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I will reinterpret the term ‘real use of the understanding’ in the outcome of the suspension of intellectual intuition. Kant applied both terms for the first time in the inaugural dissertation. The ‘objects’ of this use of the understanding thus obtain a more critical meaning and are transformed from substances to functions. Nevertheless, there is still a decisive difference between the inaugural dissertation and the critique of pure reason. Kant shifted his perspective rather than his subject. The question concerning facts (quid facti) turns into the question concerning legal matters (quid iuris). However, ‘noumena’ are no substances which exist independently of consciousness in the inaugural dissertation. Therefore, they must retain a critical meaning even after the Copernican turn. This essay aims to highlight this critical meaning by focusing on the reflective figure of intellectual intuition in the inaugural dissertatio.

Erosive human/murine (hu/mu) SCID arthritis, caused by unilateral engrafting of human rheumatoid arthritis synovial membrane (RA-SM) in the knee joints of SCID mice, was monitored for up to 18 weeks by scintigraphic, radiological, morphological and immunohistochemical analyses.(99m)Tc-DPD scintigraphy and histology revealed secondary, oligoarticular spreading of arthritis to contralateral knees and hips, but not to forelimb joints. Also, there were no extraarticular manifestations. At 18 weeks, surviving human cells were found within the pannus, but not directly at the cartilage erosion front, where fibroblast-like cells and macrophages of murine origin predominated. The latter cells also predominated in secondarily affected joints, where no human cells were detectable. Preventive depletion of murine NK-cells by anti-asialo-GMI antibodies, to check the influence of NK cells independently of strain and MHC system, combined with application of autologous human PBMN cells, had virtually no effects on the disease process. The completeness of the SCID defect was not critical, i.e. T cells were completely absent in the organs examined, and the presence of a few B cells in the spleen did not correspond to particular disease features. The SCID defect itself had a clear impact, since, in the chronic phase, SCID.bg and RAG-2(-/-)knockout mice developed less consistent pathological/scintigraphic signs of disease than SCID mice. Thus, unilaterally-induced hu/mu SCID arthritis is an oligoarticular disorder of the hindlimbs. Murine macrophages and fibroblast-like cells appear responsible for tissue destruction in engrafted and non-engrafted arthritic joints.

Adrenal androgen production was reduced by 80% in patients receiving T lymphocyte-suppressive medications compared to that in age-matched controls. In vitro, however, neither tacrolimus nor cyclosporin A reduced dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) release by adrenocortical cells. Therefore, we examined the potential role of lymphocytes in adrenal androgen production, using cocultures of human T lymphocytes and adrenocortical primary or transformed cells. Cocultures led to a 4-fold elevation of DHEA levels (490.4 ± 94.8% over basal), which was greater than the increase observed after the addition of maximal concentrations of ACTH (117.4 ± 14.8%). Separation of cells by semipermeable membranes abolished this effect, and transfer of leukocyte-conditioned medium had little androgen-stimulating effect. These data suggested that the observed stimulation of androgen secretion required cell contact rather than soluble paracrine factor(s). Furthermore, we examined human adrenal glands for the presence of T lymphocytes a...

To reduce culture artifacts by conventional repeated passaging and long-term culture in vitro, the isolation of synovial fibroblasts (SFB) was attempted from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial membranes by trypsin/collagenase digest, short-term in vitro adherence (7 days), and negative isolation using magnetobead-coupled anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies. This method yielded highly enriched SFB (85% prolyl-4-hydroxylase+/74% Thy-1/CD90+ cells

Chromosomal aberrations were comparatively assessed in nuclei extracted from synovial tissue, primary-culture (P-0) synovial cells, and early-passage synovial fibroblasts (SFB; 98% enrichment; P-1, P-4 [passage 1, passage 4]) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n = 21), osteoarthritis (OA; n = 24), and other rheumatic diseases. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and skin fibroblasts (FB) (P-1, P-4) from the same patients, as well as SFB from normal joints and patients with joint trauma (JT) (n = 4), were used as controls. Analyses proceeded by standard GTG-banding and interphase centromere fluorescence in situ hybridization. Structural chromosomal aberrations were observed in SFB (P-1 or P-4) from 4 of 21 RA patients (19%), with involvement of chromosome 1 [e.g. del(1)(q12)] in 3 of 4 cases. In 10 of the 21 RA cases (48%), polysomy 7 was observed in P-1 SFB. In addition, aneusomies of chromosomes 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, and Y were present. The percentage of polysomies was increased in P-4. Similar chromosomal aberrations were detected in SFB of OA and spondylarthropathy patients. No aberrations were detected in i) PBL or skin FB from the same patients (except for one OA patient with a karyotype 45,X[10]/46,XX[17] in PBL and variable polysomies in long-term culture skin FB); or ii) synovial tissue and/or P-1 SFB of normal joints or of patients with joint trauma. In conclusion, qualitatively comparable chromosomal aberrations were observed in synovial tissue and early-passage SFB of patients with RA, OA, and other inflammatory joint diseases. Thus, although of possible functional relevance for the pathologic role of SFB in RA, these alterations probably reflect a common response to chronic inflammatory stress in rheumatic diseases.

order to minimize the observing of noneconomically Certain migration patterns observed in the motivated movements and to improve the sampling United States in recent decades have not been validity of the choice of the basic data unit. Percentconsistent with this theory. In particular, levels of age changes in employment were used as basic gross outmigration have shown little, if any, rela- variables for measuring level of change in economic tionship to economic conditions at areas of origin [4, activity between regions because of availability and 5]. This has led to formulation of migration theory reliability. Rates of unemployment were considered which recognizes factors in addition to economic as measures of regional economic activity, but were motives. An important contribution was made by ruled out because they reflect conditions at a point in Everett S. Lee, whose theory explicitly considers the time. Thus, changes in those rates over a 5-year personal characteristics of migrants, as well as risk period may not accurately reflect actual conditions

The behaviour of trajectories in a resonant and a non-resonant three-dimensional non-linear potential is compared. Separate measures are employed for determining regularity and localization, the measure of localization being a phase-space cell entropy. The proportion of regular to chaotic trajectories depends much less on energy in the resonant than in the non-resonant potential, depending instead on proximity to stable closed orbits. Temporarily localized chaotic trajectories with very long localization lifetimes have been found in both potentials. A possible permanently confined chaotic trajectory has also been found in the resonant potential.

High-angular-momentum (J= 40) in-plane motions of a classically chaotic pairwise additive Morse potential system roughly modelled on H+3 are analysed in terms of the time evolution of hyperspherical coordinates (p, θ, ϕ). Recurrent, (2–3)× 10–13 s, time segments, characterised by low-order frequency ratios between different components of the motion are identified and attributed to the existence of stable periodic orbits. Possible relevance to the low-order resolution structure in the predissociation spectrum of H+3 is discussed.