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Cancer cells rely on glycolysis to generate ATP for survival. However, inhibiting glycolysis is insufficient for the eradication of cancer cells because glycolysis-suppressed cells undergo metabolic reprogramming toward mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. We previously described that upon glycolytic suppression in pancreatic cancer cells, intracellular glycometabolism is shifted toward mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in an autophagy-dependent manner for cellular survival. Here, we hypothesized that mitophagy, which selectively degrades mitochondria via autophagy, is involved in mitochondrial activation under metabolic reprogramming. We revealed that glycolytic suppression notably increased mitochondrial membrane potential and mitophagy in a pancreatic cancer cell model (PANC-1). PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), a ubiquitin kinase that regulates mitophagy in healthy cells, regulated mitochondrial activation through mitophagy by glycolytic suppression. However, Parkin, a ubiquitin ligase regulated by PINK1 in healthy cells to induce mitophagy, was not involved in the PINK1-dependent mitophagy of the cancer glycometabolism. These results imply that cancer cells and healthy cells have different regulatory pieces of machinery for mitophagy, and inhibition of cancer-specific mechanisms may be a potential strategy for cancer therapy targeting metabolic reprogramming.

Endotoxemia elicits a multiorgan inflammatory response that results in cardiac dysfunction and often leads to death. Inflammation-induced metabolism of endogenous N-3 and N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids generates numerous lipid mediators, such as epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs), which protect the heart. However, EpFAs are hydrolyzed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which attenuates their cardioprotective actions. Global genetic disruption of sEH preserves EpFA levels and attenuates cardiac dysfunction in mice following acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory injury. In leukocytes, EpFAs modulate the innate immune system through the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. However, the mechanisms by which both EpFAs and sEH inhibition exert their protective effects in the cardiomyocyte are still elusive. This study investigated whether cardiomyocyte-specific sEH disruption attenuates inflammation and cardiac dysfunction in acute LPS inflammatory injury via modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We use tamoxifen-inducible CreER recombinase technology to target sEH genetic disruption to the cardiomyocyte. Primary cardiomyocyte studies provide mechanistic insight into inflammasome signaling. For the first time, we demonstrate that cardiomyocyte-specific sEH disruption preserves cardiac function and attenuates inflammatory responses by limiting local cardiac inflammation and activation of the systemic immune response. Mechanistically, inhibition of cardiomyocyte-specific sEH activity or exogenous EpFA treatment do not prevent upregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome machinery in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Rather, they limit downstream activation of the pathway leading to release of fewer chemoattractant factors and recruitment of immune cells to the heart. These data emphasize that cardiomyocyte sEH is vital for mediating detrimental systemic inflammation.

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a superfamily of monooxygenases with diverse biological roles. CYP2J2 is an isozyme highly expressed in the heart where it metabolizes endogenous substrates such as N-3/N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to produce lipid mediators involved in homeostasis and cardioprotective responses. Expanding our knowledge of the role CYP2J2 has within the heart is important for understanding its impact on cardiac health and disease.The objective of this review was to assess the state of knowledge regarding cardiac CYP2J2. A literature search was conducted using PubMed-MEDLINE (from 2022 and earlier) to evaluate relevant studies regarding CYP2J2-mediated cardioprotection, small molecule modulators, effects of CYP2J2 substrates toward biologically relevant effects and implications of CYP2J2 polymorphisms and sexual dimorphism in the heart.Cardiac CYP2J2-mediated metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substrates have been shown to impact cardiac function. Identifying individual factors, like sex and age, that affect CYP2J2 require further elucidation to better understand CYP2J2's clinical relevance. Resolving the biological targets and activities of CYP2J2-derived PUFA metabolites will be necessary to safely target CYP2J2 and design novel analogues. Targeting CYP2J2 for therapeutic aims offers a potential novel approach to regulating cardiac homeostasis, drug metabolism and cardioprotection.

Los ciclos supercríticos de potencia Brayton se han consolidado como una alternativa viable a los ciclos tradicionales de Rankine para aumentar la eficiencia térmica de las plantas termosolares. Con el fin de reducir el coste de inversión del campo solar y del bloque de generación de energía, se está investigando en la optimización del diseño y del tamaño de sus equipos. Uno de los principales desafíos que plantea esta tipología de plantas termosolares está asociado a las altas temperaturas y la escasez de agua, o de un foco frío adecuado, en los lugares donde se sitúan las plantas. El estado de la técnica en la materia se ha enfocado tradicionalmente en la utilización de CO2 puro como fluido de trabajo debido a los beneficios que esta sustancia proporciona, entre otros: coste, no toxicidad, no inflamabilidad, estabilidad química. Teniendo en cuenta además de las ventajas de comprimir el CO2 alrededor de su punto crítico, beneficiándose del bajo factor de compresibilidad en esta región. En los últimos años ha emergido una nueva corriente de investigación que se ha enfocado en el estudio y análisis de la aportación de aditivos al fluido de trabajo, CO2 en estado supercrítico, de los ciclos Brayton. En este trabajo se ha potenciado el estudio de mezclas con CO2, aplicado a ciclos Brayton acoplado a plantas termosolares con colectores lineales. Se ha centrado en el estudio y optimización de diversas configuraciones del ciclo de Brayton, buscando la alternativa que proporcione mayor eficiencia energética y a la vez, minimizando el coste de los equipos del ciclo, garantizando la simplicidad de su fabricación y mantenimiento. Para el modelado y simulación del comportamiento de ciclos Brayton se ha utilizado un código previo, desarrollado en el Grupo de Investigaciones Termoenergéticas de la Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Las configuraciones estudiadas han sido cuatro: ciclo de recompresión (RCC), recompresión con recalentamiento (RCC-RH), recompresión con enfriamiento intermedio del compresor principal (RCMCI) y recompresión con enfriamiento intermedio del compresor principal y recalentamiento (RCMCI-RH). Se han estudiado diversas mezclas como fluido de trabajo compuestas por CO2 y aditivos, para aprovechar las características termodinámicas que presentan, y ver la influencia que implican en las prestaciones de los ciclos Brayton. El objetivo principal ha sido determinar la composición óptima de estas mezclas en función de parámetros como el rendimiento térmico del ciclo, tamaño térmico de los recuperadores y la fracción de recompresión, así también, para diferentes condiciones de trabajo. Las mezclas se han clasificado en dos grupos, en función de si su temperatura crítica es mayor o menor que la del CO2. Para el caso de mezclas de dos sustancias (CO2 mas aditivo) con temperatura mayor a la del CO2, los resultados evidencian que el rendimiento térmico del ciclo Brayton de recompresión incrementa un 4% cuando se usa la mezcla CO2/H2S (66.0/34.0) como fluido de trabajo. Mezclas de dos sustancias con temperatura crítica menor a la del CO2 consiguen también mejorar la eficiencia del ciclo de recompresión, es el caso de las mezclas CO2/He (90.0/10.0) y CO2/Kr (68.0/32.0) que incrementan la eficiencia del ciclo desde 49% hasta 53%. Se ha trabajado con mezclas compuestas por tres sustancias denominadas ternarias (CO2 mas dos aditivos). Con mezclas ternarias de mayor temperatura crítica que la del CO2, CO2/COS/H2S, CO2/COS/SO2 y CO2/H2S/SO2, se ha obtenido un incremento en la eficiencia térmica de hasta 4.5% en el ciclo RCC, un incremento de hasta 5% en el ciclo RCC-RH, un incremento de 3.3% en el ciclo RCMCI y un incremento de 3.5% en el ciclo RCMCI-RH, respecto a cuando los ciclos trabajan con CO2 puro. Estos incrementos en la eficiencia se han obtenido cuando los ciclos trabajan con un CIT igual a 333.15 K y UAtotal de 20 MW/K. Teniendo presente que la eficiencia del ciclo a partir de un tamaño térmico total de 20 MW/K permanece casi constante, se ha determinado que la mezcla CO2/COS/H2S proporciona los mejores resultados, la composición molar de la mezcla óptima es CO2=46%, COS=10% y H2S=44%. Las mezclas ternarias con temperatura crítica menor que la del CO2 que han sido analizadas como fluido de trabajo, CO2/CH4/C2H6, CO2/Kr/C2H6, CO2/SF6/C2H6, CO2/Kr/CH4, CO2/SF6/CH4 y CO2/Kr/SF6, han generado resultados positivos en el rendimiento del ciclo. La mezcla con mejores resultados ha sido la mezcla CO2/Kr/C2H6, su composición molar es CO2=40%, Kr=30% y C2H6=30%. Con la mezcla óptima como fluido de trabajo y trabajando con UAtotal de 20 MW/K, se ha alcanzado una mejora en la eficiencia térmica en el ciclo RCC de 4%, en el ciclo RCC-RH de 3.9%, en el ciclo RCMCI de 4.4% y en el ciclo RCMCI-RH de 4.2% respecto a cuando los ciclos trabajan con CO2 puro. Se concluye en este trabajo que el uso de aditivos en el fluido de trabajo de los ciclos Brayton de s-CO2 contribuye a la mejora del rendimiento de los mismos, ayudando a una mejor adaptación del ciclo a las condiciones ambientales de la ubicación de la planta, o condiciones de contorno del foco frío. ----------ABSTRACT---------- Supercritical Brayton power cycles are demonstrating to be a viable alternative to the traditional Rankine power cycles as a means for increasing the efficiency of solar thermal plants. In order to reduce the investment costs of the solar field and power generation block, research is being carried out on ways to optimize the design and size of their equipment. One of the main challenges posed are high ambient temperatures and water scarcity, or another suitable ultimate heat sink, in the places they are located. State-of-the-art technology has traditionally focused on the use of pure CO2 as a reliable working fluid due to its many benefits, such as cost, efficiency, chemical stability, and innocuous properties. It also considers the advantages of compressing CO2 around its critical point due to the low compressibility factor in this region. In recent years a new trend of research has emerged focusing on adding substances to the pure CO2 working fluid of Brayton cycles. This work promotes the study of mixtures with CO2, applied to Brayton cycles coupled with solar thermal plants and linear collectors. This work has focused on the research and optimization of various power block configurations, seeking alternatives which provide greater energy efficiency while minimizing the cost of the cycle equipment. This guarantees the simplicity of its manufacturing and maintenance. For the modeling and simulation of the behavior of Brayton cycles, a previous code developed in the Thermoenergetic Research Group of the School of Industrial Engineers of the Polytechnic University of Madrid had been used. Four configurations have been studied: recompression cycle (RCC), recompression with reheating (RCC-RH), recompression with main compressor intercooling (RCMCI), and recompression with main compressor intercooling and reheating (RCMCI-RH). Many mixtures have been studied as working fluids composed of CO2 and additives to take advantage of the thermodynamic characteristics that they present and to see the influence implied on the performance of Brayton cycles. The main objective has been to determine the optimal composition of these mixtures based on parameters such as the thermal efficiency of the cycle, conductance of the recuperators, the recompression fraction, and different working conditions. The mixtures have been classified into two groups, depending on whether their critical temperature is higher or lower than CO2. For the case of mixtures of two substances (CO2 plus one additive) with a temperature higher than CO2, the results show that the thermal efficiency of the Brayton recompression cycle increases 4% when the mixture CO2/H2S (66.0/34.0) is used as the working fluid. Mixtures of two substances with a critical temperature lower than CO2 improve the cycle efficiency, the case of mixtures CO2/He (90.0/10.0), and CO2/Kr (68.0/32.0) increase the cycle efficiency from 49% to 53%. It has worked with mixtures composed of three substances called ternaries (CO2 plus two additives). With ternary mixtures of higher critical temperature than CO2, CO2/COS/H2S, CO2/COS/SO2, and CO2/H2S/SO2, there has been an increase in thermal efficiency of up to 4.5% in the RCC cycle, an increase of up to 5% in the RCC-RH cycle, a 3.3% increase in the RCMCI cycle and a 3.5% increase in the RCMCI-RH cycle, compared to when the cycles work with pure CO2. These increases in efficiency have been obtained when the cycle works with CIT equal to 333.15K and UAtotal of 20 MW/K. Considering that the cycle efficiency from a total conductance of 20 MW/K remains almost constant, it has been determined that the CO2/COS/H2S mixture provides the best results, the molar composition of the optimal mixture is CO2=46%, COS=10%, and H2S=44%. Ternary mixtures with a critical temperature lower than CO2 that have been analyzed as working fluid, CO2CH4/C2H6, CO2/Kr/C2H6, CO2/SF6/C2H6, CO2/Kr/CH4, CO2/SF6/CH4, and CO2/Kr/SF6, have generated positive results in the cycle efficiency. The mixture with the best results has been the mixture CO2/Kr/C2H6, and its molar composition is CO2=40%, Kr=30% y C2H6=30%. With the optimal mixture as the working fluid and working with UAtotal of 20 MW/K, an improvement in thermal efficiency has been achieved in the RCC cycle of 4%, in the RCC-RH cycle of 3.9%, in the RCMCI cycle of 4.4% and in the RCMCI-RH cycle of 4.2% compared to when the cycles work with pure CO2. It is concluded in this work that the use of additives in the working fluid of the s-CO2 Brayton cycles contributes to improving their efficiency, helping to adapt better the cycle to the operating conditions of the plant location, or the boundary conditions of the cold source.

An evaluation of the impact of using supercritical carbon dioxide mixtures (s-CO2/C2H6, s-CO2/CH4, s-CO2/Kr, and s-CO2/SF6) as a working fluid is made here for Brayton s-CO2 power cycles. The considered complex configurations include recompression with two reheating (RCC-2RH), recompression with three reheating (RCC-3RH), recompression with main compressor intercooling and two reheating (RCMCI-2RH), and recompression with main compressor intercooling and three reheating (RCMCI-3RH), which were coupled to a linear-focus solar system with Solar Salt (60% NaNO3/40% KNO3) as the heat transfer fluid (HTF). The design parameters evaluated the solar plant performance at the design point, the aperture area of the solar field, and variations in costs regarding the plant's total conductance (UAtotal). The methodology used to calculate the performance established the total conductance values of the heat recuperator (UAtotal) to between 5 and 25 MW/K. The main conclusion is that the cycle efficiency has a considerable improvement compared with that obtained using pure s-CO2. The s-CO2/Kr mixture with a molar fraction ratio of 30/70 increases the cycle efficiency between 7-11% relative to pure s-CO2 and as a function of the UAtotal. The s-CO2/CH4 mixture with a molar fraction of 45/55 increases between 3-7%, and the s-CO2/C2H6 and s-CO2/SF6 mixtures only increase between 1- 2%. For the solar field unitary costs, the s-CO2/Kr mixture has the lowest cost at $29-34 million USD, which depends on the solar field aperture area and the UAtotal for the RCC-2RH and RCMCI-2RH configurations. Finally, the results demonstrate that variations in the working fluid properties play a significant role due to the positive impact on the increased thermal efficiency of the s-CO2 Brayton cycle when using the RCC and RCMCI configurations.

Carnot batteries represent state-of-the-art technology in the fields of thermal energy storage and dispatchable electricity generation. The thermal energy usually comes from solar thermal power plants. The present study analyzes and optimizes a hybrid biomass-solar thermal central tower power plant coupled with a carbon dioxide cycle in a supercritical state and thermal energy storage, known as a Carnot battery system. Thermal and economic optimization were carried out for the power cycle, thermal storage, biomass, and the power plant's main parameters to obtain the current available minimum levelized cost of energy, LCOE.

Primer simposio nacional de Ciencias Agronómicas: El renacer del espacio de discusión científica para el Agro colombiano.

The emergent technology of Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) devices promises lighter, smaller, cheaper, more capable and reliable space electronic systems that could help to unveil some of the secrets in our universe. This paper describes the automation and the integration of hardware/software co-verification tools (LiveCheckHSI) for the Xilinx Zynq-based SoC and UltraScale MPSoC avionics system that have been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for Next-Generation Imaging Spectrometers (NGIS). The flight NGIS avionics acquires and compresses images in real-time, in addition to reporting telemetry and programming the spectrometer, focus step motor, and heaters. This paper describes the new development of LiveCheckHSI: comprising a data visualization tool, as well as command and telemetry software. In addition, the deployment of LiveCheckHSI to flight avionics is described. The heavy reliance on the ability to discern instrument behavior in real time for displaying data transmitted by an imaging spectrometer led to the development of LiveView, a co-verification tool that executes real-time data processing and visualization on hyperspectral imaging data. This paper documents progress on current LiveView development, including the implementation of features that allow LiveView to be compiled without a CameraLink driver installed, enable the dragging and dropping of files into LiveView, and enable subframe sampling rates in the fast Fourier transform widget. Furthermore, this paper details the Qt-based p2serialcmds GUI and its development, which includes enhancements to the remote recording and automated test scripting capabilities. The p2serialcmds GUI serves as a comprehensive user interface for interacting with the LiveView software, NGIS, and supporting devices, and its development, which includes enhancements on the recording and scripting abilities and implementations of new features. This paper also describes the integration of the Qt-based LiveView application and the Qt-based p2serialcmds GUI onto the MPSoC. This installation was made possible by building the Yocto Linux operating system (OS) onto the MPSoC, which thereby enabled C++ applications such as the Qt framework, LiveView, and p2serialcmds to be compiled and run on the device.

A fully renewable electricity sector is in our future but finding the path that minimizes the cost of this transition is no easy task. The GRIDSOL project has developed a methodology to prepare Sustainable Roadmaps of Energy Generation Systems (SRoEGS) [3], aimed at determining the best way for a region to reach a highly renewable generation mix, while taking into account a comprehensive set of conditions such as: security of supply, availability of land, use of water, etc. This methodology can incorporate in the decision-making process a wide range of additional inputs set by the stakeholders, assessing environmental, social and economic impacts of the development plans to ensure their sustainability from a holistic point of view. The results of a case study show that simply adding cheap renewable generation to the mix is good enough if the RE content target is low (up to 25%) but, if a truly significant RE fraction (over 60%) is desired, tailoring the deployment to the available resources and, most importantly, determining the storage requirements at the system level (i.e. developing larger, shared standalone BES facilities instead of including smaller ones in individual plants) helps keeping the costs to a minimum.

State-of-the-art supercritical carbon dioxide (s-CO2) power cycles represent an important technical solution for optimizing thermal efficiency in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, and simultaneously provide compact solar fields and power-cycle footprints. The main drawback with CSPs coupled to s-CO2 Brayton power cycles (CSP-sCO2) is the limited compressor inlet temperature (CIT). CSPs are usually located in deserts, where the ambient temperature is above the s-CO2 critical point (31 °C). This has a negative impact on plant performance. To overcome this, high-molecular- weight substances can be added to pure s-CO2, increasing the power cycle working fluid critical temperature and maintaining a moderate operating pressure range. In this paper, two solar field configurations are compared: line-focusing solar collectors and central towers with heliostats. Four Brayton power cycle configurations are considered: simple, recompression, recompression with partial cooling, and recompression with main compressor intercooling (RCMCI). The solar power plant reference power is 115 MW and the CIT is fixed to 45 °C. The overall conductance of the low- and high-temperature recuperators varies from 2.5–35 MW/K, and the supercritical Brayton power cycle performance parameters are optimized. The thermal efficiency is improved, and the solar field effective aperture area can be optimized by adding high-molecular-weight substances to pure s-CO2. The RCMCI configuration achieves the best performance, with a thermal efficiency of 49.5%. This study shows that power cycle working fluid composition is a key issue in new- generation CSP-sCO2 design. The working fluid selection is closely related with the power plant location and depends on the local annual ambient temperature profile.

This research assesses the Ecuadorian power generation system, estimating the electricity supply and demand forecast until 2040. For this purpose, three potential alternative scenarios were analyzed using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) System, S1: Business As Usual, S2: Power Generation Master Plan, and S3: Sustainable Power Generation System. The main goal of this study is to analyze the possible alternatives for electricity supply and demand, fuel consumption, and the future structure of the Ecuadorian power generation system to transform the current system based on petroleum fuels into a sustainable system that consumes natural gas, and progressively introduces renewable power generation plants such as solar, wind, biomass, and hydroelectric until 2040. According to the estimated results through the inclusion of sustainable energy policies, S3 scenario relative to S1 scenario could reduce the average CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emissions by 11.72%, the average production costs by 9.78%, and the average petroleum fuel consumption by 15.95%. Consequently, a correct energy transition contributes to the protection of the environment and public health and has a direct effect on economic savings for the state, which benefits to improve the citizen&rsquo, s quality of life.

Tubby-like proteins (TULPs) are characterized by a conserved C-terminal domain that binds phosphoinositides. Collectively, mammalian TULP1-4 proteins play essential roles in intracellular transport, cell differentiation, signaling, and motility. Yet, little is known about how the function of these proteins is regulated in cells. Here, we present the protein–protein interaction network of TULP3, a protein that is responsible for the trafficking of G-protein-coupled receptors to cilia and whose aberrant expression is associated with severe developmental disorders and polycystic kidney disease. We identify several protein interaction nodes linked to TULP3 that include enzymes involved in acetylation and ubiquitination. We show that acetylation of two key lysine residues on TULP3 by p300 increases TULP3 protein abundance and that deacetylation of these sites by HDAC1 decreases protein levels. Furthermore, we show that one of these sites is ubiquitinated in the absence of acetylation and that acetylation inversely correlates with ubiquitination of TULP3. This mechanism is evidently conserved across species and is active in zebrafish during development. Finally, we identify this same regulatory module in TULP1, TULP2, and TULP4 and demonstrate that the stability of these proteins is similarly modulated by an acetylation switch. This study unveils a signaling pathway that links nuclear enzymes to ciliary membrane receptors via TULP3, describes a dynamic mechanism for the regulation of all tubby-like proteins, and explores how to exploit it pharmacologically using drugs.

The 1987 publication “Uses of the Past: Archaeology in the Service of the State” offers the inspiration for considering the emerging role of descendent communities in archaeological research and cultural resource management in the American Southwest. Recognizing that interpretations of the past are seldom “value neutral”, we explore the implications and benefits of interpretations of the past when they are “value tribal”. Three episodes in twenty-first-century Tribal Archaeology in Arizona are considered including repatriation of religious objects under state statutes, international repatriation of human remains, and Tribal documentation of traditional cultural properties. We conclude that as federally recognized tribes initiate their own programs in archaeological investigation and assume greater responsibility in the cultural resource management process, new perspectives on the past are coming to light that are of potential benefit to everyone.

This work quantifies the impact of using sCO2-mixtures (s-CO2/He, s-CO2/Kr, s-CO2/H2S, s-CO2/CH4, s-CO2/C2H6, s-CO2/C3H8, s-CO2/C4H8, s-CO2/C4H10, s-CO2/C5H10, s-CO2/C5H12 and s-CO2/C6H6) as the working fluid in the supercritical CO2 recompression Brayton cycle coupled with line-focusing solar power plants (with parabolic trough collectors (PTC) or linear Fresnel (LF)). Design parameters assessed are the solar plant performance at the design point, heat exchange dimensions, solar field aperture area, and cost variations in relation with admixtures mole fraction. The adopted methodology for the plant performance calculation is setting a constant heat recuperator total conductance (UAtotal). The main conclusion of this work is that the power cycle thermodynamic efficiency improves by about 3&ndash, 4%, on a scale comparable to increasing the turbine inlet temperature when the cycle utilizes the mentioned sCO2-mixtures as the working fluid. On one hand, the substances He, Kr, CH4, and C2H6 reduce the critical temperature to approximately 273.15 K, in this scenario, the thermal efficiency is improved from 49% to 53% with pure s-CO2. This solution is very suitable for concentrated solar power plants coupled to s-CO2 Brayton power cycles (CSP-sCO2) with night sky cooling. On the other hand, when adopting an air-cooled heat exchanger (dry-cooling) as the ultimate heat sink, the critical temperatures studied at compressor inlet are from 318.15 K to 333.15 K, for this scenario other substances (C3H8, C4H8, C4H10, C5H10, C5H12 and C6H6) were analyzed. Thermodynamic results confirmed that the Brayton cycle efficiency also increased by about 3&ndash, 4%. Since the ambient temperature variation plays an important role in solar power plants with dry-cooling systems, a CIT sensitivity analysis was also conducted, which constitutes the first approach to defining the optimum working fluid mixture for a given operating condition.

Background: The coexistence of hypertension (HTN) and insulin resistance (IR) substantially increases cardiovascular risk (CVR) and diabetes (DM) perhaps by endothelial dysfunction from low-grade chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. South Asian immigrants in United States (SA-USA) have a high salt consumption, IR, and salt sensitivity. The triglyceride (TG)/ HDL ratio is a known correlate of IR with ratios ≥3.5 associated with high risk. It is unknown whether SA-USA have a coexistence of HTN, IR, and DM resulting in high CVR. Methods: We reviewed the clinical history and Vertical Auto Profile technology (VAP) + lipid panel utilizing ultracentrifugation to directly measure lipid sub-fractions, for 348 participants (42% women) of the South Asian Cardiovascular Registry. Prevalent DM and Pre-DM were defined as HbA1c ≥ 6.5 and 5.7-6.4, respectively. Results: Of the 348 participants, mean age 55.3 years, 128 had HTN and were stratified into clinical risk groups based on fasting TG (mg/dL) levels: TG500 (n=3). The corresponding TG/HDL ratios were: 1.7, 3.5, 6.2, and 20.4, respectively; the median TG (mg/dL) levels were: 100, 182, 268, and 572, respectively; the median LDL (mg/dL) levels were: 113, 144, 133, 102, respectively; the rates of DM were: 13%, 17%, 38%, and 67%; and the rates of Pre-DM/DM were: 62%, 63%, 78%, and 67%, respectively. Relative Risk for DM with TG/HDL≥ 3.5 was 3.6 (46 % had TG/HDL ≥ 3.5). Conclusions: South Asian immigrants participating in a community registry have: 1) A high rate of coexistence of HTN and IR portending a very high relative risk of diabetes. 2) A discordance of LDL levels and IR in patients with HTN. As IR gets higher, the relative risk of diabetes goes up but LDL levels decline. Clinical Implications: South Asian immigrants in the United States have a diet that is very high in salt, simple carbohydrates, and saturated fat. Many are vegetarian with no consumption of fish. Public health efforts to help reduce risk of CVD in South Asian immigrants should focus on low salt diet, with consumption of multigrain complex carbohydrates, poly-unsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and lifestyle changes to reduce metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension.