A control mechanism of pore opening–closing by tuning the SS fraction in SF:SS composite was found. The porous formation is apparently due to the amount of phytic acid as a natural cross-linker in SS. The result reveals that a large pore radius is formed using only 20% wt of SS in the composite, i.e., SF:SS (4:1), and the fibrous network closes the pore when the SS fraction increases up to 50%, i.e., SF:SS (1:1). The SF:SS (4:1) with the best physical and thermal properties shows an average pore diameter of 39.19 nm, specific surface area of 19.47 m2·g−1, and thermal stability up to ~450 °C. The removal of the organic molecule and the heavy metal was assessed using crystal violet (CV) dye and the Cu2+ adsorption test, respectively. The adsorption isotherm of both CV and Cu2+ on SF:SS (4:1) follows the Freundlich model, and the adsorption kinetic of CV follows the pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption test indicates that physisorption dominates the adsorption of either CV or Cu2+ on the SF:SS composites.

Cocoa is one of the food commodities that is favoured by its high in polyphenols. The polyphenol and flavonoid in cocoa beans can prevent arteriosclerosis, diabetes and their related risk factors. This research aimed to analyze the total polyphenolic contents (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) of three cocoa bean varieties, namely LAM, TSH, and SUL1 collected from Lampung, Indonesia. The study also aimed to understand the effect of adding starter culture on TPC and TFC contents during cocoa beans fermentation. The TPC and TFC were extracted using ethanol from ground-dried beans and measured three times using a spectrophotometric method based on the Folin-Ciocalteu method at 760 nm and aluminium reagents at 510 nm. LAM variety contained the highest TPC and TFC among other samples at 62.8 mg GAE/g and 21.9 mg QE/g, respectively. The TPC and TFC decreased during both fermentation treatments with starter culture and non-starter culture. The TPC of cocoa bean with starter culture and with non-starter culture decreased to 58% and 59% after fermentation, respectively. The TFC of cocoa bean with starter culture and with non-starter culture decreased after five days of fermentation, up to 58% and 75%, respectively. Interestingly, the TPC and TFC in fermented cocoa beans with starter culture were higher than those with non-starter culture. Therefore, it is concluded that three days of fermentation with starter culture can produce fermented cocoa beans with the preferred flavour/quality and maintain the TPC and TFC. However, the polyphenols and flavonoids content were reduced during the fermentation process.

Mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra Miq.) leaves serve as a herbal medicine, particularly used in Indonesian folk medicine, for treating various immunological disorders and cancers. One major active compound of mistletoe plant was flavonoid that occured in the form of glycosides (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside) instead of aglycone (quercetin). Quercetin from the flavonoid group had high bioactivities than that in glycosidic form. The fermentation of flavonoid glycoside with filamentous fungi resulted in the conversion of bioactive compounds. The objectives of this study were to explore the derivatives of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside during fungal fermentation of water-extracted mistletoe (D. pentandra Miq.) leaves (B) by A. acueletus LS04-3 and investigate the influence of glucose (B+G), yeast (B+Y), and both glucose and yeast (B+G+Y) in the medium on the metabolism of quercetin-3-O-rhamnosidebased on HPLC and LCMS-MS analysis. Based on HPLC analysis, the addition of yeast to the medium (B+Y) increased the conversion of glucoside to quercetin almost twice as much as that on the control medium (B), during the first day of incubation period (D-1). The 10% increase of quercetin peak was only seen on the third day of incubation in B+G medium, when compared to the control sample (B). Moreover, LCMS-MS analysis revealed that quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and quercetin were detected as the major components in fermented mistletoe leaves. Furthermore, quercetin-3-galactoside-7-glucoside and robinetin were found in the medium that had been added with glucose. The study suggest that glycosilation could also occur in processes other than hydrolisis of glycoside because external glucose would affect the energy metabolism and sugar activation of the microbe. Our finding expanded the understanding of the mistletoe leaf fermentation process and provided further guidance for the biotransformation of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside in scale up production.

COVID-19 is a recent coronavirus outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 beginning in early December 2019 in Wuhan China raising global health problems. The SARS coronavirus main peptidase (SARS-CoV M(pro)) plays an essential role in the life-cycle of the virus and is a primary target for the development of anti-SARS agents. Also, the viral 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease 3 (3CLpro) enzyme controls coronavirus replication and is essential for its life cycle. Therefore, herein, we performed in silico virtual screening of the compounds fromCassia alataandDendrophthoe petandrasuch as; aloe-emodin, emodin, kaempferol, quercetin and quercitrin against SARS-CoV-2 Mproand also 3CLprothrough molecular docking approach using Autodock 4.2, with the Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm. The binding energies obtained from the result of molecular docking of SARS-CoV-2 Mproand also 3CLproquercetin, kaempferol and aloe-emodin appeared to have the best potential to act as COVID-19 inhibitors.

Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit dimana terjadinya peningkatan kadar glukosa darah dalamtubuh yang melebihi batas normal. Dalam upaya mencari pengobatan dari bahan alam untuk diabetes dansalah satunya yang sudah digunakan dimasyarakat adalah biji mahoni. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmengetahui aktivitas antidiabetes ekstrak etanol daun, kulit batang dan biji mahoni (Swietenia macrophyllaKing) terhadap enzim α-glukosidase secara in vitro. Bahan uji yang digunakan adalah kulit batang, daun danbiji mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King) yang diperoleh dari pohon yang tumbuh di tepi jalan raya daerahBogor, Jawa Barat. Pengujian aktivitas antidiabetes secara in vitro dilakukan dengan metodepenghambatankerja enzim α-glukosidase dengan substrat p-nitrofenil-α-D-glukopiranosida. Serbuk simplisia daun, kulitbatang dan biji mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King) dimaserasi menggunakan etanol 96%. Penapisangolongan senyawa kimia pada serbuk dan ekstrak etanol daun dan kulit batang memperlihatkan adanyakandungan saponin, tanin, flavonoid dan steroid/triterpenoid, namun serbuk dan ekstrak etanol bijimengandung alkaloid, steroid/triterpenoid dan pada serbuknya juga terdapat saponin. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol dari daun, kulit batang dan biji mahoni mempunyai aktivitas antidiabetesterhadap enzim α-glukosidase dengan nilai IC50 18,78 μg/ml, 21,31 μg/ml dan 1049,05 μg/ml.

Various herbal teas are available in the market and used for health maintenance or prevention of diseases. Previous studies by our research group showed that several boiled water extracts or organic solvent extracts of Indonesian mistletoes (benalu) and organic solvents extracts of Selaginella (cakar ayam) have in vitro and/or in vivo anticancer activities[1,2,3,4,5]. Therefore the aim of our to study the in vitro bioactivities (antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity) of these plant materials as when prepared as herbal tea infusion. Four mistletoe samples (M1; M2; M3; M4) and one sample of Selaginella (S) were used in this study. DPPH free radical scavenging activity method was used for antioxidant. Inhibition of a-glucosidase activity method was used for antidiabetes. Growth inhibition to breast cancer cell line MCF7 method was used for cytotoxicity. The results showed that all mistletoes samples showed high in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity, whereas the Selaginella sample showed significantly lower activitiy for antioxidant (about 5x less) and about half for antidiabetes and cytotoxicity. These results suggest that for further development of functional drink, mistletoes samples showed better potential than selaginella when used as a single material in herbal tea infusion. However we should make into account the possibility of synergistic effect on bioactivities when mixtures of two or several plant materials were present in the herbal tea formulation. Currently formulation of herbal teas using various mixture of different mistletoes as well as mixture of mistletoe and Selaginella are still under investigation.

Algae has been known as one of the potential marine bio-resources that have been used in many fields such as bio-energy, food, pharmaceutical and medical applications. Study of macro-algae or seaweed for medicine application, in particular, highlights to empower their ingredients as a promising antioxidant like anti-aging agent due to their diversity in biological activity. The tropical climate of Indonesia with the highest marine biodiversity puts this country an auspicious source of numerous alga species as a novel antioxidant source. A Sample of 29 species of macroalgae has been collected from Coast of Pari Island as a part of Seribu Islands, Indonesia. Screening and extracting of aqueous tropical marine alga protein as a potential source for an antioxidant agent has been done by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging method, and protein contents have been determined by Lowry method. Sample number 26 of the phylum Rhodophyta have 9.00±0.03 % protein content, which is potential for nutritional food in form of nutraceutical. That sample demonstrated the maximum DPPH scavenging activity 79.27±1.81 %. Moreover, crude extract from another species from phylum Rhodophyta had the very lower IC50 (3.4333±0.29 mg/ml) followed by Chlorophyta species (7.1069±1.78 mg/ml). In general, this study found that algae from phylum Rhodophyta possess a high content of protein, high activity towards free radical. Nevertheless, algae acquire the lowest IC50 value not only dominated by Rhodophyta but also from phylum Chlorophyta. The conclusion of this study leads to empowering high antioxidant activity algae as an anti-aging agent, which can be used in pharmaceutical applications. Therefore, the next study should be concerned on the properties of the algae which has been known to be suitable for pharmaceutical fields.

Actinobacteria have an important role in human medicine as antibiotic producers. Investigation to discover novel antibiotic drugs is necessary for the next future and Actinobacteria are still prominent sources of antibiotics, especially those isolated from the area that has such a huge biodiversity like Indonesia. Indonesia consists of thousands of islands and one of the islands that is still underexplored for Actinobacteria is Enggano Island, which is located in the Indian Ocean. Nineteen strains isolated from Enggano Island were studied in this research. The study included identification of the strains and antimicrobial screening of their extracts against some pathogens. Three of the strains (DHE 9-4, SHP 6-4, and SHP 1-2) were found putatively as new species of the genus Streptomyces. Extracts from SHP 1-2 showed strong growth inhibition of Bacillus substilis and Micrococcus luteus, moderate growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Chromobacterium violaceum and Pichia anomala and weak growth inhibition of Candida albicans.

Objective To isolate and investigate antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitor compounds in the leaves of Quercus gilva Blume (Q. gilva). Methods Dry leaves of Q. gilva were extracted with methanol and the methanolic extract was further separated by silica gel column chromatography using several solvents with increasing polarity. The antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated using various in vitro assays: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity, β-carotene bleaching assay, and reducing power assay. The α-glucosidase inhibitory assay was conducted against α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results Three compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as catechin (1), epicatechin (2), and tiliroside (3) using an instrumental analysis. Compound 2 had higher antioxidant activity with inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of (22.55 ± 2.23) μmol/L than that of quercetin, which was used as the standard, with an IC50 of (28.08 ± 2.39) μmol/L, followed by compound 1 with IC50 of (40.86 ± 3.45) μmol/L. On the other hand, compound 3 had the lowest antioxidant activity with an IC50 of (160.24 ± 8.15) μmol/L. However, compound 3 had the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of (28.36 ± 0.11) μmol/L, followed by compounds 1 and 2 with (168.60 ± 5.15) and (920.60 ± 10.10) μmol/L, respectively. Conclusions The results obtained for the antioxidant activities and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in a methanolic extract from the leaves of Q. gilva confirmed the potential of this plant as a source of natural antioxidants and antidiabetic medicine.

During the research for bioactive secondary metabolites from microorganisms, the terestrial fungi Aspergillus niger GTS01-4 has been investigated for the evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality test and MCF-7 cell line. Further chromatographic separation and purification of myselium extract resulted in the isolation identified as rubrofusarin (1). The structure elucidation of isolated compound was performed using 1D-NMR, and LCMS. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of rubrofusarin (1) was evaluated and resulted with IC50 of 11.51 µg/mL against MCF-7 and LC50 of 368.11 µg/mL against brine shrimp, respectively. However, rubrofusarin (1) showed moderate activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis compared to standard antibiotic, streptomycin. The average zone of inhibition was ranged from 6 to 8 mm at a concentration of 100 µg/disc. These results suggest that rubrofusarin could be a potential candidate in the field of anticancer drug discovery fr...

Myrictica fatua Houtt widely used in Indonesian as one of the traditional medicinal plants. Cancer and diabetic mellitus (DM) type 2 are two degenerative diseases caused by the presence of excessive free radicals in the body. Antioxidant and anti-diabetic active compounds were needed to reduce the risk of the diseases. One of the chemical compound groups that can be used as antioxidant and antidiabetic is phenolic compound. Isolation of the methanolic extract of the bark of M. fatua Houtt using chromatography methods led to the isolation of phenolic compound. Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate showed antioxidant and antidiabetic activities through DPPH free radicals scavenger and α-glucosidase inhibitions activities test showed IC50 value 7.96 and 7.68 ug / mL, respectively

High diversity of Indonesia marine spesies and their ability in producing secondary metabolite that can be used as a drug candidate cause this fascinating topic need to explore. Most of marine organisms explored to discover drug is macroorganism whereas microorganism (such as Indonesia marine bacteria) is very limited. Therefore, in this report, antidiabetic and anticancer activity of Indonesia marine bacteria isolated from Sponges’s extract have been studied. Bacteria strain 8.9 which are collection of Research Center for Oseanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences were from Barrang Lompo Island, Makasar, Indonesia. Bacteria were cultured in different culture medium compositions (such as: different pH, source of glucose and water) for 48 hours on a shaker, then they were extracted with ethyl asetate. Extracts of bacteria were tested by DPPH method (antioxidant activity), alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity method (antidiabetic activity), and Alamar Blue assay (anticancer activity) at 200 ppm. According to result, extract of bacteria in pH 8.0 exhibited the greatest antioxidant (19.27% inhibition), antidiabetic (63.95% inhibition) and anticancer activity of T47D cell line (44.62% cell viability) compared to other extracts. However, effect of addition of sugar sources (such as: glucose, sucrose, and soluble starch) and effect of addition of water/sea water exhibited less influence on their bioactivities. In conclusion, Indonesia marine bacteria isolated from sponge have potential a source of bioactive compound in drug discovery field.High diversity of Indonesia marine spesies and their ability in producing secondary metabolite that can be used as a drug candidate cause this fascinating topic need to explore. Most of marine organisms explored to discover drug is macroorganism whereas microorganism (such as Indonesia marine bacteria) is very limited. Therefore, in this report, antidiabetic and anticancer activity of Indonesia marine bacteria isolated from Sponges’s extract have been studied. Bacteria strain 8.9 which are collection of Research Center for Oseanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences were from Barrang Lompo Island, Makasar, Indonesia. Bacteria were cultured in different culture medium compositions (such as: different pH, source of glucose and water) for 48 hours on a shaker, then they were extracted with ethyl asetate. Extracts of bacteria were tested by DPPH method (antioxidant activity), alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity method (antidiabetic activity), and Alamar Blue assay (anticancer activity) at 200 ppm. Accord...

This study aims to search for the active components from Aspergillus terreus LS07 which isolated from an Indonesian soil. Bioassay-guided fractionations of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract against α-glucosidase and DPPH free radical to give four isolated compounds: oleic acid ( 1 ), ergosterol ( 2 ), butyrolactone I ( 3 ), and butyrolactone II ( 4 ). The structures of these metabolites were assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis. Oleic acid ( 1 ) was showed significant activity toward α-glucosidase with IC 50 value of 8.54 μM, but not for antioxidant. Butyrolactone I ( 3) and II ( 4 ) were showed significant activities against the α-glucosidase with their IC 50 values at 52.17 and 96.01 μM, and those against DPPH free radicals at 51.39 and 17.64 μM, respectively. On the other hand, ergosterol ( 2 ) did not show any activities.

The antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens has become a serious health concern and encouragement to search for novel and efficient antimicrobial metabolites. On the other hand, endophytic fungi have great potential as a natural source for antimicrobial agents. The objective of this study was to isolation antibacterial compound from endophytic fungi of A.elegans SweF9. The fungus was stationarily cultured at 30°C for 12 days in potato malt peptone (PMP) medium, then extracted with ethyl acetate. The antibacterial activities of the extract were evaluated by agar well diffusion method against Gram-poitive ( Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli ) bacterial strains. The broth extract was able to inhibit the growth of E. coli , S. aureus and B. subtilis with antibacterial activity index compared to streptomycin sulfate were 84.6%, 91.6%, and 90% respectively. The active compound (1) was purified to yield amorphous white and identified using FTIR, NMR, and EI-MS analyses, revealed identified as (+) - epi-Epoformin. The compound showed an antibacterial activity index of E. coli , S. aureus and B. subtilis bacterial were 38%, 45%, and 47%, respectively. Based on these results endophytic fungi A. elegans SweF9 can be used as a new source of potential antibacterial compounds

Ethanol extract of Syzygium cumini (jamblang) leaves reveal its significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity which perform the potential activity of this plant extract as antidiabetic agent. However, other bioactivities of this plant extract have been reported. The aim of current study was to evaluate the comparison of in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of S. cumini fractions. The S. cumini leaves ethanol extract was fractionated by using column chromatography with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol as eluents. Seven fractions were obtained from column chromatography (F1-7). The results showed that the best antidiabetic activity was found in F5 (93% α-glucosidase inhibitory activity), the best antioxidant activity was found in F4 (83% inhibition of DPPH free radical) and the best cytotoxic activity was found in F2 (69% growth inhibition of T47D breast cancer cell line). Therefore besides in vitro antidiabetic activity, fractions of S. cumini leaves ethanol extract also showed antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Since the results showed that the most active fractions for antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity were differed, it could be possible to isolate the different potential active compounds for each activity. Keywords : Syzygium cumini , α-glucosidase inhibitor, DPPH, cytotoxicity

Butyrolactone I and II from Aspergillus terreus MC751 as well as three synthetic butyrolactone I derivatives were assessed for α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Butyrolactone I (1), which has a prenyl side chain and an alpha hydroxy-lactone group, was the most potent α-glucosidase inhibitor and also had antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 52.17 ± 5.68 and 51.39 ± 3.68 μM, respectively. In contrast, butyrolactone II (2) lacking a prenyl side chain was the most potent antioxidant with an IC50 of 17.64 ± 6.41 μM, but was less active against α-glucosidase. Acetylation of all hydroxyl groups of butyrolactone I significantly decreased both the α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activity. The prenyl and alpha hydroxy-lactone groups seem to have a synergic effect on the inhibitory activity but not antioxidant activity. This is the first structure–activity relationship report on the α-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant activity by butyrolactone derivatives.

Lovastatin is an anti-cholesterol agent that was produced by Aspergillus terreus using solid state fermentation (SSF). During this fermentation process, sulochrin is also produced as an unwanted co-metabolite. However, our previous result showed that sulochrin had potential as antidiabetes because it is an inhibitor agent of α-glucosidase. In this paper, we reported our observation on lovastatin and sulochrin production pattern in relation with inhibitor α-glucosidase activity during eleven days fermentation of A. terreus koji (SSF) ethyl acetate extract. Koji obtained from solid state fermentation with rice as the substrate and incubated at room temperature, sample is taken daily for eleven day (D-1 to D-11). Lovastatin and sulochrin production was measured by Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometer based on their molecular weight m/z 404.5 and 332.3 respectively. The inibitory activity is measured by inhibition model of koji extract against α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) from Saccharomyces cereviceae. The results show that lovastatin production was started on the day 2 (0.04 mg/g) and achieving the optimal production on day 7 (11.46 mg/g), while sulochrin production was started on day 4 (0.60 mg/g) and keep produced until the end of fermentation period at Day 11 (3.11 mg/g). Koji extract was started to show inhibitory to α-glucosidase activity on Day 5 (IC50= 23.34 μg/mL) and keep showed activity until Day 11 (IC50=3.33 μg/mL). These results suggest that inhibitory activity of koji extract to α- glucosidase activity have relation with sulochrin biosynthesis production.

Controlled postprandial glucose level is an important strategy in preventing DM type 2. Inhibitors of α-glucosidase have been postulated to be useful agents in managements of DM type 2. This research aims to isolate and identify of α-glucosidase inhibitor from Aspergillus terreus F38 by liquid fermentation. The mycelium extract of A. terreus F38showed strong activity against α-glucosidase with IC 50 value of 9.65 μg/mL. Separation and purification of mycelium ectract yielded compound I (Butyrolactone III). The structure was establish on the basis of spectral analysis, according to the data obtained by NMR and LCMS-MS experiments. Compound I showed potential activity against α-glucosidase with IC 50 value of 13.87 μg/mL. Therefore, the metabolites from A . terreus F38 can be used as lead compound to design potent α-glucosidase inhibitory agents.