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1. Energy and environmental impacts of air-to-air heat pumps in a mid-latitude city

Author

David Meyer, Robert Schoetter, and Maarten van Reeuwijk

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Heat pumps (HPs) have emerged as a key technology for reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluates the potential switch to air-to-air HPs (AAHPs) in Toulouse, France, where conventional space heating is split between electric and gas sources. In this context, we find that AAHPs reduce heating energy consumption by 57% to 76%, with electric heating energy consumption decreasing by 6% to 47%, resulting in virtually no local heating-related CO2 emissions. We observe a slight reduction in near-surface air temperature of up to 0.5 °C during cold spells, attributable to a reduction in sensible heat flux, which is unlikely to compromise AAHPs operational efficiency. While Toulouse’s heating energy mix facilitates large energy savings, electric energy consumption may increase in cities where gas or other fossil fuel sources prevail. Furthermore, as AAHPs efficiency varies with internal and external conditions, their impact on the electrical grid is more complex than conventional heating systems. The results underscore the importance of matching heating system transitions with sustainable electricity generation to maximize environmental benefits. The study highlights the intricate balance between technological advancements in heating and their broader environmental and policy implications, offering key insights for urban energy policy and sustainability efforts.

Published
2024
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2. Urban heat island intensity maps and local weather types description for a 45 French urban agglomerations dataset obtained from atmopsheric numerical simulations

Author

Melis Suher-Carthy, Thomas Lagelouze, Julia Hidalgo, Robert Schoetter, Najla Touati, Renaud Jougla, and Valery Masson

Subjects
Urban microclimate, Air temperature, Town energy balance, SURFEX, Meso-NH, Urban unit, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract

This article presents a dataset of spatial nocturnal Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensities for 45 French urban agglomerations, at a horizontal resolution of 250 m. The urban influence on air temperature at 2 m above ground level was obtained by coupling the mesoscale atmospheric model Meso-NH with the land surface model SURFEX-TEB. For each agglomeration, two specific local weather situations that favour the development of a strong UHI in summer are simulated and described in a specfic sheet. Simulation outputs have been postprocessed to 1) identify the time of day when the UHI is the most developed, 2) to merge information from both meteorological situations in order to obtain one synthetic UHI map and 3) a geographical analysis that allows to classify each city among five spatial UHI classes (Concentrated Very High Intensity; Concentrated High Intensity; Limited Intensity; Dispersed High Intensity; and Dispersed Cool Zones). This dataset can therefore be used for several purposes, from the analysis at the scale of a city to the comparison of the urban agglomerations among them.

Published
2023
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3. Mapping the urban climate to address summer comfort management in French urban planning documents

Author

Julia Hidalgo, Najla Touati, Sinda Haouès-Jouve, Laurent Jegou, Geneviève Bretagne, Erwan Bocher, Valéry Masson, Arnaud Mayis, Renaud Jougla, Gwendall Petit, and Robert Schoetter

Subjects
urban heat island, applied cartography, territorial planning, climate visualization, urban climatic maps, Geography (General), G1-922
Abstract

In France, the integration of climate and energy issues in the spatial planning tools of local authorities is compulsory for cities with more than 20000 inhabitants. Through the example of Toulouse Metropole, the interdisciplinary work here presented make use of the available geographic and climatic data to perform spatial microclimatic diagnostics and its translation into recommendations to address thermal summer comfort. Analysis maps and strategic maps for daytime and night time are presented for thermal and aeraulic analysis taking advantage of available numerical simulations at 250x250 m, one year of duration and local weather type classifications. A three years long collaboration with the local authority and the urban agency allowed the co-construction of the cartographic protocol and the publication of an Atlas as well as a set of guidelines. Collaboration with a network of French cartographers allowed original propositions on graphic semiology as visual organization, the choice of urban and geographical information to be combined with the climatic information or a proposition of a new UTCI colorimetric spectrum.

Published
2023
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4. Potential of Synthetizing Climatopes and Local Climate Zones for Urban Climatic Planning Recommendations: A Case Study in Toulouse, France

Author

Shi Yin, Chao Ren, Xuyi Zhang, Julia Hidalgo, Robert Schoetter, Yu Ting Kwok, and Kevin Ka-Lun Lau

Subjects
mapping, climate, urban environment, sustainable urban planning, climate visualization, Geography (General), G1-922
Abstract

The urban climatic map (UCMap) is an urban climate information tool for planning purpose commonly used in German-speaking countries while local climate zone (LCZ) scheme is developed to link the characteristics urban climate and urban morphology at the city level world widely. These two frameworks differ with each other on the aspect of data sources, classification standards, and planning implementation. This study explores the potential of integrating these two complementary frameworks to identify problematic hot spots and propose some generic urban planning recommendations according to current urban climate standards. To address this issue, the Toulouse Metropole area is taken as a case study; a hybrid Climatope-LCZ map is derived by synthetizing the classification of climatopes, based on the German standard (VDI 3787-Part 1), and LCZs at equivalent spatial positions. Furthermore, the simulated meteorological data about wind and thermal environments of Toulouse Metropole during typical summer season are introduced as evidence for analyzing the mutual benefits on urban climate study and application. According to the results, both the heterogeneous urban geometric characteristics and urban climatic issues within a climatope are well identified spatially by the corresponding composition of LCZ. Likewise, the differences of thermal stress between climatopes but in the same LCZ are also clearly illustrated. Lastly, a list of urban climatic planning recommendations for LCZs is proposed followed by the guidelines in VDI 3787-Part 1. This study proves that hybrid Climatope-LCZ map offers more detailed urban climate information to planners or decision-makers than classic urban climate map framework.

Published
2022
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5. Thermal conditions during heat waves of a mid-European metropolis under consideration of climate change, urban development scenarios and resilience measures for the mid‑21st century

Author

Heidelinde Trimmel, Philipp Weihs, Stéphanie Faroux, Herbert Formayer, Paul Hamer, Kristofer Hasel, Johannes Laimighofer, David Leidinger, Valéry Masson, Imran Nadeem, Sandro M. Oswald, Michael Revesz, and Robert Schoetter

Subjects
urban sprawl, climate change, heat waves, urban scenarios, resilience, teb, wrf, utci, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

In this study we produce two urban development scenarios estimating potential urban sprawl and optimized development concerning building construction, and we simulate their influence on air temperature, surface temperatures and human thermal comfort. We select two heat waves representative for present and future conditions of the mid 21st century and simulations are run with the Town Energy Balance Model (TEB) coupled online and offline to the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). Global and regional climate change under the RCP8.5 scenario causes an increase of daily maximum air temperature in Vienna by 7 K. The daily minimum air temperature will increase by 2–4 K. Changes caused by urban growth or densification mainly affect air temperature and human thermal comfort locally where new urbanisation takes place and does not occur significantly in the central districts. A combination of near zero-energy standards and increasing albedo of building materials on the city scale accomplishes a maximum reduction of urban canyon temperature achieved by changes in urban parameters of 0.9 K for the minima and 0.2 K for the maxima. Local scale changes of different adaptation measures show that insulation of buildings alone increases the maximum wall surface temperatures by more than 10 K or the maximum mean radiant temperature (MRT) in the canyon by 5 K. Therefore, measures to reduce MRT within the urban canyons like tree shade are needed to complement the proposed measures. This study concludes that the rising air temperatures expected by climate change puts an unprecedented heat burden on Viennese inhabitants, which cannot easily be reduced by measures concerning buildings within the city itself. Additionally, measures such as planting trees to provide shade, regional water sensitive planning and global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce temperature extremes are required.

Published
2021
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6. Statistical-dynamical downscaling of the urban heat island in Hamburg, Germany

Author

Peter Hoffmann, Robert Schoetter, and K. Heinke Schlünzen

Subjects
downscaling, statistical-dynamical downscaling, climate modelling, numerical model, weather pattern, urban heat island, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

Regional climate models provide climate projections on a horizontal resolution in the order of 10 km. This is too coarse to sufficiently simulate urban climate related phenomena such as the urban heat island (UHI). Therefore, regional climate projections need to be downscaled. A statistical-dynamical method for the UHI was developed and applied to provide urban climate results at a high resolution with little computational costs. For the downscaling, weather situations relevant for the UHI are determined. This is done by combining objective weather pattern classification based on a k-means cluster analysis of ERA-40 reanalysis data and a regression-based statistical model of the observed UHI of Hamburg. The resulting days for each weather pattern are simulated with the mesoscale meteorological model METRAS at 1 km horizontal resolution. To obtain the average UHI for a climate period, the mesoscale model results are statistically recombined weighted by the frequency of the corresponding weather patterns. This is done for present-day climate (1971–2000) using reanalysis data to yield the current climate UHI. For the future climate periods 2036–2065 and 2070–2099 the results of regional climate projections are employed. Results are presented for Hamburg (Germany). The present day UHI pattern is well reproduced compared to temperature data based on floristic mapping data. The magnitude of the early night-time UHI is underestimated when compared to observed minimum temperature differences. The future UHI pattern does only slightly change towards the end of the 21st century based on A1B scenario results of the RCMs REMO and CLM. However, for CLM the number of days with high UHI intensities significantly increases mainly due to a decrease in near-surface relative humidity.

Published
2018
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7. Inclusion of CO2 flux modelling in an urban canopy layer model and an evaluation over an old European city centre

Author

Marine Goret, Valéry Masson, Robert Schoetter, and Marie-Pierre Moine

Subjects
Environmental pollution, TD172-193.5, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

In the context of climate change, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is a global concern. Recent publications estimate that 30–40% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gases are directly emitted by urban areas. This paper focuses on CO2, which is the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas, and presents an implementation of CO2 flux modelling in urban areas within the urban canopy model Town Energy Balance (TEB). Highly weather-dependent contributors to CO2 fluxes (buildings and vegetation) are explicitly modelled by TEB using the Building Energy Model (BEM) for buildings and Interactions between Soil, Biosphere and Atmosphere (ISBA) for urban vegetation. This approach allows the impacts of the urban microclimate on CO2 fluxes to be simulated. Non-weather-dependent contributors (traffic and human respiration) are simulated using simpler approaches. A sensitivity study applied to the centre of Toulouse, France, highlights the relevance of detailed input data related to traffic, building use and human behaviour to simulate accurate CO2 fluxes. The results show that traffic (48.5%) and buildings (42%) are the main contributors to the annual mean CO2 flux. A comparison of the model results with independent eddy-covariance flux data shows good agreement with a root mean square error of 15.3 μmol m−2 s−1 and demonstrates that the model is able to reproduce seasonally averaged daily cycles of CO2 fluxes. In future studies, this model can be used to quantify the impacts on CO2 fluxes of different urban development scenarios such as urban expansion, changes in urban form, changes in practices related to the heating of buildings or urban greening strategies. Keywords: CO2fluxes, Eddy covariance, Cities, Urban canopy layer model, Model evaluation

Published
2019
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8. Influence of large offshore wind farms on North German climate

Author

Marita Boettcher, Peter Hoffmann, Hermann-J. Lenhart, K. Heinke Schlünzen, and Robert Schoetter

Subjects
local climate, urban climate, regional climate, wind energy, urban heat island, numerical model, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

Wind farms impact the local meteorology by taking up kinetic energy from the wind field and by creating a large wake. The wake influences mean flow, turbulent fluxes and vertical mixing. In the present study, the influences of large offshore wind farms on the local summer climate are investigated by employing the mesoscale numerical model METRAS with and without wind farm scenarios. For this purpose, a parametrisation for wind turbines is implemented in METRAS. Simulations are done for a domain covering the northern part of Germany with focus on the urban summer climate of Hamburg. A statistical-dynamical downscaling is applied using a skill score to determine the required number of days to simulate the climate and the influence of large wind farms situated in the German Bight, about 100 km away from Hamburg.Depending on the weather situation, the impact of large offshore wind farms varies from nearly no influence up to cloud cover changes over land. The decrease in the wind speed is most pronounced in the local areas in and around the wind farms. Inside the wind farms, the sensible heat flux is reduced. This results in cooling of the climate summer mean for a large area in the northern part of Germany. Due to smaller momentum fluxes the latent heat flux is also reduced. Therefore, the specific humidity is lower but because of the cooling, the relative humidity has no clear signal. The changes in temperature and relative humidity are more wide spread than the decrease of wind speed. Hamburg is located in the margins of the influenced region. Even if the influences are small, the urban effects of Hamburg become more relevant than in the present and the off-shore wind farms slightly intensify the summer urban heat island.

Published
2015
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9. Impact of local adaptation measures and regional climate change on perceived temperature

Author

Robert Schoetter, David Grawe, Peter Hoffmann, Peter Kirschner, Angelika Grätz, and K. Heinke Schlünzen

Subjects
perceived temperature, sensitivity, automatic differentiation, adaptation to climate change, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

The perceived temperature (PT) is a measure for the quantification of human thermal comfort developed by the German Meteorological Service (DWD). In the present article, the sensitivity of PT on air temperature, water vapour pressure, wind speed, mean radiant temperature, street canyon width, and building heights is investigated. The mesoscale atmospheric model METRAS is integrated for a domain covering the city of Hamburg at 250 m horizontal resolution to calculate the meteorological input data for PT. The sensitivities of PT are determined by automatic differentiation of the basic DWD program. The sensitivities show how local adaptation measures and regional climate change can influence PT. The sensitivities also allow to estimate how accurate different input variables need to be known in order to achieve a desired accuracy in PT. The results are discussed in detail for 10 June 2007, a cloudless day with advection of warm air masses from south-east. A comparison with results obtained for different synoptic situations during summer is made. The sensitivities of PT on air temperature, water vapour pressure and mean radiant temperature are higher during warm and humid conditions than in situations with thermal comfort. The sensitivity of PT on wind speed is highest for low wind speeds. Around noon, increasing the building heights by 5 m can reduce PT up to 2.4 K due to shading effects in street canyons with aspect ratios above 0.5. After sunset, increasing the building heights by 5 m tends to moderately increase PT due to increased longwave radiation.

Published
2013
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11. Model of Spectral and Directional Radiative Transfer in Complex Urban Canopies with Participating Atmospheres

Author

Cyril Caliot, Robert Schoetter, Vincent Forest, Vincent Eymet, Tin-Yuet Chung, Laboratoire de Mathématiques et de leurs Applications [Pau] (LMAP), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-21-CE46-0013,MC2,Simulations Monte-Carlo pour la Météorologie et la Climatologie(2021)

Subjects
Thermal infrared radiation, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Atmospheric Science, Three-dimensional radiative transfer, Urban form, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Solar radiation, Reference Monte Carlo method
Abstract

International audience; Thermal heat transfers, including solar and infrared radiation in cities, are key processes for studying urban heat islands, outdoor human thermal comfort, energy consumption, and production. Thus, accurate radiative transfer models are required to compute the solar and infrared fluxes in complex urban geometry accounting for the spectral and directional properties of the atmosphere and city fabric materials. In addition, these reference models may be used to evaluate existing parametrization models of radiative heat transfer and to develop new ones. The present article introduces a new reference model for outdoor radiative exchange based on the backward Monte Carlo method. The integral formulations of the direct and scattered solar, and the terrestrial infrared radiative flux densities are presented. This model can take into account the ground (e.g., roads, grass), different types of buildings and vegetation (e.g., trees consisting of opaque leaves and trunks) with their spectral and directional (Lambertian and specular) reflectivity of materials. Numerical validations of the algorithm are presented against the results of a state-of-the-art model based on the radiosity method for the particular case of an infinitely long street canyon. In addition, the convergence of urban solar radiation budgets is studied for a selection of urban complex geometries including

Published
2022

13. Toward a Local Climate Zone-based drag and mixing length parametrization for the urban environment

Author

Tim Nagel, Robert Schoetter, Victor Bourgin, Valéry Masson, and Emma Onofri

Abstract

To prepare future urban climate modelling and numerical weather prediction at the hectometer scale in cities with heterogeneous morphology and high-rise buildings, urban climate models have to be coupled at multiple levels with atmospheric models. Vertical profiles of the building drag coefficient and the urban mixing length need to be specified to parametrize the effect of the buildings on the flow. Building-resolving micro-scale simulations can be employed to derive these quantities.In the present contribution, micro-scale large-eddy simulations of eleven Local Climate Zone (LCZ) based urban morphologies with various building plan and frontal density are used to provide velocity, sectional drag coefficient and mixing length reference vertical profiles for the urban environment. The micro-scale simulations, which are of 1-m resolution in both horizontal and vertical directions, are performed with the MesoNH meteorological research model. This model represents explicitly the obstacles with the Immersed Boundary Method and accounts for the impact of the large-scale turbulence structures on the urban canopy thanks to dynamical downscaling and embedded numerical domains using the grid nesting method. The micro-scale results show that, contrary to traditional assumptions, the velocity profile is generally not exponential and the mixing length is not constant in the urban canopy. This is in agreement with more recent research. The results also show that the building frontal density seems to be a key parameter for the shape of the velocity profile, within and directly above the urban canopy.The sectional drag and mixing length profiles are then used to propose a new LCZ-based parametrization for the wind dynamics in the urban environment when using the Meso-NH model at the hectometer scale. The results show that the proposed parametrization is more efficient than the current one, consisting in a constant drag coefficient and no specific modification of the turbulent mixing length scale in the urban environment. These results open new perspectives to better parametrize the dynamic effects of real urban areas at the hectometer scale.

Published
2022

14. The 'teapot in a city': A paradigm shift in urban climate modeling: Review

Author

Najda Villefranque, Frédéric Hourdin, Louis d’Alençon, Stéphane Blanco, Olivier Boucher, Cyril Caliot, Christophe Coustet, Jérémi Dauchet, Mouna El Hafi, Vincent Eymet, Olivier Farges, Vincent Forest, Richard Fournier, Jacques Gautrais, Valéry Masson, Benjamin Piaud, Robert Schoetter, Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de Mathématiques et de leurs Applications [Pau] (LMAP), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Méso-Star, Institut Pascal (IP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national polytechnique Clermont Auvergne (INP Clermont Auvergne), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Centre de recherche d'Albi en génie des procédés des solides divisés, de l'énergie et de l'environnement (RAPSODEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux (IMT Mines Albi), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire Énergies et Mécanique Théorique et Appliquée (LEMTA ), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale - UMR5169 (CRCA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-21-CE46-0013,MC2,Simulations Monte-Carlo pour la Météorologie et la Climatologie(2021), and ANR-18-CE46-0012,MCG-Rad,Calcul par Monte-Carlo des forçages radiatifs à l'échelle globale(2018)

Subjects
[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Multidisciplinary
Abstract

International audience; Urban areas are a high-stake target of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. To understand, predict, and improve the energy performance of cities, the scientific community develops numerical models that describe how they interact with the atmosphere through heat and moisture exchanges at all scales. In this review, we present recent advances that are at the origin of last decade’s revolution in computer graphics, and recent breakthroughs in statistical physics that extend well-established path-integral formulations to nonlinear coupled models. We argue that this rare conjunction of scientific advances in mathematics, physics, computer, and engineering sciences opens promising avenues for urban climate modeling and illustrate this with coupled heat transfer simulations in complex urban geometries under complex atmospheric conditions. We highlight the potential of these approaches beyond urban climate modeling for the necessary appropriation of the issues at the heart of the energy transition by societies.

Published
2022

16. Refined dataset to describe the complex urban environment of Hong Kong for urban climate modelling studies at the mesoscale

Author

Chao Ren, Yu Ting Kwok, Cécile de Munck, Kevin Ka-Lun Lau, and Robert Schoetter

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, education.field_of_study, geography, Geographic information system, geography.geographical_feature_category, Land use, business.industry, Population, Environmental resource management, Urban morphology, Land cover, Urban area, Urban climate, Impervious surface, Environmental science, education, business
Abstract

Urban climate models are indispensable tools for the evaluation of climatic risks faced by the growing urban population. In order to accurately simulate the urban surface energy balance at a high spatial resolution, it is important to provide models with detailed input data that can adequately describe the spatial variation of land covers, urban morphology, construction materials, and building functions within an urban area. Using Hong Kong—a city well-known for its complex, high-rise urban environment—as the testing ground, this study aims to present a geographic information system–based workflow for the construction of a refined urban database. Firstly, maps of land cover tiles, pervious and impervious surface fractions, building height, and other input parameters required by mesoscale atmospheric models are derived from multiple data sources including administrative building data, satellite images, and land use surveys. Secondly, a total of 18 representative building archetypes, with their corresponding architectural characteristics and occupant behaviour schedules, are defined. This allows for models to take into account the radiative, thermal, and dynamic interactions between buildings and the atmosphere, as well as the anthropogenic heat fluxes. Finally, locally adapted ranges of urban morphological parameters for the different local climate zones (LCZs) are derived, enabling the expansion of data coverage to neighbouring areas of Hong Kong, where detailed urban data are not readily available. Uncertainties of the refined database and limitations of the LCZ scheme are also discussed so that a similar approach may be adapted and applied to other cities in the world.

Published
2020

17. Towards decarbonisation targets by changing setpoint temperature to avoid building overcooling and implementing district cooling in (sub)tropical high-density cities - A case study of Hong Kong

Author

Yu Ting Kwok, Robert Schoetter, and Edward Ng

Subjects
Cold Temperature, Environmental Engineering, Hot Temperature, Temperature, Environmental Chemistry, Hong Kong, Air Conditioning, Cities, Pollution, Waste Management and Disposal
Abstract

Climate warming, rapid economic development, and urbanisation in (sub)tropical regions lead to increasing electricity demand for building air-conditioning that could jeopardise the efforts of decarbonisation required to meet the climate change mitigation goals. This study investigates two strategies to reduce building energy consumption due to air-conditioning: 1) the bottom-up adoption of an Adaptive Thermal Comfort (ATC)-based cooling setpoint temperature and 2) the top-down implementation of efficient District Cooling Systems (DCS). The subtropical high-density city of Hong Kong is chosen for case study since detailed data on the city's current and realistic future urban form and function are available. Numerical simulations representing the feedback between urban climate and building energy consumption are conducted by employing a mesoscale atmospheric model coupled to an urban climate and building energy model for a scenario of future (mid-21st century) Hong Kong. A prolonged high temperature event representative of future extreme conditions is simulated, during which the ATC and DCS strategies reduce building cooling energy consumption by 9.7% and 5.9%, respectively. The ATC has almost no effect on the local meteorological conditions, whereas the DCS reduces daytime sensible heat flux by up to 600 W/m

Published
2021

18. A statistical–dynamical downscaling methodology for the urban heat island applied to the EURO-CORDEX ensemble

Author

Aude Lemonsu, Robert Schoetter, Benjamin Le Roy, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0207 environmental engineering, Mesoscale meteorology, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric model, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Climatology, Urban climate, Environmental science, Climate model, Precipitation, Urban heat island, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Downscaling
Abstract

Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are the primary climate information available to public stakeholders and city-planners to support local adaptation policies. However, with resolution in the order of ten kilometres, RCMs do not explicitly represent cities and their influence on local climate (e.g. Urban Heat Island; UHI). Downscaling methods are required to bridge the gap between RCMs and city scale. A statistical–dynamical downscaling methodology is developed to quantify the UHI of the city of Paris (France), based on a Local Weather Types (LWTs) classification combined with short-term high-resolution (1-km) urban climate simulations. The daily near-surface temperature amplitude, specific humidity, precipitation, wind speed and direction simulated by the RCMs are used for the LWTs attribution. The LWTs time series is associated to randomly selected days simulated with the mesoscale atmospheric model Meso-NH coupled to the urban canopy model Town Energy Balance to calculate the UHI corresponding to the successive LWTs. The downscaling methodology is applied to the EURO-CORDEX ensemble driven by the ERA-Interim reanalysis, and evaluated for the 2000–2008 period against station observations and a 2.5-km reanalysis. The short-term dynamical simulations slightly underestimate and overestimate near-surface minimum and maximum air temperature respectively, but capture the UHI intensity with biases in the order of a tenth of a degree. RCMs show significant differences in the variables used for the LWTs attribution, but the seasonal LWT frequencies are captured. Consequently, the reconstructed temperature fields maintain the small biases of the Meso-NH simulations and the statistical–dynamical downscaling greatly improves the UHI compared to the raw data of RCMs.

Published
2021

22. WRF‐TEB: Implementation and Evaluation of the Coupled Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Town Energy Balance (TEB) Model

Author

Robert Schoetter, Sue Grimmond, A. Verrelle, David Meyer, M. van Reeuwijk, Mukul Tewari, Jimy Dudhia, Maik Riechert, Valéry Masson, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
PARAMETERIZATION, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, IMPACT, Energy balance, Oceanography, %22">model development, 01 natural sciences, Software, model development, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, WATER, Urban heat island, 0303 health sciences, Global and Planetary Change, Microphysics, Town Energy Balance, GB3-5030, %22">scientific reproducibility, Boundary layer, Physical Sciences, SIMULATION, %22">Town Energy Balance, Physical geography, Meteorology, Integration testing, URBAN CANOPY MODEL, Weather Research and Forecasting, GC1-1581, 03 medical and health sciences, Environmental Chemistry, ANTHROPOGENIC HEAT, building energy, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Coupling, scientific reproducibility, Science & Technology, %22">urban meteorology, %22">Weather Research and Forecasting, business.industry, CONSUMPTION, urban meteorology, CLIMATE, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Weather Research and Forecasting Model, ONLINE CHEMISTRY, %22">building energy, TURBULENCE, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, 0401 Atmospheric Sciences, business
Abstract

Urban land surface processes need to be represented to inform future urban climate and building energy projections. Here, the single layer urban canopy model Town Energy Balance (TEB) is coupled to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to create WRF‐TEB. The coupling method is described generically, implemented into software, and the code and data are released with a Singularity image to address issues of scientific reproducibility. The coupling is implemented modularly and verified by an integration test. Results show no detectable errors in the coupling. Separately, a meteorological evaluation is undertaken using observations from Toulouse, France. The latter evaluation, during an urban canopy layer heat island episode, shows reasonable ability to estimate turbulent heat flux densities and other meteorological quantities. We conclude that new model couplings should make use of integration tests as meteorological evaluations by themselves are insufficient, given that errors are difficult to attribute because of the interplay between observational errors and multiple parameterization schemes (e.g., radiation, microphysics, and boundary layer).

Published
2020

25. Statistical prediction of the nocturnal urban heat island intensity based on urban morphology and geographical factors - An investigation based on numerical model results for a large ensemble of French cities

Author

Nathalie Long, Thomas Gardes, Valéry Masson, Robert Schoetter, Eva Marquès, Julia Hidalgo, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires (LISST), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), and Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Urban agglomeration, Population, Urban morphology, Context (language use), Atmospheric model, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 13. Climate action, Urban planning, Climatology, Urbanization, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Urban heat island, education, Waste Management and Disposal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Taking into account meteorological data in urban planning increases in relevance in the context of changing climate and enhanced urbanisation. The present article focusses on the nocturnal urban heat island intensity (UHII) simulated with a physically based atmospheric model for >200,000 Reference Spatial Units (RSU), which correspond to building patches delimited by roads or water bodies in 42 French urban agglomerations. First are investigated the statistical relationships between the UHII and six predictors: Local Climate Zone, distance to the agglomeration centre, population, distance to the coast, climatic region, and elevation differences. It is found that the maximum UHII of an agglomeration increases proportional to the logarithm of its population, decreases for cities closer than 10 km to the coast, and is shaped by the regional climate. Secondly, a Random Forest model and a regression-based model are developed to predict the UHII based on the predictors. The advantage of the regression-based model is that it is easier to understand than the black box Random Forest model. The Random Forest model is able to predict the UHII with

Published
2020

26. A statistical-dynamical downscaling for the urban heat island and building energy consumption - Analysis of Its uncertainties

Author

Renaud Jougla, Robert Schoetter, Valéry Masson, Julien Pergaud, Mario Rega, Julia Hidalgo, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires (LISST), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-13-VBDU-0004,MApUCE,Modélisation Appliquée et droit de l'Urbanisme : Climat urbain et Énergie(2013), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), and Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Consumption (economics), Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Building energy, Context (language use), 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Climate change mitigation, 13. Climate action, Urban planning, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 11. Sustainability, Environmental science, Urban heat island, business, Adaptation (computer science), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Downscaling
Abstract

High-resolution maps of the urban heat island (UHI) and building energy consumption are relevant for urban planning in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation. A statistical–dynamical downscaling for these parameters is proposed in the present study. It combines a statistical local weather type approach with dynamical simulations using the mesoscale atmospheric model Meso-NH coupled to the urban canopy model Town Energy Balance. The downscaling is subject to uncertainties related to the weather type approach (statistical uncertainty) and to the numerical models (dynamical uncertainty). These uncertainties are quantified for two French cities (Toulouse and Dijon) for which long-term dense high-quality observations are available. The seasonal average nocturnal UHI intensity is simulated with less than 0.2 K bias for Dijon, but it is overestimated by up to 0.8 K for Toulouse. The sensitivity of the UHI intensity to weather type is, on average, captured by Meso-NH. The statistical uncertainty is as large as the dynamical uncertainty if only one day is simulated for each weather type. It can be considerably reduced if 3–6 days are taken instead. The UHI reduces the building energy consumption by 10% in the center of Toulouse; it should therefore be taken into account in the production of building energy consumption maps.

Published
2020

27. Can climate adaptation solutions fix the urban heat island? An assessment of the thermal conditions during heat waves in Vienna impacted by climate change and urban development scenarios for the mid-21st-century

Author

Paul Hamer, Heidelinde Trimmel, Philipp Weihs, Stéphanie Faroux, Herbert Formayer, Kristofer Hasel, Johannes Laiminghofer, David Leidinger, Valéry Masson, Imran Nadeem, Sandro Oswald, Michael Revesz, and Robert Schoetter

Abstract

Climate change threatens to exacerbate existing problems in urban areas arising from the urban heat island. Furthermore, expansion of urban areas and rising urban populations will increase the numbers of people exposed to hazards in these vulnerable areas. We therefore urgently need study of these environments and in-depth assessment of potential climate adaptation measures.We present a study of heat wave impacts across the urban landscape of Vienna for different future development pathways and for both present and future climatic conditions. We have created two different urban development scenarios that estimate potential urban sprawl and optimized development concerning future building construction in Vienna and have built a digital representation of each within the Town Energy Balance (TEB) urban surface model. In addition, we select two heat waves of similar frequency of return representative for present and future conditions (following the RCP8.5 scenario) of the mid 21st century and use the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) to simulate both heat wave events. We then couple the two representations urban Vienna in TEB with the WRF heat wave simulations to estimate air temperature, surface temperatures and human thermal comfort during the heat waves. We then identify and apply a set of adaptation measures within TEB to try to identify potential solutions to the problems associated with the urban heat island.Global and regional climate change under the RCP8.5 scenario causes the future heat wave to be more severe showing an increase of daily maximum air temperature in Vienna by 7 K; the daily minimum air temperature will increase by 2-4 K. We find that changes caused by urban growth or densification mainly affect air temperature and human thermal comfort local to where new urbanisation takes place and does not occur significantly in the existing central districts.Exploring adaptation solutions, we find that a combination of near zero-energy standards and increasing albedo of building materials on the city scale accomplishes a maximum reduction of urban canyon temperature of 0.9 K for the minima and 0.2 K for the maxima. Local scale changes of different adaption measures show that insulation of buildings alone increases the maximum wall surface temperatures by more than 10 K or the maximum mean radiant temperature (MRT) in the canyon by 5 K. Therefore, additional adaptation to reduce MRT within the urban canyons like tree shade are needed to complement the proposed measures.This study concludes that the rising air temperatures expected by climate change puts an unprecedented heat burden on Viennese inhabitants, which cannot easily be reduced by measures concerning buildings within the city itself. Additionally, measures such as planting trees to provide shade, regional water sensitive planning and global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce temperature extremes are required.We are now actively seeking to apply this set of tools to a wider set of cases in order to try to find effective solutions to projected warming resulting from climate change in urban areas.

Published
2020

28. City-descriptive input data for urban climate models: Model requirements, data sources and challenges

Author

Wieke Heldens, Yu Ting Kwok, Aude Lemonsu, Gwendall Petit, Cornelia Burmeister, Valéry Masson, Marion Bonhomme, Björn Maronga, Linda See, Robert Schoetter, Farah Kanani-Sühring, Julia Hidalgo, Dirk Pavlik, Cécile de Munck, Julian Zeidler, Jean-Pierre Lévy, Nathalie Tornay, Thomas Esch, Athanasios Votsis, Erwan Bocher, Bénédicte Bucher, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum / German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Lab-STICC_CNRS_CID_DECIDE, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l'Information Géographique (LaSTIG), École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN), Laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Sociétés (LATTS), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Leibniz University Hannover, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Ecosystems Services and Management, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria, Laboratoire de recherche en architecture (LRA), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse (ENSA Toulouse), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Conception Objet et Généralisation de l'Information Topographique (COGIT), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires (LISST), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM), Lab-STICC_UBS_CID_DECIDE, École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Leibniz Universität Hannover=Leibniz University Hannover, Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse (ENSA Toulouse), Modèles et simulation pour l'architecture, l'urbanisme et le paysage (MAP), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-EC ARCHIT NANCY-EC ARCHIT TOULOUSE-EC ARCHIT MARSEILLE-EC ARCHIT LYON-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cartographie et Géomatique (COGIT), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (UMR 3192) (Lab-STICC), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Geographic information system, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geography, Planning and Development, Population, Urban studies, Land cover, 010501 environmental sciences, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Building design, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 01 natural sciences, Urban climate, urban climate, 11. Sustainability, Urban heat island, Dynamik der Landoberfläche, education, Spatial analysis, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, model requirements, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, education.field_of_study, [INFO.INFO-DB]Computer Science [cs]/Databases [cs.DB], business.industry, Environmental resource management, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 15. Life on land, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Urban Studies, Geography, 13. Climate action, business
Abstract

International audience; Cities are particularly vulnerable to meteorological hazards because of the concentration of population, goods, capital stock and infrastructure. Urban climate services require multi-disciplinary and multi-sectorial approaches and new paradigms in urban climate modelling. This paper classifies the required urban input data for both mesoscale state-of-the-art Urban Canopy Models (UCMs) and microscale Obstacle Resolving Models (ORM) into five categories and reviews the ways in which they can be obtained. The first two categories are (1) land cover, and (2) building morphology. These govern the main interactions between the city and the urban climate and the Urban Heat Island. Interdependence between morphological parameters and UCM geometric hypotheses are discussed. Building height, plan and wall area densities are recommended as the main input variables for UCMs, whereas ORMs require 3D building data. Recently, three other categories of urban data became relevant for finer urban studies and adaptation to climate change: (3) building design and architecture, (4) building use, anthropogenic heat and socio-economic data, and (5) urban vegetation data. Several methods for acquiring spatial information are reviewed, including remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) processing from administrative cadasters, expert knowledge and crowdsourcing. Data availability, data harmonization, costs/efficiency trade-offs and future challenges are then discussed.

Published
2020

29. Multi-layer coupling between SURFEX-TEB-v9.0 and Meso-NH-v5.3 for modelling the urban climate of high-rise cities

Author

Cécile de Munck, Yu Ting Kwok, Valéry Masson, Robert Schoetter, Kevin Ka-Lun Lau, Wai Kin Wong, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Partenariat Hubert Curien PROCORE-2019 (grant no. 42552SL/F-CUHK403/18)

Subjects
Source code, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Scale (ratio), Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Mesoscale meteorology, Energy balance, Atmospheric model, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, Atmosphere, Urban climate, Research article, Model development, Aerospace engineering, Multi layer, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, High rise, Advection, business.industry, lcsh:QE1-996.5, lcsh:Geology, Coupling (computer programming), Scripting language, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental science, business, computer
Abstract

Urban canopy models (UCMs) represent the exchange of momentum, heat, and moisture between cities and the atmosphere. Single-layer UCMs interact with the lowest atmospheric model level and are suited for low- to mid-rise cities, whereas multi-layer UCMs interact with multiple levels and can also be employed for high-rise cities. The present study describes the multi-layer coupling between the Town Energy Balance (TEB) UCM included in the Surface Externalisée (SURFEX) land surface model and the Meso-NH mesoscale atmospheric model. This is a step towards better high-resolution weather prediction for urban areas in the future and studies quantifying the impact of climate change adaptation measures in high-rise cities. The effect of the buildings on the wind is considered using a drag force and a production term in the prognostic equation for turbulent kinetic energy. The heat and moisture fluxes from the walls and the roofs to the atmosphere are released at the model levels intersecting these urban facets. No variety of building height at grid-point scale is considered to remain the consistency between the modification of the Meso-NH equations and the geometric assumptions of TEB. The multi-layer coupling is evaluated for the heterogeneous high-rise, high-density city of Hong Kong. It leads to a strong improvement of model results for near-surface air temperature and relative humidity, which is due to better consideration of the process of horizontal advection in the urban canopy layer. For wind speed, model results are improved on average by the multi-layer coupling but not for all stations. Future developments of the multi-layer SURFEX-TEB will focus on improving the calculation of radiative exchanges, which will allow a variety of building heights at grid-point scale to be taken into account.

Published
2020

30. Statistical-dynamical downscaling of the urban heat island in Hamburg, Germany

Author

K. Heinke Schlünzen, Robert Schoetter, and Peter Hoffmann

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, statistical-dynamical downscaling, Meteorology, weather pattern, downscaling, Environmental science, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, urban heat island, lcsh:QC851-999, Urban heat island, climate modelling, numerical model, Downscaling
Abstract

Regional climate models provide climate projections on a horizontal resolution in the order of 10 km. This is too coarse to sufficiently simulate urban climate related phenomena such as the urban heat island (UHI). Therefore, regional climate projections need to be downscaled. A statistical-dynamical method for the UHI was developed and applied to provide urban climate results at a high resolution with little computational costs. For the downscaling, weather situations relevant for the UHI are determined. This is done by combining objective weather pattern classification based on a k-means cluster analysis of ERA-40 reanalysis data and a regression-based statistical model of the observed UHI of Hamburg. The resulting days for each weather pattern are simulated with the mesoscale meteorological model METRAS at 1 km horizontal resolution. To obtain the average UHI for a climate period, the mesoscale model results are statistically recombined weighted by the frequency of the corresponding weather patterns. This is done for present-day climate (1971-2000) using reanalysis data to yield the current climate UHI. For the future climate periods 2036-2065 and 2070-2099 the results of regional climate projections are employed. Results are presented for Hamburg (Germany). The present day UHI pattern is well reproduced compared to temperature data based on floristic mapping data. The magnitude of the early night-time UHI is underestimated when compared to observed minimum temperature differences. The future UHI pattern does only slightly change towards the end of the 21st century based on A1B scenario results of the RCMs REMO and CLM. However, for CLM the number of days with high UHI intensities significantly increases mainly due to a decrease in near-surface relative humidity.

Published
2018

31. Inclusion of CO2 flux modelling in an urban canopy layer model and an evaluation over an old European city centre

Author

Robert Schoetter, Marine Goret, Marie-Pierre Moine, Valéry Masson, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and CERFACS

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Microclimate, Energy balance, Biosphere, Climate change, Context (language use), Vegetation, lcsh:QC851-999, 15. Life on land, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental pollution, 13. Climate action, Urban planning, Greenhouse gas, lcsh:TD172-193.5, 11. Sustainability, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

In the context of climate change, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is a global concern. Recent publications estimate that 30–40% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gases are directly emitted by urban areas. This paper focuses on CO2, which is the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas, and presents an implementation of CO2 flux modelling in urban areas within the urban canopy model Town Energy Balance (TEB). Highly weather-dependent contributors to CO2 fluxes (buildings and vegetation) are explicitly modelled by TEB using the Building Energy Model (BEM) for buildings and Interactions between Soil, Biosphere and Atmosphere (ISBA) for urban vegetation. This approach allows the impacts of the urban microclimate on CO2 fluxes to be simulated. Non-weather-dependent contributors (traffic and human respiration) are simulated using simpler approaches. A sensitivity study applied to the centre of Toulouse, France, highlights the relevance of detailed input data related to traffic, building use and human behaviour to simulate accurate CO2 fluxes. The results show that traffic (48.5%) and buildings (42%) are the main contributors to the annual mean CO2 flux. A comparison of the model results with independent eddy-covariance flux data shows good agreement with a root mean square error of 15.3 μmol m−2 s−1 and demonstrates that the model is able to reproduce seasonally averaged daily cycles of CO2 fluxes. In future studies, this model can be used to quantify the impacts on CO2 fluxes of different urban development scenarios such as urban expansion, changes in urban form, changes in practices related to the heating of buildings or urban greening strategies. Keywords: CO2fluxes, Eddy covariance, Cities, Urban canopy layer model, Model evaluation

Published
2019

32. Caractérisation du tissu urbain français pour la modélisation du climat urbain et de son interaction avec la consommation énergétique dans les bâtiments

Author

Margot Pellegrino, Alexandre Amossé, Christine Plumejeaud, Nathalie Tornay, Valéry Masson, Nathalie Long, Julia Hidalgo, Erwan Bocher, Serge Faraut, Alexis Bourgeois, Thomas Gardes, Jean-Pierre Lévy, Marine Goret, Jérémy Bernard, Marion Bonhomme, Gwendall Petit, Cyril Poitevin, Robert Schoetter, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de recherche en architecture (LRA), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse (ENSA Toulouse), Lab-STICC_CNRS_CID_DECIDE, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Sociétés (LATTS), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires (LISST), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LAB'URBA (LAB'URBA), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse (ENSA Toulouse), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 (LIENSs), Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
changement climatique, [INFO.INFO-DB]Computer Science [cs]/Databases [cs.DB], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, matériaux de construction, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, TEB (Town Energy Balance, ICU (îlot de chaleur urbain), [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, paramétrisation, morphologie, 13. Climate action, 11. Sustainability, ville, consommationénergétique, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, attenuation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, climat urbain
Abstract

International audience; This article presents the construction of a dataset describing French cities in terms of morphology, construction materials, and human behaviour related to building energy consumption. It describes an improvement of the urban climate model TEB to take into account the variety of building use and human behaviour at district scale. These developments are useful for modeling the urban climate and its interaction with building energy consumption and can help to better quantify the effect of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in French cities.; Cet article présente l'assemblage d'un jeu de données caractérisant les villes françaises en termes de morphologie, matériaux de construction et comportements énergétiques. Il expose une amélioration du modèle de climat urbain TEB pour prendre en compte une variété d'usages et de comportements énergétiques à l'échelle du quartier. Ces développements permettent de modéliser le climat urbain et son interaction avec la consommation énergétique dans les bâtiments et aideront à mieux quantifier l'effet de mesures d'atténuation et d'adaptation face au changement climatique dans les villes françaises.

Published
2019

33. Comparison between local climate zones maps derived from administrative datasets and satellite observations

Author

Guillaume Dumas, Michael Foley, Erwan Bocher, Gerald Mills, Julia Hidalgo, Valéry Masson, Benjamin Bechtel, Gwendall Petit, Robert Schoetter, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires (LISST), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lab-STICC_UBS_CID_DECIDE, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Universität Hamburg (UHH), Lab-STICC_CNRS_CID_DECIDE, École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), WUDAPT, ANR-13-VBDU-0004,MApUCE,Modélisation Appliquée et droit de l'Urbanisme : Climat urbain et Énergie(2013), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), and Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geography, Planning and Development, 010501 environmental sciences, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, Building density, 11. Sustainability, Satellite imagery, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Climate zones, MApUCE, [INFO.INFO-DB]Computer Science [cs]/Databases [cs.DB], [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Conurbation, Building typology, Urban Studies, WUDAPT, Urban databases, 13. Climate action, Satellite, Local climate zones, Cartography, Geology, LCZ
Abstract

International audience; This paper proposes a method for generating maps of Local Climate Zones (LCZs) within a GIS using administrative and 2.5D building databases. The LCZs are computed from morphological indicators and building typology, on vector reference spatial units that correspond to urban islets,i.e. blocks of buildings surrounded by nearby roads. The main originality is that, while mean building height criteria correspond exactly to the LCZ classification, a k-means statistical method is used to determine, for each city, the limits between compact and open (and sparsely built) LCZsfor high-, mid- and low-rise LCZs, respectively. For example, in SO12 LCZ look-up tables and the WUDAPT-L0 mapping approach, “compact” LCZs correspond to a building density of over 40%.The resulting groups for Nantes, Toulouse and Paris for mid-height, treated with the proposed statistical method, are 36%, 37% and 33.8% respectively. The LCZ maps for these three cities are compared to the WUDAPT LCZ maps, the latter being obtained from satellite imagery at a re-solution of 100 m. MApUCE LCZ maps show more spatial details, due to their finer resolution, and more variety in urban LCZs within each conurbation. This is very important for modeling micro-climatic effects on town peripheries.

Published
2019

34. Influence of the urban morphology on the urban heat island intensity: an approach based on the Local Climate Zone classification

Author

Julia Hidalgo, Valéry Masson, Robert Schoetter, Thomas Gardes, and Nathalie Long

Subjects
Urban climate, Local climate zone, Urban morphology, Environmental science, Physical geography, Urban heat island, Intensity (heat transfer)
Abstract

This article presents the development and application to a set of French urban agglomerations of a method for Local Climate Zones (LCZ) attribution using the open-source language R. The LCZs classify the urban fabric at high spatial scale (such as a block of houses) according to its morphological characteristicsand land use. The LCZ classification is carried out for 42 urban agglomerations and is then related to urban heat island intensity (UHII) obtained from numerical simulations at a spatial resolution of 250m. The objective is to study the adequacy of the LCZ classification to characterise the impact of urban morphology on the UHII. The variance analysis (ANOVA) carried out confirms the highly significant relationship between LCZs and the UHII for a given urban agglomeration. For all the urban agglomerations in the sample, linear regression models show a significant correlation between the percentages of surface covered by different LCZ and the mean UHII for the time periods tested (21-23 UTC), with adjusted coefficients of determination higher than 0.40.

Published
2018

35. Overview of the Meso-NH model version 5.4 and its applications

Author

Christine Lac, Jean-Pierre Chaboureau, Valéry Masson, Jean-Pierre Pinty, Pierre Tulet, Juan Escobar, Maud Leriche, Christelle Barthe, Benjamin Aouizerats, Clotilde Augros, Pierre Aumond, Franck Auguste, Peter Bechtold, Sarah Berthet, Soline Bieilli, Frédéric Bosseur, Olivier Caumont, Jean-Martial Cohard, Jeanne Colin, Fleur Couvreux, Joan Cuxart, Gaëlle Delautier, Thibaut Dauhut, Véronique Ducrocq, Jean-Baptiste Filippi, Didier Gazen, Olivier Geoffroy, François Gheusi, Rachel Honnert, Jean-Philippe Lafore, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Quentin Libois, Thibaut Lunet, Céline Mari, Tomislav Maric, Patrick Mascart, Maxime Mogé, Gilles Molinié, Olivier Nuissier, Florian Pantillon, Philippe Peyrillé, Julien Pergaud, Emilie Perraud, Joris Pianezze, Jean-Luc Redelsperger, Didier Ricard, Evelyne Richard, Sébastien Riette, Quentin Rodier, Robert Schoetter, Léo Seyfried, Joël Stein, Karsten Suhre, Marie Taufour, Odile Thouron, Sandra Turner, Antoine Verrelle, Benoît Vié, Florian Visentin, Vincent Vionnet, and Philippe Wautelet

Subjects
Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

This paper presents the Meso-NH model version 5.4. Meso-NH is an atmospheric non hydrostatic research model that is applied to a broad range of resolutions, from synoptic to turbulent scales, and is designed for studies of physics and chemistry. It is a limited-area model employing advanced numerical techniques, including monotonic advection schemes for scalar transport and fourth-order centered or odd-order WENO advection schemes for momentum. The model includes state-of- the-art physics parameterization schemes that are important to represent convective-scale phenomena and turbulent eddies, as well as flows at larger scales. In addition, Meso-NH has been expanded to provide capabilities for a range of Earth system prediction applications such as chemistry and aerosols, electricity and lightning, hydrology, wildland fires, volcanic eruptions and cyclones with ocean coupling. Here, we present the main innovations to the dynamics and physics of the code since the pioneer paper of Lafore et al. (1998) and provide an overview of recent applications and couplings.

Published
2018

36. Stadtklima in Hamburg

Author

Marita Boettcher, David Grawe, Robert Schoetter, Saskia Buchholz, Benjamin Bechtel, Sarah Wiesner, Wolfgang Riecke, Kristina Trusilova, Ronny Petrik, K. Heinke Schlünzen, and Peter Hoffmann

Abstract

Weltweit lebt jeder zweite Mensch in einer Stadt; in Deutschland leben sogar etwa 76 % der Bevolkerung in stadtischen Gebieten (◉ Abb. 3.1). Schatzungen der kunftigen Bevolkerungsentwicklung zeigen eine noch starker zunehmende Urbanisierung (◉ Abb. 3.1) mit geschatzten 8 von 10 Burgern, die bis zur Mitte dieses Jahrhunderts in Deutschland in einem Stadtgebiet leben werden. Die Urbanisierung ist auch in der Metropolregion Hamburg (MRH) hoch und hoher als im weltweiten Durchschnitt. Von den etwa 4,3 Mio. Menschen (Metropolregion 2009) leben allein 55 % in den 20 grosten Stadten (mehr als 25.000 Einwohner). Daher ist es von groster Bedeutung, die Zusammenhange von Klima und Stadtklima zu verstehen und zu analysieren, wie sich beides in Zukunft entwickeln wird.

Published
2018

37. Projected increase in diurnal and interdiurnal variations of European summer temperatures

Author

S. Parey, Robert Schoetter, Hervé Douville, Pascal Yiou, and Julien Cattiaux

Subjects
Coupled model intercomparison project, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Evapotranspiration, Diurnal temperature variation, Diurnal range, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Climate change, Environmental science, Mean radiant temperature, Water content, Cloud radiative effect
Abstract

Beyond the mean warming, climate change may modify the temperature variability, with consequences on extreme events causing societal and environmental impacts. Here we assess future changes in both the interdiurnal variability (ITV) and diurnal range (DTR) of European summer temperatures based on Fifth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project projections under three 21st century scenarios. Both indices are projected to increase, with a rather good model agreement on the sign, while uncertainties remain on the amplitude. Extremely high day-to-day and diurnal temperature variations are expected to occur more frequently. Across models and scenarios, ITV and DTR increases vary primarily as functions of the decrease in surface evapotranspiration linked to the European summer drying. They are also partly explained by changes in the atmospheric dynamics and the surface cloud radiative effect. Model-dependent degrees of control of (i) ITV and DTR by mean temperature and (ii) surface evapotranspiration by soil moisture appear as helpful metrics to reduce future uncertainties in ITV and DTR projections.

Published
2015

38. Changes of western European heat wave characteristics projected by the CMIP5 ensemble

Author

Robert Schoetter, Julien Cattiaux, Hervé Douville, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), and Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Coupled model intercomparison project, Phase (waves), Forcing (mathematics), Heat wave, 7. Clean energy, Daily maximum temperature, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Climate model, Spatial extent, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Intensity (heat transfer)
Abstract

We investigate heat waves defined as periods of at least 3 consecutive days of extremely high daily maximum temperature affecting at least 30 % of western Europe. This definition has been chosen to select heat waves that might impact western European electricity supply. Even though not all such heat waves threaten it, the definition allows to identify a sufficient number of events, the strongest being potentially harmful. The heat waves are characterised by their duration, spatial extent, intensity and severity. The heat wave characteristics are calculated for historical and future climate based on results of climate model simulations conducted during the 5th Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The uncertainty of future anthropogenic forcing is taken into account by analysing results for the Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The historical simulations are evaluated against the EOBS gridded station data. The CMIP5 ensemble median captures well the observed mean heat wave characteristics. However, no model simulates a heat wave as severe as observed during August 2003. Under future climate conditions, the heat waves become more frequent and have higher mean duration, extent and intensity. The ensemble spread is larger than the scenario uncertainty. The shift of the temperature distribution is more important for the increase of the cumulative heat wave severity than the broadening of the temperature distribution. However, the broadening leads to an amplification of the cumulative heat wave severity by a factor of 1.7 for RCP4.5 and 1.5 for RCP8.5.

Published
2014

39. Parametrisation of the variety of human behaviour related to building energy consumption in the Town Energy Balance (SURFEX-TEB v. 8.2)

Author

Robert Schoetter, Jean-Pierre Lévy, Valéry Masson, Margot Pellegrino, Alexis Bourgeois, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Sociétés (LATTS), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LAB'URBA (LAB'URBA), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Consumption (economics), Architectural engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Scale (ratio), 020209 energy, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Energy balance, 02 engineering and technology, Energy consumption, Grid, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Variety (cybernetics), lcsh:Geology, Climate change mitigation, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Urban climate, energy consumption, 11. Sustainability, urban climate, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Environmental science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The anthropogenic heat flux can be an important part of the urban surface energy balance. Some of it is due to energy consumption inside buildings, which depends on building use and human behaviour, both of which are very heterogeneous in most urban areas. Urban canopy parametrisations (UCP), such as the Town Energy Balance (TEB), parametrise the effect of the buildings on the urban surface energy balance. They contain a simple building energy model. However, the variety of building use and human behaviour at grid point scale has not yet been represented in state of the art UCPs. In this study, we describe how we enhance the Town Energy Balance in order to take fractional building use and human behaviour into account. We describe how we parametrise different behaviours and initialise the model for applications in France. We evaluate the spatio-temporal variability of the simulated building energy consumption for the city of Toulouse. We show that a more detailed description of building use and human behaviour enhances the simulation results. The model developments lay the groundwork for simulations of coupled urban climate and building energy consumption which are relevant for both the urban climate and the climate change mitigation and adaptation communities.

Published
2017

40. GENIUS: A methodology to define a detailed description of buildings for urban climate and building energy consumption simulations

Author

Valéry Masson, Marion Bonhomme, Serge Faraut, Robert Schoetter, Nathalie Tornay, Laboratoire de recherche en architecture (LRA), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse (ENSA Toulouse), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse (ENSA Toulouse), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Architectural engineering, Building science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 020209 energy, Geography, Planning and Development, Building archetype, Urban morphology, Energy balance, 02 engineering and technology, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Thermal energy storage, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Civil engineering, Urban canopy parametrisation, Urban climate, 11. Sustainability, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Local Climate Zones, Architecture, Roof, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management, [SPI.GCIV.CD]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Construction durable, Urban energy balance, Building architecture, Urban Studies, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Literature survey
Abstract

International audience; Urban canopy parametrisations like the Town Energy Balance TEB solve the urban surface energy balance for a simplified urban morphology in order to provide the lower boundary conditions for atmospheric models in urban areas. The urban surface energy balance is influenced in various ways by physical parameters related to building architecture. The albe-do of the covering materials of roofs and walls is crucial for the radiation balance, the thermal conductivity and thermal capacity of the construction materials influence the heat storage inside the urban fabric. In this study we introduce a methodology to define the characteristics of building architecture with the precision required by state of the art urban canopy parametrisations. The geographical scope of our analysis is France. We assume that the building architecture depends mainly on the urban typology, the building use, the construction period, and the geographical location. Based on a literature survey on architectural practices and building regulation standards in France we define one to three building archetypes for each combination of these four parameters. For each building archetype, information on the construction type of walls and roofs (main materials, insulation, internal and external cover), the glazing ratio, type of windows, presence of shading elements, the air-tightness and presence of a mechanical ventilation system is provided. We perform idealised simulations with TEB to determine the sensitivity of the urban surface energy balance on building architecture. We find that the albedo of the roof and the presence of insulation materials in wall and roof as well as their position with respect to the main wall and roof material are crucial for an accurate simulation of the urban energy balance. Future developments of the architectural database will therefore focus on these parameters.

Published
2017

41. Parametrisation of the variety of human behaviour related to building energy consumption in TEB (SURFEX v. 8.2)

Author

Margot Pellegrino, Jean-Pierre Lévy, Valéry Masson, Robert Schoetter, and Alexis Bourgeois

Subjects
Consumption (economics), Architectural engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Scale (ratio), Energy balance, Energy consumption, 010501 environmental sciences, Grid, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Civil engineering, Variety (cybernetics), Climate change mitigation, 13. Climate action, Urban climate, 11. Sustainability, Environmental science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The anthropogenic heat flux can be an important part of the urban surface energy balance. Some of it is due to energy consumption inside buildings, which depends on building use and human behaviour, both of which are very heterogeneous in most urban areas. Urban Canopy Parametrisations (UCP), such as the Town Energy Balance (TEB), parametrise the effect of the buildings on the urban surface energy balance. They contain a simple building energy model. However, the variety of building use and human behaviour at grid point scale has not yet been represented in state of the art UCPs. In this study, we describe how we enhance the Town Energy Balance in order to take fractional building use and human behaviour into account. We describe how we parametrise different behaviours and initialise the model for applications in France. We evaluate the spatio-temporal variability of the simulated building energy consumption for the city of Toulouse. We show that a more detailed description of building use and human behaviour enhances the simulation results. The model developments lay the groundwork for simulations of coupled urban climate and building energy consumption which are relevant for both the urban climate and the climate change mitigation and adaptation communities.

Published
2017

43. Urban Climate, Human behavior & Energy consumption : from LCZ mapping to simulation and urban planning(the MApUCE project)

Author

Valéry Masson, Julia Hidalgo, Alexandre Amossé, Erwan Bocher, Marion Bonhomme, Alexis Bourgeois, Geneviève Bretagne, Caillerez, S., Erwan Cordeau, Coralie Demazeux, Serge Faraut, Gallato, C., Sinda Haouès-Jouve, Marie-Laure Lambert, Aude Lemonsu, Jean-Pierre Lévy, Nathalie Long, X Lopez, C., Gwendall Petit, Margot Pellegrino, Cecilia PIGNON-MUSSAUD, Christine Plumejeaud, Ruff, V., Robert Schoetter, Nathalie Tornay, Didier Vye, Bocher, Erwan, Villes et Bâtiments - Modélisation Appliquée et droit de l'Urbanisme : Climat urbain et Énergie - - MApUCE2013 - ANR-13-VBDU-0004 - VBD - VALID, Benoit Beckers, Msc. Arch. Tannya Pico, S. Jimenez, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires (LISST), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de recherche en architecture (LRA), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse (ENSA Toulouse), Lab-STICC_CNRS_CID_DECIDE, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Sociétés (LATTS), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fédération Nationale des Agences d'Urbanisme, Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire En Urbanisme (LIEU), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lab-STICC_UBS_CID_DECIDE, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (UMR 3192) (Lab-STICC), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LAB'URBA (LAB'URBA), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Modèles et simulation pour l'architecture, l'urbanisme et le paysage (MAP), EC ARCHIT NANCY-EC ARCHIT TOULOUSE-EC ARCHIT MARSEILLE-EC ARCHIT LYON-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, ANR-13-VBDU-0004,MApUCE,Modélisation Appliquée et droit de l'Urbanisme : Climat urbain et Énergie(2013), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 (LIENSs), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-EC ARCHIT NANCY-EC ARCHIT TOULOUSE-EC ARCHIT MARSEILLE-EC ARCHIT LYON-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques ( CNRM ), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires ( LISST ), École des hautes études en sciences sociales ( EHESS ) -Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès ( UT2J ) -École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville ( ENSFEA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Modèles et simulation pour l'architecture, l'urbanisme et le paysage ( MAP ), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg ( INSA Strasbourg ), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication ( MCC ) -EC ARCHIT NANCY-EC ARCHIT TOULOUSE-EC ARCHIT MARSEILLE-EC ARCHIT LYON-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance ( Lab-STICC ), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest ( ENIB ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques ( IBNM ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -ENSTA Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest ( ENIB ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques ( IBNM ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -ENSTA Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Sociétés ( LATTS ), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée ( UPEM ) -École des Ponts ParisTech ( ENPC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire En Urbanisme ( LIEU ), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 ( LIENSs ), Université de La Rochelle ( ULR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (UMR 3192) ( Lab-STICC ), Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques ( IBNM ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques ( IBNM ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance ( Lab-STICC ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -ENSTA Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest ( ENIB ) -ENSTA Bretagne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), LAB'URBA ( LAB'URBA ), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée ( UPEM ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ), ANR-13-VBDU-0004,MApUCE,Modélisation Appliquée et droit de l'Urbanisme : Climat urbain et Énergie ( 2013 ), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse (ENSA Toulouse), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Energy consumption, Urban planning, Behaviors, [SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, Urban climate, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [ SHS.GEO ] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, Urban database
Abstract

International audience; The goal of the project is to propose a methodology to integrate quantitative energy and climate data in urban policies. In order to achieve this, the first objective is to obtain data from numerical simulations, focusing on urban microclimate and building energy consumption. Both aspects are physically coupled as domestic heating and air-conditioning are highly meteorologically dependent and heat waste impacts the Urban Heat Island. Forthis we develop a generic and automated method for generating Local Climate Zones (LCZ) for all cities in France at the scale of each urban block, including the urban architectural, geographical and sociological parameters necessary for the energy and microclimate simulations. Human behavior being a very potent level to address energy consumption reduction, a model of energy consumer behavior is also developed inside our coupled micro-climate building energy model, and is linked to the social information from the database. The second objective is to define vectors, understandable by urban planners, to include quantified energy-climate data to legal urban planning documents. This is done by analysis of legal and planning documents, of a few “best cases” and based on urban planning agencies requirements. The urban database, tools and models will be available as open-source.

Published
2017

44. Impact of local adaptation measures and regional climate change on perceived temperature

Author

Peter Kirschner, Angelika Grätz, Robert Schoetter, Peter Hoffmann, David Grawe, and K. Heinke Schlünzen

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Climatology, perceived temperature, Climate change, Environmental science, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, Sensitivity (control systems), lcsh:QC851-999, sensitivity, automatic differentiation, adaptation to climate change, Local adaptation
Abstract

The perceived temperature (PT) is a measure for the quantification of human thermal comfort developed by the German Meteorological Service (DWD). In the present article, the sensitivity of PT on air temperature, water vapour pressure, wind speed, mean radiant temperature, street canyon width, and building heights is investigated. The mesoscale atmospheric model METRAS is integrated for a domain covering the city of Hamburg at 250 m horizontal resolution to calculate the meteorological input data for PT. The sensitivities of PT are determined by automatic differentiation of the basic DWD program. The sensitivities show how local adaptation measures and regional climate change can influence PT. The sensitivities also allow to estimate how accurate different input variables need to be known in order to achieve a desired accuracy in PT. The results are discussed in detail for 10 June 2007, a cloudless day with advection of warm air masses from south-east. A comparison with results obtained for different synoptic situations during summer is made. The sensitivities of PT on air temperature, water vapour pressure and mean radiant temperature are higher during warm and humid conditions than in situations with thermal comfort. The sensitivity of PT on wind speed is highest for low wind speeds. Around noon, increasing the building heights by 5 m can reduce PT up to 2.4 K due to shading effects in street canyons with aspect ratios above 0.5. After sunset, increasing the building heights by 5 m tends to moderately increase PT due to increased longwave radiation.

Published
2013

45. Update and improvement of the global krypton-85 emission inventory

Author

Simon Hebel, Jochen Ahlswede, J. Ole Ross, Martin Kalinowski, and Robert Schoetter

Subjects
Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear fuel, Waste management, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, chemistry.chemical_element, Radioactive waste, Krypton Radioisotopes, General Medicine, Uranium, Nuclear Energy, Pollution, Spent nuclear fuel, Plutonium, Nuclear physics, Krypton-85, Nuclear reprocessing, chemistry, Air Pollutants, Radioactive, Radiation Monitoring, Nuclear Power Plants, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Emission inventory, Radioactive Hazard Release, Waste Management and Disposal
Abstract

Krypton-85 is mainly produced in nuclear reactors by fission of uranium and plutonium and released during chopping and dissolution of spent fuel rods in nuclear reprocessing facilities. As noble gas it is suited as a passive tracer for evaluation of atmospheric transport models. Furthermore, research is ongoing to assess its quality as an indicator for clandestine reprocessing activities. This paper continues previous efforts to compile a comprehensive historic emission inventory for krypton-85. Reprocessing facilities are the by far largest emitters of krypton-85. Information on sources and calculations used to derive the annual krypton-85 emission is provided for all known reprocessing facilities in the world. In addition, the emission characteristics of two plants, Tokai (Japan) and La Hague (France), are analysed in detail using emission data with high temporal resolution. Other types of krypton-85 sources are power reactors, naval reactors and isotope production facilities. These sources contribute only little or negligible amounts of krypton-85 compared to the large reprocessing facilities. Taking the decay of krypton-85 into account, the global atmospheric inventory is estimated to about 5500 PBq at the end of 2009. The correctness if the inventory has been proven by meteorological simulations and its error is assumed to be in the range of a few percent.

Published
2013

46. Des bases de données urbaines aux simulations énergétiques – Le projet MApUCE

Author

Serge Faraut, Nathalie Tornay, Marion Bonhomme, Alexandre Amossé, Valéry Masson, Erwan Bocher, Gwendall Petit, Christine Plumejeaud-Perreau, Geneviève Bretagne, Robert Schoetter, École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse ( ENSA Toulouse ), Centre national de recherches météorologiques ( CNRM ), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Lab-STICC_CNRS_CID_DECIDE, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance ( Lab-STICC ), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest ( ENIB ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques ( IBNM ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -ENSTA Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest ( ENIB ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques ( IBNM ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -ENSTA Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Lab-STICC_UBS_CID_DECIDE, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (UMR 3192) ( Lab-STICC ), Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques ( IBNM ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques ( IBNM ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance ( Lab-STICC ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -ENSTA Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest ( ENIB ) -ENSTA Bretagne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 ( LIENSs ), Université de La Rochelle ( ULR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Fédération Nationale des Agences d'Urbanisme, SCAN - Séminaire de Conception Architecturale Numérique, Editions Universitaires de Lorraine, ANR-13-VBDU-0004,MApUCE,Modélisation Appliquée et droit de l'Urbanisme : Climat urbain et Énergie ( 2013 ), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse (ENSA Toulouse), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (UMR 3192) (Lab-STICC), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-13-VBDU-0004,MApUCE,Modélisation Appliquée et droit de l'Urbanisme : Climat urbain et Énergie(2013)

Subjects
MApUCE, [SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management, [ INFO.INFO-MO ] Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, modélisation architecturale, [SHS.INFO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences, analyse urbaine, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, simulation énergétique, énergétique du bâtiment, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, évaluation microclimatique, [ SHS.GEO ] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, matérialité, [ SHS.ARCHI ] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management, classification, [ SHS.INFO ] Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], typo-morphologie, adaptation au changement climatique
Abstract

International audience; L’énergétique urbaine est un domaine qui couvre de nombreux processus complexes interagissant à toutes les échelles de la ville : le microclimat (l’effet d’îlot de chaleur), la consommation énergétique des bâtiments pour le chauffage ou la climatisation, les comportements énergétiques des habitants, la production d’énergie renouvelable, etc. Peu d’outils tiennent compte de ce niveau de complexité à cette échelle, rendant l’adaptation et l’atténuation aux changements climatiques très difficiles à intégrer dans les politiques urbaines ou les pratiques de conception. Au sein du projet de recherche MApUCE, qui propose une méthodologie pour effectuer des simulations de ces processus d’énergétique urbaine à l’échelle de toutes les communes et villes de France, nous avons développé une approche dont l’objectif est de pouvoir obtenir des données précises sur les caractéristiques et les matériaux des bâtiments. Elle est basée sur la mise en œuvre d’une méthode de détermination automatique des typologies architecturales et urbaines pour toutes les villes de France et d’une base de données architecturale et historique.La méthode de détermination des typologies est une méthode globale et automatisée, dérivée de GENIUS, pour identifier les typologies urbaines à l’échelle du bâtiment et de l’îlot urbain. Elle utilise des indicateurs morphologiques ou sociodémographiques (eux-mêmes déterminés à partir des bases de données nationales) et réalise une classification mettant en œuvre une méthode d’apprentissage supervisé basée sur les « Random Forest ». Ces typologies sont croisées avec les informations de la base de données architecturale, au travers de l’indication de l’usage des bâtiments, leurs dates de construction et leur localisation géographique permettant ainsi de caractériser chacun des bâtiments en terme de matérialité (albédo, système constructif, isolation thermique, etc.) et de systèmes CVC.

Published
2016

47. Urban Climate, Human behavior & Energy consumption: from LCZ mapping to simulation and urban planning (the MapUCE project)

Author

Valéry Masson, Julia Hidalgo, Alexandre Amossé, Fateh Belaid, Erwan Bocher, Marion Bonhomme, Alexis Bourgeois, Geneviève Bretagne, Caillerez, S., Erwan Cordeau, Coralie Demazeux, Serge Faraut, Gallato, C., Sinda Haouès-Jouve, Marie-Laure Lambert, Aude Lemonsu, Renaud Lestringant, Jean-Pierre Levy, Nathalie Long, Claudia Ximena Lopez, Margot Pellegrino, Gwendall Petit, Cécilia Pignon-Mussaud, Christine Plumejeaud-Perreau, Ruff, V., Robert Schoetter, Nathalie Tornay, Didier Vye, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires (LISST), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre scientifique et technique du bâtiment (CSTB), Ministère de l'écologie, du développement durable et de l'énergie, Lab-STICC_CNRS_CID_DECIDE, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modèles et simulation pour l'architecture, l'urbanisme et le paysage (MAP), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-EC ARCHIT NANCY-EC ARCHIT TOULOUSE-EC ARCHIT MARSEILLE-EC ARCHIT LYON-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Sociétés (LATTS), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Urban Planning Agency, Toulouse, France, Fédération Nationale des Agences d'Urbanisme, Institut d'Aménagement et d'Urbanisme de la Région d'Ile-de-France (IAU Île-de-France), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire En Urbanisme (LIEU), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lab-STICC_UBS_CID_DECIDE, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (UMR 3192) (Lab-STICC), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR - Villes et bâtiments durable, Ed. 2013, CNRM - Météo France, ANR-13-VBDU-0004,MApUCE,Modélisation Appliquée et droit de l'Urbanisme : Climat urbain et Énergie(2013), EC ARCHIT NANCY-EC ARCHIT TOULOUSE-EC ARCHIT MARSEILLE-EC ARCHIT LYON-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique ( CNRM-GAME ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Modèles et simulation pour l'architecture, l'urbanisme et le paysage ( MAP ), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg ( INSA Strasbourg ), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication ( MCC ) -EC ARCHIT NANCY-EC ARCHIT TOULOUSE-EC ARCHIT MARSEILLE-EC ARCHIT LYON-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre scientifique et technique du bâtiment ( CSTB ), Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance ( Lab-STICC ), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest ( ENIB ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques ( IBNM ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -ENSTA Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest ( ENIB ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques ( IBNM ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -ENSTA Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Sociétés ( LATTS ), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée ( UPEM ) -École des Ponts ParisTech ( ENPC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut d'Aménagement et d'Urbanisme Région Ile-de-France ( IAURIF ), région Ile-de-France, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire En Urbanisme ( LIEU ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires ( LISST ), École des hautes études en sciences sociales ( EHESS ) -Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès ( UT2J ) -École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville ( ENSFEA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 ( LIENSs ), Université de La Rochelle ( ULR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (UMR 3192) ( Lab-STICC ), Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques ( IBNM ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques ( IBNM ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance ( Lab-STICC ), Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -ENSTA Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest ( ENIB ) -ENSTA Bretagne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), ANR-13-VBDU-0004,MApUCE,Modélisation Appliquée et droit de l'Urbanisme : Climat urbain et Énergie ( 2013 ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
energy consumption, human behaviour, urban climate, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, urban planning, [ SHS.GEO ] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography
Abstract

International audience; The MApUCE project aims to integrate in urban policies and most relevant legal documents quantitative data from urban microclimate, climate and energy.The primary objective of this project is to obtain climate and energy quantitative data from numerical simulations, focusing on urban microclimate and building energy consumption in the residential and service sectors, which represents in France 41% of the final energy consumption. Both aspects are coupled as building energy consumption is highly meteorologically dependent (e.g. domestic heating, air-conditioning) and heat waste impact the Urban Heat Island. We propose to develop, using national databases, a generic and automated method for generating Local Climate Zones (LCZ) for all cities in France, including the urban architectural, geographical and sociological parameters necessary for energy and microclimate simulations.As will be presented, previous projects on adaptation of cities to climate change have shown that human behavior is a very potent level to address energy consumption reduction, as much as urban forms or architectural technologies. Therefore, in order to further refine the coupled urban climate and energy consumption calculations, we will develop within TEB (and its Building Energy Module) a model of energy consumer behavior.The second objective of the project is to propose a methodology to integrate quantitative data in urban policies. Lawyers analyze the potential levers in legal and planning documents. A few “best cases” are also studied, in order to evaluate their performances. Finally, based on urban planning agencies requirements, we will define vectors to include quantified energy-climate data to legal urban planning documents. These vectors have to be understandable by urban planners and contain the relevant information.To meet these challenges, the project is organized around strongly interdisciplinary partners in the following fields: law, urban climate, building energetics, architecture, sociology, geography and meteorology, as well as the national federation of urban planning agencies.In terms of results, the cross-analysis of input urban parameters and urban micro-climate-energy simulated data will be available on-line as standardized maps for each of the studied cities. The urban parameter production tool as well as the models will be available as open-source. LCZ and associated urban (and social!) indicators may be integrated within the WUDAPT database.

Published
2015

48. Influence of large offshore wind farms on North German climate

Author

Peter Hoffmann, K. Heinke Schlünzen, Hermann J. Lenhart, Marita Boettcher, and Robert Schoetter

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Wind power, local climate, business.industry, regional climate, urban heat island, lcsh:QC851-999, language.human_language, German, Offshore wind power, Climatology, Urban climate, urban climate, language, wind energy, Environmental science, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, Urban heat island, business, numerical model
Abstract

Wind farms impact the local meteorology by taking up kinetic energy from the wind field and by creating a large wake. The wake influences mean flow, turbulent fluxes and vertical mixing. In the present study, the influences of large offshore wind farms on the local summer climate are investigated by employing the mesoscale numerical model METRAS with and without wind farm scenarios. For this purpose, a parametrisation for wind turbines is implemented in METRAS. Simulations are done for a domain covering the northern part of Germany with focus on the urban summer climate of Hamburg. A statistical-dynamical downscaling is applied using a skill score to determine the required number of days to simulate the climate and the influence of large wind farms situated in the German Bight, about 100 km away from Hamburg.Depending on the weather situation, the impact of large offshore wind farms varies from nearly no influence up to cloud cover changes over land. The decrease in the wind speed is most pronounced in the local areas in and around the wind farms. Inside the wind farms, the sensible heat flux is reduced. This results in cooling of the climate summer mean for a large area in the northern part of Germany. Due to smaller momentum fluxes the latent heat flux is also reduced. Therefore, the specific humidity is lower but because of the cooling, the relative humidity has no clear signal. The changes in temperature and relative humidity are more wide spread than the decrease of wind speed. Hamburg is located in the margins of the influenced region. Even if the influences are small, the urban effects of Hamburg become more relevant than in the present and the off-shore wind farms slightly intensify the summer urban heat island.

Published
2015

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