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This article highlights the accomplishments of a nineteenth-century American editor of Chaucer’s works, Arthur Gilman. It describes the nature of those accomplishments and situates them in respect to the Chaucer editorial activity of the time and to Gilman’s background. When Gilman’s Chaucer edition appeared in 1879, it was unprecedented in several ways, and for fifteen years it was the best mostly complete Chaucer ever produced. In particular, the edition, the first newly edited collection of Chaucer’s verse published by an American press, was also the first to make use of the outpouring of Chaucer Society materials that had appeared in the ten years leading up to it, resulting in an edition with a sounder text and more coherent, up-to-date introductory apparatus than any other available at the time. This achievement was all the more impressive given that the man who managed it was a largely self-taught student of medieval literature.

This chapter considers a particular conception of authorship emergent in the fifteenth century in relation to its significance for English literary history. By way of recalling the late twentieth-century critique of person-centered literary histories that led to an alternative emphasis on institutions, and the alignment of that emphasis with broad medieval conceptions of authorship, the chapter casts into relief what was unprecedented in many instances of fifteenth-century authorial representations: an idea of the author as the specific living human agent from whom a work proceeds. With this idea, fifteenth-century poets bring to English literature the very person-centered notion of literary history that would predominate until recent times. As an initial example, the chapter considers the passage in Thomas Hoccleve’s Regiment of Princes accompanying the famous Chaucer portrait and, for purposes of contrast, some of the poems in BodL MS Digby 102. It surveys possible sources for this innovation and then describes some of the more typical or striking forms that this idea of authorship takes, pointing out their distinguishing features, reviewing their institutional circumstances, and noting their means of transmission. In particular, it provides examples of laureate author (e.g., John Lydgate, George Ashby), sacerdotal author (e.g., John Audelay, Henry Bradshaw), and author as narrative protagonist (e.g., Hoccleve, King James I, Stephen Hawes, John Skelton). These illustrations confirm that an author’s textualization as flesh-and-blood person is not inevitable but rather a strategic discursive construct that organizes the meaning of a text toward some end, however lofty or pragmatic.

This work advances and tests a theory of how news information evolves as it is successively retold by consumers. Drawing on data from over 11,000 participants across ten experiments, the authors offer evidence that when news is repeatedly retold, it undergoes a stylistic transformation termed “disagreeable personalization,” wherein original facts are increasingly supplanted by opinions and interpretations with a slant toward negativity. The central thesis is that when retellers believe they are more (vs. less) knowledgeable than their recipient about the information they are relaying, they feel more compelled to provide guidance on its meaning and to do so in a persuasive manner. This enhanced motivation to guide persuasively, in turn, leads retellers to not only select the subset of facts they deem most essential but, critically, to provide their interpretations and opinions on those facts, with negativity being used as a means of grabbing their audience’s attention. Implications of this work for research on retelling and consumer information diffusion are explored.

Some cultural products (e.g., books and movies) catch on and become popular, while others fail. Why? While some have argued that success is unpredictable, we suggest that period-to-period shifts in sentiment—what we term sentiment volatility—enhance engagement. Automated sentiment analysis of over 4,000 movies demonstrates that more volatile movies are evaluated more positively. Consistent with the notion that sentiment volatility makes experiences more stimulating, the effect is stronger in genres where evaluations are more likely to be driven stimulation (i.e., thrillers rather than romance). Further, analysis of over 30,000 online articles demonstrate that people are more likely to continue reading more volatile articles. By manipulating sentiment volatility in follow-up experiments, we underscore its causal impact on evaluations, and provide evidence for the role of stimulation in these effects. Taken together, the results shed light on what drives engagement, the time dynamics of sentiment, and cultural analytics or why some cultural items are more successful.

In December 2021, U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) will issue guidance on the use of real-world evidence (RWE) to support new indications or expanded product labeling. While difficult to foresee what FDA will require, learnings can be gleaned from previous paradigm shifts at FDA, such as for patient reported outcomes (PROs) in 2006–2009. We contrast published requirements for justifying PROs as fit-for-purpose for a specific labeling claim with a potential approach to justify RWE as fit-for-purpose to support expanded labeling or a new indication. PRO labeling claims require a PRO Evidence Dossier that includes: specific wording of claim, clinical trial hypothesis structure and endpoint model, and justification that the PRO is relevant and meaningful to patients in the target population (content validity) with adequate psychometric properties. FDA’s 2018 RWE Framework outlined critical considerations for using RWE to support regulatory decisions, including data quality, relevancy, provenance, and transparency. Strong parallels exist between the evidence required to justify that PROs are fit-for-purpose to support specific labeling claims and evidence to justify RWE as fit-for-purpose for specific research questions and labeling. Early discussion with FDA is encouraged. Drawing on parallels with use of PROs in labeling, RWE for regulatory purposes should be evaluated within the context of specific labeling or indication, specific study design and analysis plans, and the data attributes of data source. Sponsors seeking a new indication or labeling expansion based on RWE should justify that a specific data source and specific study design are fit-for-purpose.

Many marketing communications, from verbal conversations to messaging and content sharing via apps such as Snapchat, limit the number of times people can view content. How do such restrictions affect consumers’ information processing? Building on the proposition that people strategically allocate cognitive resources, the authors hypothesize that consumers of content that cannot be viewed repeatedly consider the risk of failing to process it sufficiently and, consequently, allocate more cognitive resources to its processing (e.g., by increasing viewing time). The authors test this hypothesis in ten preregistered online studies (total N = 17,620), an exploratory analysis of eye-tracking data, and a field study on Facebook's advertising platform. Across the studies, they find that making content ephemeral elevates consumers’ perceived risk of missing information; consequently, it increases attention allocation, prolongs voluntary viewing time, and magnifies focus on relevant information. These effects have important downstream consequences, including improved content comprehension and recall, enhanced positive attitudes, and increased efficiency of sponsored content placement on social media. Taken together, the findings indicate that marketers can communicate information more effectively by restricting consumers from viewing it again.

Results from three large-scale field studies and two controlled experiments show that consumers tend to be more self-disclosing when generating content on their smartphone versus personal computer. This tendency is found in a wide range of domains including social media posts, online restaurant reviews, open-ended survey responses, and compliance with requests for personal information in web advertisements. The authors show that this increased willingness to self-disclose on one’s smartphone arises from the psychological effects of two distinguishing properties of the device: (1) feelings of comfort that many associate with their smartphone and (2) a tendency to narrowly focus attention on the disclosure task at hand due to the relative difficulty of generating content on the smaller device. The enhancing effect of smartphones on self-disclosure yields several important marketing implications, including the creation of content that is perceived as more persuasive by outside readers. The authors explore implications for how these findings can be strategically leveraged by managers, including how they may generalize to other emerging technologies.

When advertising products to consumers, firms sometimes conceal key aspects in an effort to arouse consumer curiosity. This research investigates when and how visual concealment tactics may benefit or hurt aesthetic product evaluations. The authors propose that when consumers are only able to view a portion of an aesthetic product, assessments of its appeal will be influenced by two interrelated mechanisms: curiosity to see the item completed and inferences about the item’s fully disclosed appearance. The authors show that heightened curiosity triggers feelings of positive affect that are transferred to the product itself, a process that may inflate preferences and choice likelihoods for products beyond what would occur if the full image were known. This transference effect, however, has an important boundary: it works only when initial consumer inferences about the appeal of the product are positive or emotionally congruent with the positive affect triggered by curiosity. The key implication is that, ironically, the products likely to benefit most from concealment tactics are those that have the least to hide. The authors provide evidence for these effects and the underlying mechanism using six experiments that manipulate concealment in a variety of task settings.

In December 2021, U.S. FoodDrug Administration (FDA) will issue guidance on the use of real-world evidence (RWE) to support new indications or expanded product labeling. While difficult to foresee what FDA will require, learnings can be gleaned from previous paradigm shifts at FDA, such as for patient reported outcomes (PROs) in 2006-2009.We contrast published requirements for justifying PROs as fit-for-purpose for a specific labeling claim with a potential approach to justify RWE as fit-for-purpose to support expanded labeling or a new indication.PRO labeling claims require a PRO Evidence Dossier that includes: specific wording of claim, clinical trial hypothesis structure and endpoint model, and justification that the PRO is relevant and meaningful to patients in the target population (content validity) with adequate psychometric properties. FDA's 2018 RWE Framework outlined critical considerations for using RWE to support regulatory decisions, including data quality, relevancy, provenance, and transparency. Strong parallels exist between the evidence required to justify that PROs are fit-for-purpose to support specific labeling claims and evidence to justify RWE as fit-for-purpose for specific research questions and labeling. Early discussion with FDA is encouraged.Drawing on parallels with use of PROs in labeling, RWE for regulatory purposes should be evaluated within the context of specific labeling or indication, specific study design and analysis plans, and the data attributes of data source. Sponsors seeking a new indication or labeling expansion based on RWE should justify that a specific data source and specific study design are fit-for-purpose.

Sea level rise threatens coastal communities around the world. Proactive investments in adaptive flood protection could reduce financial vulnerability, however it is unclear if local governments and homeowners will be willing to make those investments before it is too late. In this research we explore this issue by focusing on the case of South Florida, which is one of the most financially vulnerable regions in the world. We report the results of a novel online simulation that accelerates 348 South Florida homeowners thirty-five years into the future so that they can ‘live’ the effects of sea level rise. The results contain a mix of optimism and caution for the prospects of future adaptation. On the positive side, over 75% of participants indicated a willingness to support bond issues to pay for adaptation, even as the costs of the measures and effects of sea level rise increased over the years. Likewise, we find little evidence that politically conservative residents who normally have more skeptical views about climate change are any less inclined to support adaptation, or only look to information sources that downplay the threat. On the negative side, the number of homeowners interested in moving out of the region increases steadily over time as the sea level rises. This is driven by an increase in worry associated with viewing more information within the simulation.

This essay argues that both sides of the continuing debate about whether Lydgate’s Troy Book is more interested in political legitimation or admonition have not understood the form of the poem. It ...

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has long sought to achieve the broader use of personalized medicine, which is better targeting of FDA-approved therapies through incorporating precise knowledge of a patient’s underlying condition to therapies optimally chosen to match those needs. While some strides have been made in precision medicine—particularly in oncology and rare genetic diseases—most of the standard general medicine indications have yet to realize the benefits of precision-guided therapies. This includes those for diabetes mellitus (DM), both type 1 and type 2. Although the scientific and regulatory considerations needed to move to a more “precise” future of DM prevention and treatment differ between the two disease subsets, scientific advances in both must occur before the FDA can incorporate precision medicine into its oversight of DM drug development and approval. This article provides an overview of the regulatory expectations and challenges in realizing a future where the therapeutics for DM are informed by precise knowledge of a patient’s genetics and specific phenotype.

A common assumption made in structural approaches to empirical strategy research in marketing is that firms and consumers satisfy the assumptions of dynamic optimality when making decisions. When faced with problems of how best to allocate resources, firms are assumed consider the future consequences of different strategic options and, in each point in time, choose the option that maximizes long-term utility. The validity of such assumptions, however, is often called into question by behavioral researchers who point to work in psychology that finds that assumptions of optimality are frequently violated in experimental settings. If this is indeed the case, it would lend support to approaches that argue that markets have inefficiencies that can be discovered and exploited by simpler, largely correlational, methods. In this article, the authors attempt to reconcile these contrasting views by proposing a framework for assessing when assumptions of dynamic optimality are likely to be good ones and when they are likely to be untenable in empirical analysis.

This review addresses drug development intended to support United States clearance for asthma and COPD by explaining basic regulatory terms and broadly discussing the regulatory pathways to clearance. Some of the key clinical regulatory challenges that are faced by drugs for asthma and COPD are explained and clarified, both overall and by class of drug, citing relevant examples that emphasize key lessons. Generic drug development of inhaled drugs is also addressed. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a greater understanding and appreciation of asthma and COPD drug development from the regulatory perspective.

After characterizing the two general approaches to literary value most often taken in Anglo-American treatments of the topic as either ontological (which emphasize what literary value is ) or genealogical (which emphasize how literary value is made ), this article defines and elucidates an alternative, complementary, pragmatic approach. This approach—taking as its basis the evident, pervasive valuing of literature that occurs both inside and outside the academy and drawing on the actor-network-theory of Bruno Latour—argues that acts of ascribing value are necessary for any social recognition of the literary, and that these acts occur distributed across a network of human and nonhuman valuing agents that extends indefinitely in time and space. It contends that literary value, in pragmatic practice, emerges through activities of mediation among these agents and explains how this view does not preclude ontological or genealogical accounts of value but is not reducible to them. The article next explores the implications of the characteristic looseness in an agent’s ascription of literary value, a characteristic that results in literary value often both manifestly pendant on, and in competition with, value of other kinds. In its conclusion, the article suggests how its approach to literary value may function as a shared conceptual platform for the diverse range of projects that today occur under the umbrella term of literary study, thereby helping to restore some conceptual coherence to the field.

Findings are reported from two field studies that measured the evolution of coastal residents' risk perceptions and preparation plans as two hurricanes—Isaac and Sandy—were approaching the U.S. coast during the 2012 hurricane season. The data suggest that residents threatened by such storms had a poor understanding of the threat posed by the storms; they overestimated the likelihood that their homes would be subject to hurricane-force wind conditions but underestimated the potential damage that such winds could cause, and they misconstrued the greatest threat as coming from wind rather than water. These misperceptions translated into preparation actions that were not well commensurate with the nature and scale of the threat that they faced, with residents being well prepared for a modest wind event of short duration but not for a significant wind-and-water catastrophe. Possible causes of the biases and policy implications for improving hurricane warning communication are discussed.

This paper explores the empirical features of a novel commodity option trading instrument described in the companion paper (Part I) that allows market participants to hedge against the risk that a coastal county or region in the eastern United States will experience a hurricane landfall. In this instrument investors can speculate on whether a landfall event will occur in any one of a number of coastal counties or regions, with option prices being determined by an adaptive control algorithm that reflects previous purchasing decisions of other market participants. In this paper, the authors report the results of an experiment designed to test the empirical robustness of this mechanism using data from traders buying landfall options over the course of a simulated hurricane season. In the experiment traders are given the opportunity to buy landfall options in the primary market as well as sell and buy options in a conventional bilateral secondary market. The data show that aggregate market prices quickly converge to rational (efficient) levels among market participants after limited amounts of trading experience. Some systematic anomalies are observed in the trading of options for individual outcomes, however, with the most notable being an initial tendency to overvalue landfall options that have the highest prior probabilities and for valuations of the “No Landfall” option to be inflated immediately after a storm threat passes without making landfall.

In many domains, consumers must deal with an increasing number of choices—spanning where, when, what, and how many items to buy; how many and which options to consider; and how best to weigh the pros and cons of these options. This paper considers how consumer and managerial goals and the ensuing tradeoffs affect the optimal design of assortments in order to help enhance our understanding of assortment choice, identify issues that merit particular attention, review some of the recent research in pertinent areas, and suggest directions for future research.

This article explores the relation between Chaucer's socioeconomic location as lay controller of customs and the dazzling metapoetics of the House of Fame. It emphasizes the social ambiguity of Chaucer's movement out of court to the customs house and hence what he would have to gain, in an intertwined socioeconomic and aesthetic sense, from the dissemination of this poem. It argues that the latter—in addition to its skeptical and comic engagement with poetic tradition—represents Chaucer's experimental attempt to shift the parameters of the literary field of late medieval English court poetry to better advantage someone in his then rather peculiar, liminal position.

The 2016 presidential election illustrated the growing role that micro-blogging sites such as Twitter play in electoral politics. In this paper we report an analysis of a unique dataset that characterizes how the substantive and affective content of Tweets evolved during the course of three pivotal Republican Primary debates leading up to the 2016 Presidential election. We find that as the debates progressed Tweets provided an increasingly backward-looking account of the debates, as original content gradually gave way to retweets of the most popular earlier posts. Moreover, whereas during the debate Tweets focused on a mix of substantive topics, the Tweets that had the longest staying power after the debates were those that focused on the more sensationalist news events, often through pictures and videos. As such, a user coming to Twitter after the debate was over would have encountered a different topical and emotional landscape than one who had been following the site in real-time, one more closely resembling a tabloid than a substantive discussion forum. We explore the potential implications of the findings for the role that micro-blogging sites may have on shaping voter opinion in elections.