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1. Satellite Ocean Colour: Current Status and Future Perspective

Author

Steve Groom, Shubha Sathyendranath, Yai Ban, Stewart Bernard, Robert Brewin, Vanda Brotas, Carsten Brockmann, Prakash Chauhan, Jong-kuk Choi, Andrei Chuprin, Stefano Ciavatta, Paolo Cipollini, Craig Donlon, Bryan Franz, Xianqiang He, Takafumi Hirata, Tom Jackson, Milton Kampel, Hajo Krasemann, Samantha Lavender, Silvia Pardo-Martinez, Frédéric Mélin, Trevor Platt, Rosalia Santoleri, Jozef Skakala, Blake Schaeffer, Marie Smith, Francois Steinmetz, Andre Valente, and Menghua Wang

Subjects
ocean colour, phytoplankton, ground-segment, climate data records, water-quality, capacity building, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

Spectrally resolved water-leaving radiances (ocean colour) and inferred chlorophyll concentration are key to studying phytoplankton dynamics at seasonal and inter-annual scales, for a better understanding of the role of phytoplankton in marine biogeochemistry; the global carbon cycle; and the response of marine ecosystems to climate variability, change and feedback processes. Ocean colour data also have a critical role in operational observation systems monitoring coastal eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and sediment plumes. The contiguous ocean-colour record reached 21 years in 2018; however, it is comprised of a number of one-off missions such that creating a consistent time-series of ocean-colour data requires merging of the individual sensors (including MERIS, Aqua-MODIS, SeaWiFS, VIIRS, and OLCI) with differing sensor characteristics, without introducing artefacts. By contrast, the next decade will see consistent observations from operational ocean colour series with sensors of similar design and with a replacement strategy. Also, by 2029 the record will start to be of sufficient duration to discriminate climate change impacts from natural variability, at least in some regions. This paper describes the current status and future prospects in the field of ocean colour focusing on large to medium resolution observations of oceans and coastal seas. It reviews the user requirements in terms of products and uncertainty characteristics and then describes features of current and future satellite ocean-colour sensors, both operational and innovative. The key role of in situ validation and calibration is highlighted as are ground segments that process the data received from the ocean-colour sensors and deliver analysis-ready products to end-users. Example applications of the ocean-colour data are presented, focusing on the climate data record and operational applications including water quality and assimilation into numerical models. Current capacity building and training activities pertinent to ocean colour are described and finally a summary of future perspectives is provided.

Published
2019
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2. Model-Observations Synergy in the Coastal Ocean

Author

Pierre De Mey-Frémaux, Nadia Ayoub, Alexander Barth, Robert Brewin, Guillaume Charria, Francisco Campuzano, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Christopher A. Edwards, Ivan Federico, Shan Gao, Isabel Garcia Hermosa, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Helene Hewitt, Lars Robert Hole, Jason Holt, Robert King, Villy Kourafalou, Youyu Lu, Baptiste Mourre, Ananda Pascual, Joanna Staneva, Emil V. Stanev, Hui Wang, and Xueming Zhu

Subjects
coastal, ocean, observations, models, synergy, synthesis, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

Integration of observations of the coastal ocean continuum, from regional oceans to shelf seas and estuaries/deltas with models, can substantially increase the value of observations and enable a wealth of applications. In particular, models can play a critical role at connecting sparse observations, synthesizing them, and assisting the design of observational networks; in turn, whenever available, observations can guide coastal model development. Coastal observations should sample the two-way interactions between nearshore, estuarine and shelf processes and open ocean processes, while accounting for the different pace of circulation drivers, such as the fast atmospheric, hydrological and tidal processes and the slower general ocean circulation and climate scales. Because of these challenges, high-resolution models can serve as connectors and integrators of coastal continuum observations. Data assimilation approaches can provide quantitative, validated estimates of Essential Ocean Variables in the coastal continuum, adding scientific and socioeconomic value to observations through applications (e.g., sea-level rise monitoring, coastal management under a sustainable ecosystem approach, aquaculture, dredging, transport and fate of pollutants, maritime safety, hazards under natural variability or climate change). We strongly recommend an internationally coordinated approach in support of the proper integration of global and coastal continuum scales, as well as for critical tasks such as community-agreed bathymetry and coastline products.

Published
2019
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3. Synergie modèles-données dans l'océan côtier

Author

Pierre De Mey-Frémaux, Nadia Ayoub, Alexander Barth, Robert Brewin, Guillaume Charria, Francisco Campuzano, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Christopher A. Edwards, Ivan Federico, Shan Gao, Isabel Garcia Hermosa, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Helene Hewitt, Lars Robert Hole, Jason Holt, Robert King, Villy Kourafalou, Youyu Lu, Baptiste Mourre, Ananda Pascual, Joanna Staneva, Emil V. Stanev, Hui Wang, Xueming Zhu, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Echanges Côte-Large (ECOLA), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Laboratoire de physique hydrodynamique et sédimentaire (DYNECO/PHYSED), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards, Organismo publico puertos del estado, Rothamsted Research, SOCIB Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC-UIB) (IMEDEA), Chemistry Department, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University (Xi'an), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, synthesis, Climate change, synergy, Ocean Engineering, coastal, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Dredging, models, Data assimilation, array design, Bathymetry, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, assimilation, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ocean current, Estuary, Pelagic zone, ocean, observations, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Coastal management
Abstract

International audience; Integration of observations of the coastal ocean continuum, from regional oceans toshelf seas and estuaries/deltas with models, can substantially increase the value ofobservations and enable a wealth of applications. In particular, models can play a criticalrole at connecting sparse observations, synthesizing them, and assisting the design ofobservational networks; in turn, whenever available, observations can guide coastalmodel development. Coastal observations should sample the two-way interactionsbetween nearshore, estuarine and shelf processes and open ocean processes, whileaccounting for the different pace of circulation drivers, such as the fast atmospheric,hydrological and tidal processes and the slower general ocean circulation and climatescales. Because of these challenges, high-resolution models can serve as connectorsand integrators of coastal continuum observations. Data assimilation approachescan provide quantitative, validated estimates of Essential Ocean Variables in thecoastal continuum, adding scientific and socioeconomic value to observations throughapplications (e.g., sea-level rise monitoring, coastal management under a sustainableecosystem approach, aquaculture, dredging, transport and fate of pollutants, maritimesafety, hazards under natural variability or climate change). We strongly recommendan internationally coordinated approach in support of the proper integration of globaland coastal continuum scales, as well as for critical tasks such as community-agreedbathymetry and coastline products.

Published
2019
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4. INFORM ALGORITHMS THEORETICAL BASIS DOCUMENT

Author

Mariano BRESCIANI, Robert BREWIN, Pietro Alessandro BRIVIO, Claudia GIARDINO, Mario Angelo GOMARASCA, Peter HUNTER, Liesbeth DE KEUKELAERE, Viacheslav KISELEV, Philip KLINGER, Els KNAEPS, Claire NEIL, Ils REUSEN, Sindy STERCKX, Stefan SIMIS, Gavin TILSTONE, Dimitry VAN DER ZANDE, Julian WENZEL, and Paolo VILLA *.

Subjects
remote sensing
Abstract

This deliverable describes the theoretical basis of the algorithms developed under WP5 Algorithm Development and Validation and is an update of D5.1 INFORM Algorithms Theoretical Basis Document. The document provides technical descriptions of algorithms for T5.1 Atmospheric correction, T5.2 Attenuation and euphotic depth, T5.3 TSM and turbidity, T5.4 Yellow matter, T5.5 Phytoplankton functional types, T5.6 Stratification, T5.7 Macrophytes, T5.8 Phytoplankton primary production and T5.9 Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. For T5.1, T5.2 and T5.3 the code for the algorithms is described in D5.2 Sentinel-2 atmospheric correction prototype code, D5.3 Attenuation coefficients and euphotic depth prototype code and D5.4 TSM and turbidity prototype code, respectively. For the products developed in T5.2-T5.9, deliverables D5.5-D5.12 and flyers were prepared. The latter can be downloaded from www.copernicus-inform.eu. Validation results are described in D5.13 INFORM prototype/algorithms validation report and will be updated in D5.15 INFORM prototype/algorithms validation report.

Published
2016

6. Shakespeare's Colour Names

Author

Robert Brewin

Subjects
Literature, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Philosophy, Subject (philosophy), Criticism, Space (commercial competition), business
Abstract

I FEAR you will think that the correspondence on this subject is becoming a mere criticism on Shakespeare's text, and therefore out of place in your columns, but I trust you will afford me space for a short rejoinder to Mr. Ingleby's letter (NATURE, vol. xix. p. 244).

Published
1878
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