Search

The aim of this review was to present various topics related to lactose intolerance with special attention given to the role of fermented foods and probiotics in alleviating gastrointestinal symptoms. Lactose intolerance is a common digestive problem in which the human body is unable to digest lactose, known as milk sugar. Lactose intolerance can either be hereditary or a consequence of intestinal diseases. Recent work has demonstrated that fermented dairy products and probiotics can modify the metabolic activities of colonic microbiota and may alleviate the symptoms of lactose intolerance. We suggest that, lactose free dairy products could be recommended as alternatives for the alleviation of lactose intolerance and for the promotion of human health and wellness.

Research on lactic acid bacteria has confirmed how specific strains possess probiotic properties and impart unique sensory characteristics to food products. The use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in many food products, thus confers various health benefits to humans when they are frequently consumed in adequate amounts. The advent of functional food or the concept of nutraceuticals objectively places more emphasis on seeking alternatives to limit the use of medications thus promoting the regular consumption of fermented foods. Probiotic use has thus been recommended to fulfill the role of nutraceuticals, as no side effects on human health have been reported. Probiotics and lactic acid bacteria can boost and strengthen the human immune system, thereby increasing its resistance against numerous disease conditions. Consumer safety and confidence in dairy and fermented food products and the desire of the food industry to meet the sensory and health needs of consumers, has thus increased the demand for probiotic starter cultures with exceptional performance coupled with health benefiting properties. The potential of probiotic cultures and lactic acid bacteria in many industrial applications including fermented food products generally affects product characteristics and also serves as health-promoting foods for humans. The alleviation of lactose intolerance in many populations globally has been one of the widely accepted health claims attributed to probiotics and lactic acid bacteria, although many diseases have been treated with probiotic lactic acid bacteria and have been proven with scientific and clinical studies. The aim of our review was to present information related to lactic acid bacteria, the new classification and perspectives on industrial applications with a special emphasis on food safety and human health.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different modified fats on the body weight, biochemical profile, and biomarkers of hepatic oxidative status in Balb-c mice. The animals were divided into four groups and fed for 75 days with a normolipidic (Control Group, CG) or hiperlipidic diets (40% kcal) containing a commercial interesterified fat (IFG) rich in palmitic acid (39%); a blend of non-interesterified fat (NIFG), with 2-fold less saturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols; or a partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHFG), source of trans fatty acid (20%) and of linolenic acid (6%). The mice of the IFG and NIFG presented similar results in all evaluated parameters. The serum biochemical profile and hepatic oxidative stress markers in mice of the PHFG were similar to CG, except for total cholesterol (TC) which was significantly higher (p e PHFG. The mice feed with interesterified fat (IFG) showed serum TC (p fed with partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHFG). The hydrogenated fat source of trans fatty acid (20%) had less important metabolic effects than fats containing amounts of palmitic acid (interesterified or non-interesterified). Our results suggest that the replacement of hydrogenated fats by interesterified fats may not be such a simple solution to reduce or eliminate trans fatty acids in foods.

This review provides an overview of the composition, structure, and biological activities of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) compounds with focus on the future application of this compound as a food ingredient. MFGM is a particular component of mammalian milks and is comprised of a tri-layer of polar lipids, glycolipids and proteins. In recent years, MFGM has been extensively studied for the purpose of enhancing the efficacy of infant nutrition formula. For example, infant formulas supplemented with bovine MFGM have shown promising results with regard to neurodevelopment and defense against infections. Components of MFGM have been shown to present several health benefits as the proteins of the membrane have shown antiviral activity and a reduction in the incidence of diarrhea. Moreover, the presence of sphingomyelin, a phospholipid, implies beneficial effects on human health such as enhanced neuronal development in infants and the protection of neonates from bacterial infections. The development of a lipid that is similar to human milk fat would represent a significant advance for the infant formula industry and would offer high technology formulas for those infants that depend on infant formula. The complexity of the structure of MFGM and its nutritional and technological properties is critically examined in this review with a focus on issues relevant to the dairy industry.

Microalgae strains, newly isolated from freshwater in mangrove areas of Central and North Coasts of Sao Paulo State (Brazil), were evaluated regarding total protein and lipid content, and fatty acids profile. The biochemical composition was compared with that observed in strains obtained by UTEX Culture Collection (USA). Among seven identified green algae, Monoraphidium contortum (CCMA-UFSCar-701) presented the highest lipid content (43.60%), close to that observed in Botryococcus braunii (UTEX-2441; 48.85%). Protein content in isolated strains varied in the range of 13.90~23.60%. Finally, the most abundant fatty acids were palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and y-linolenic acid (C18:3).Chlorella vulgaris (CCMA- UFSCar-704) may be highlighted for its high linoleic acid content (49%). On the other hand, Elakatothrix sp (CCMA- UFSCar-702) and Scenedesmus obliquus (UTEX-B2630) presented the highest content of oleic acid (41% and 43%, respectively), which is preferable for oils to be used as feedstock for biodiesel.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supercooling and degree of saturation on lipid sonocrystallization under similar driving force of crystallization. Samples consisting of 100%, 50%, and 20% interesterified soybean oil (IESBO) diluted in high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSFO) were crystallized with and without high-intensity ultrasound (HIU). Two power levels were used by changing the amplitude of vibration of the tip (24 µm and 108 µm of tip amplitude). HIU operating at a frequency of 20 kHz was applied for 10 s. Sonication induced crystallization in the 100% IESBO sample and sonication power did not affect the results. A greater induction in crystallization was observed when higher power levels were used in the 50% IESBO sample, while no effect was observed in the crystallization kinetics of the 20% IESBO samples. Changes in the crystallization kinetics affected physical properties of the material, influencing elasticity. For example, sonication increased the elasticity of the 100% IESBO sample for both tip amplitudes from 435.9 ± 173.3 Pa to 72735.0 ± 9547.9 Pa for the nonsonicated and sonicated samples using 108 µm of amplitude, respectively. However, sonication only increased the elasticity in the 50% sample when used at the higher power level of 108 µm from 564.2 ± 175.2 Pa to 21774.0 ± 5694.9 Pa, and it did not affect the elasticity of the 20% IESBO samples. These results show that the level of saturation and the degree of supercooling affect sonication efficiency. High-intensity ultrasound (HIU) has been used as a novel method for changing the crystallization behavior of fats. HIU can be used to improve the physical properties of trans-free fats that are low in saturated fatty acids. Although recent studies have proven the effectiveness of this method to induce crystallization, the process must still be optimized to the industrial setting. All process parameters should be considered during the application of HIU, as they directly affect the final product. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of HIU and process conditions such as tip amplitude, degree of supercooling, and saturation level on the crystallization behavior of commercial interesterified soybean oil.

The objective of this research was to examine the effect of ultrasound frequency and high-speed agitation on lipid crystallization. Interesterified soybean oil was crystallized at 44 °C without and with the application of high intensity ultrasound (HIU—20 and 40 kHz) or with high-speed agitation (6000 and 24,000 rpm). Two tip amplitudes (24 and 108 µm) and three pulse durations were evaluated (5, 10, and 15 s) for the acoustic frequencies tested. Sonication at 20 kHz of frequency significantly reduced crystal size, increased (p < 0.05) elasticity (435.9 ± 173.3–80,218 ± 15,384 Pa) and SFC (0.2 ± 0.0–4.5 ± 0.4%). No significant difference was observed in the crystallization behavior of these samples when sonicated at different amplitudes for 5 and 10 s. The crystallization behavior was significantly delayed (p < 0.05) in samples sonicated using 108 µm amplitude for 15 s. Larger crystals were formed in samples sonicated at 40 kHz compared to those obtained with 20 kHz and lower SFC (3.7 ± 0.0%) and elasticity (3943 ± 1459 Pa) values were obtained. High-speed agitation at 24,000 rpm increased SFC (5.5 ± 0.1%) and crystallized area and decreased the elasticity (42,602 ± 11,775 Pa) compared to the samples sonicated at 20 kHz.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding monoacylglycerols (MAGs) to triacylglycerols (TAGs) on the crystallisation properties in a fat system. Differential scanning cal...

Research background. New sources of docosahexaenoic acid have recently been investigated aiming at infant formula fortification and dietary supplementation, among which the docosahexaenoic acid single cell oil, which contains 40-50 % of this acid. Experimental approach. For this purpose, such an oil was blended with caprylic acid in molar proportions ranging from 1:1 to 5:1 and the blends were interesterified using either Novozym 435 or Lipozyme TL IM as the catalyst. The influence of the amount of excess free caprylic acid in the substrate, as well as the type of enzyme on the triacylglycerol rearrangement resulting from the synthesis of the structured lipids were evaluated. Results and conclusions. The regiospecific lipase Lipozyme TL IM seemed to induce transesterification among single cell oil triacylglycerols preferably to acidolysis with caprylic acid, which was directly proportional to the ratio of this acid in the substrate. In reactions catalyzed by the non-regiospecific lipase Novozym 435, a higher incorporation of caprylic acid by single cell oil triacylglycerols was observed when compared with Lipozyme TL IM, independently of the oil:caprylic acid molar ratio. Novelty and scientific contribution. These results revealed the importance of combining the choice of the type of lipase, either regiospecific or not, with the proportions of excess free fatty acids in acidolysis reactions when aiming to produce structured lipids as a source of docosahexaenoic acid.

The objective of this research is to evaluate the crystallization behavior of coconut oil (CO) and palm olein (PO) as affected by the addition of two monoacylglycerols (MAG) emulsifiers and by the use of high intensity ultrasound (HIU). MAG with high content of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid (EM1) and MAG with high content of stearic acid and no unsaturated fatty acids (EM2) were used. Results show that the addition of emulsifiers did not affect crystallization kinetics of CO and similar solid fat contents (1.32 ± 0.94) (SFC) and melting enthalpies (5.90 ± 4.56) were obtained. The addition of EM1, however, significantly delayed the crystallization of PO as evidenced by a significantly lower SFC and melting enthalpy. SFC for PO was 8.56 ± 0.913 while SFC for PO + EM1 was 3.63 ± 1.38. Sonication induced the crystallization of CO samples crystallized with and without EM1 and EM2 while only induced the crystallization of PO + EM1 as measured with SFC. The induction in crystallization by HIU was also evidenced by higher enthalpy with values up to a range of 8 J/g to 11 J/g. A decrease in elasticity from 3.17 × 106 to 2.52 × 105 was observed in CO crystallized with emulsifiers which could be reverted by the application of HIU. Contrarily, the addition of emulsifiers increased elasticity of PO from 3.35 × 102 to 4.83 × 104 and sonication did not affect these values significantly. Differences observed in elasticity values are attributed not only to the amount of solid material obtained but also to the type of microstructure of the crystalline network formed during crystallization.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supercooling and degree of saturation on lipid sonocrystallization under similar driving force of crystallization. Samples consisting of 100%, 50%, and 20% interesterified soybean oil (IESBO) diluted in high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSFO) were crystallized with and without high-intensity ultrasound (HIU). Two power levels were used by changing the amplitude of vibration of the tip (24 μm and 108 μm of tip amplitude). HIU operating at a frequency of 20 kHz was applied for 10 s. Sonication induced crystallization in the 100% IESBO sample and sonication power did not affect the results. A greater induction in crystallization was observed when higher power levels were used in the 50% IESBO sample, while no effect was observed in the crystallization kinetics of the 20% IESBO samples. Changes in the crystallization kinetics affected physical properties of the material, influencing elasticity. For example, sonication increased the elasticity of the 100% IESBO sample for both tip amplitudes from 435.9 ± 173.3 Pa to 72735.0 ± 9547.9 Pa for the nonsonicated and sonicated samples using 108 μm of amplitude, respectively. However, sonication only increased the elasticity in the 50% sample when used at the higher power level of 108 μm from 564.2 ± 175.2 Pa to 21774.0 ± 5694.9 Pa, and it did not affect the elasticity of the 20% IESBO samples. These results show that the level of saturation and the degree of supercooling affect sonication efficiency.High-intensity ultrasound (HIU) has been used as a novel method for changing the crystallization behavior of fats. HIU can be used to improve the physical properties of trans-free fats that are low in saturated fatty acids. Although recent studies have proven the effectiveness of this method to induce crystallization, the process must still be optimized to the industrial setting. All process parameters should be considered during the application of HIU, as they directly affect the final product. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of HIU and process conditions such as tip amplitude, degree of supercooling, and saturation level on the crystallization behavior of commercial interesterified soybean oil.

The chemical interesterification of blends of soybean (SO) and fully hydrogenated crambe oil (FHCO) in the ratios of 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, 65:35, and 60:40 (w/w), respectively, was investigated. FHCO is a source of behenic acid. The blends and the interesterified fats were analyzed for fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, regiospecific distribution, slip melting point, solid profile, and consistency. The regiospecific analysis of the TAG indicated random insertion of saturated fatty acids at sn-2 of the glycerol of the interesterified blends with more significant alterations at sn-2 than at sn-1 and sn-3. The gradual addition of FHCO increased the solid fat content and the slip melting point. The chemical interesterification formed new TAG facilitating the miscibility between SO and FHCO. The 70:30 interesterified blend was suitable for general use, 60:40 for use as a base stock. At 35 °C, the 65:35 interesterified blend showed suitable plasticity for use in products with fat contents below 80 %. FHCO, rich in behenic acid, is not associated with increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and it can be used as a low trans fat. FHCO is not associated with increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and it can be used as a low trans fat alternative.

Functional guava mousses were prepared with inulin (I) and whey protein concentrate (WPC), in different combinations, with the purpose of partially or totally substituting their milk fat (MF) content, using a simplex-centroid design. In order to verify the adequacy of mousses to comply the standards for the nutrient content and nutrient comparative claims, their composition and energy values were compared with the food legislation adopted currently in Brazil, the European Union (E.U.), and the United States (U.S.), besides the new proposal for the Brazilian standards. Most of the formulations, especially I, WPC, I + WPC, and MF + I + WPC, and except for MF + WPC, were able to fulfil the requisites for receiving the “low” (nutrient content) and “reduced” (comparative) claims for total and saturated fat. Also, products with inulin could achieve the requisites for the “high” claim for dietary fibre. Nonetheless, important differences between the legislations for achieving some claims were noted, especially when the serving portion was used as standard instead of 100 g. This would require some attention by regulatory authorities, once the possibility of manufacturers to reduce or to increase the products’ serving portions up to achieve a claim, misunderstanding the consumer, may exist.

Enzymatic interesterification has been shown to be an alternative for the production of structured lipids resembling human milk fat. The knowledge of the physical properties of fat is an important tool for the implementation of this fat in a food matrix. The enzymatic interesterification reaction modifies the composition of triacylglycerols changing the crystallization properties and polymorphic form of fats. Blends containing different proportions of lard and soybean oil (80:20, 70:30, 40:60, 30:70 and 20:80) were enzymatically interesterified in a continuous flow tubular reactor and analyzed for crystalline structure by polarized light microscopy, the polymorphic form using X-ray diffraction and thermal properties by differential scanning calorimetry. The structural modifications resulting from continuous enzymatic interesterification changed the crystallization behavior and thermal profile of the samples, reducing enthalpy values. Structural changes were also evident on polarized light microscopy images, disclosing an increase in the crystallization rate among the samples after the continuous enzymatic reaction.

In functional dairy products, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) have been highlighted for their benefits related to prevention of some chronic diseases. In order to study the effect of type of milk (conventional vs. organic, characterized by a specific fatty acid composition), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB12, B94, BL04 and HN019) counts, acidification activity and chemical composition (pH, lactose, lactic acid contents and fatty acids profile) were investigated before fermentation and after 24 h of products stored at 4 °C. Organic and conventional milk influenced acidification performance and bacteria counts, which was strain-dependent. Higher counts of BB12 were observed in organic milk, whereas superior counts of BL04 were found in conventional milk. Organic fermented milk showed lower levels in saturated fatty acids (FA) and higher in monounsaturated FA contents. Similarly, among bioactive FA, organic fermented milks have higher amounts of trans vaccenic acid (TVA–C18:1t), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and slightly higher contents of α-linoleic acid (ALA).

Continuous enzymatic interesterification is an alternative to chemical interesterification for lipid modification technology which is economically viable for large scale use. A blend of 70% lard and 30% soybean oil was submitted to continuous enzymatic interesterification in a glass tubular bioreactor at flow rate ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 mL/min. The original mixture and the reaction products obtained were examined to determine melting and crystallization behavior by DSC, and analyzed for regiospecific fatty acid distribution. Continuous enzymatic interesterification changed the mixture, forming a new triacylglycerol composition, verified by DSC curves and variation in enthalpy of melting values. The regiospecific distribution of fatty acids was changed by flow variations in the reactor. In the continuous enzymatic interesterification reaction the flow rate of 4.5 mL/min, was more advantageous than slower flow rates, reducing acyl migration and increasing process productivity.

Os grãos de cereais são suscetíveis ao ataque de insetos e micro-organismos durante o armazenamento. Pesquisas demonstram a viabilidade da utilização da tecnologia de irradiação gama para a conservação de grãos de cereais e seus produtos. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o efeito de diferentes doses da radiação gama (3; 4,5; 6 kGy) em farinha de trigo e fubá e nos seus atributos sensoriais e físico-químicos. As amostras foram irradiadas em irradiador comercial modelo PR1 da CBN, com atividade de 1.200.000 Ci e a taxa de dose de 7 kGy/hora. A irradiação não afetou a qualidade oxidativa das farinhas durante o seu tempo de armazenamento definido dentro do período de validade usual de mercado, no entanto a qualidade sensorial foi afetada negativamente em todos os tratamentos, assim como as suas propriedades viscoelásticas. Sob as condições do experimento, se pode concluir que a irradiação pode ser uma alternativa para conservação de farinhas.Cereals are susceptible to the attack of insects and microorganisms during storage. Research has demonstrated the viability of the use of gamma irradiation technology for the preservation of cereal grains and their products. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of different doses of gamma radiation (3; 4.5; and 6 kGy) on wheat and corn meal by evaluating the physicochemical and sensorial attributes of these flours. The samples were radiated in a commercial irradiator, model PR1 of the CBN, at 7 kGy/hour dose tax and activity of 1.200.000Ci. Irradiation did not affect the oxidative quality of the flours in any of the treatments administered prior to the expiration date. On the other hand, the organoleptical properties were negatively affected, as well as the viscoelastic properties of these flours. Under the conditions of our experiment, it can be concluded that irradiation may be an alternative means of flour preservation.

Interesterification of palm stearin (PS) with liquid vegetable oils could yield a good solid fat stock that may impart desirable physical properties, because PS is a useful source of vegetable hard fat, providing β′ stable solid fats. Dietary ingestion of olive oil (OO) has been reported to have physiological benefits such as lowering serum cholesterol levels. Fat blends, formulated by binary blends of palm stearin and olive oil in different ratios, were subjected to chemical interesterification with sodium methoxide. The original and interesterified blends were examined for fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, melting point, solid fat content (SFC) and consistency. Interesterification caused rearrangement of triacylglycerol species, reduction of trisaturated and triunsaturated triacylglycerols content and increase in diunsaturated–monosaturated triacylglycerols of all blends, resulting in lowering of melting point and solid fat content. The incorporation of OO to PS reduced consistency, producing more plastic blends. The mixture and chemical interesterification allowed obtaining fats with various degrees of plasticity, increasing the possibilities for the commercial use of palm stearin and olive oil.

A finalidade do estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de cristalização de misturas binárias de gordura do leite e óleo de girassol em diversas proporções, bem como de seus correspondentes lipídios estruturados obtidos por interesterificação química. Foram usados conteúdo de gordura sólida, consistência, ponto de amolecimento e microscopia sob luz polarizada para avaliar as misturas antes e após a interesterificação. A adição de óleo de girassol e a interesterificação modificaram a cristalização da gordura do leite, pelos efeitos de diluição e rearranjo dos triacilgliceróis. Arquivos de vídeo em formato WMV foram compilados para estudar a cristalização a 20 ºC. Os vídeos tornaram possível a observação da estrutura cristalina formada e representaram uma ferramenta de grande importância para a pesquisa de cristalização de óleos e gorduras.The aim of this study was to evaluate the crystallization behavior of binary mixtures of milkfat and sunflower oil in different ratios and their respective structured lipids obtained by chemical interesterification. Solid fat content, consistency, softening point and polarized light microscopy were used to analyze the mixtures before and after interesterification. The addition of sunflower oil and the interesterification changed the milkfat crystallization, through the effect of the dilution and rearrangement of the triacylglycerols. Video files in WMV format were made in order to study the crystallization at 20 ºC. The videos made it possible to observe crystal structure formation and they represent a tool of great importance in the fats and oils crystallization research.

Chemical interesterification is an important technological option for the production of fats targeting commercial applications. Fat blends, formulated by binary blends of palm stearin and palm olein in different ratios, were subjected to chemical interesterification. The following determinations, before and after the interesterification reactions, were done: fatty acid composition, softening point, melting point, solid fat content and consistency. For the analytical responses a multiple regression statistical model was applied. This study has shown that blending and chemical interesterifications are an effective way to modify the physical and chemical properties of palm stearin, palm olein and their blends. The mixture and chemical interesterification allowed obtaining fats with various degrees of plasticity, increasing the possibilities for the commercial use of palm stearin and palm olein.

This study investigates the kinetics of acidification, fatty acid (FA) profile and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, C18:2 c9, t11) content in fermented milks prepared from organic and conventional milk. Fermented milks were manufactured with five mixed cultures: four different strains of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BL04, B94, BB12 and HN019) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LB340, in co-culture with Streptococcus thermophilus TA040. The composition of milk was evaluated, and the kinetics of acidification was followed by continuous pH measurement using the Cinac system. The profile of FA, including CLA, was analyzed by gas chromatography. The chemical composition of conventional and organic milk was similar, with the exception of protein and Fe, the concentrations of which were higher in the organic milk. The rate of acidification was significantly influenced by the type of milk and the bacterial strain used. Co-cultures St-HN019 and St-BB12 showed higher maximal acidification rates in both milks. Final counts of S. thermophilus (9.0–10.1 log10 colony forming units (CFU)·mL−1), Lactobacillus bulgaricus (8.2–8.5 log10 CFU·mL−1) and B. animalis subsp. lactis strains (8.3−9.3 log10 CFU·mL−1) did not differ significantly in either milk. Unexpectedly, all fermented organic milks contained significantly higher amounts of CLA than the same milk before fermentation, whereas CLA amounts did not change during fermentation of conventional milk. Regardless of the type of milk, CLA was found to be significantly positively correlated with trans-vaccenic acid and negatively correlated with linoleic acid. Moreover, the CLA contents were significantly higher in fermented milks showing shorter fermentation times.

The simultaneous effects of different binary co-cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis with Streptococcus thermophilus and of different prebiotics on the production of fermented milk were investigated in this paper. In particular, we determined and compared the kinetics of acidification of milk either as such or supplemented with 4% (w/w) maltodextrin, oligofructose and polydextrose, as well as the probiotic survival, chemical composition (pH, lactose, lactic acid and protein contents), fatty acids profile and conjugate linoleic acid (CLA) content of fermented milk after storage at 4 degrees C for 24 h. Fermented milk quality was strongly influenced both by the co-culture composition and the selected prebiotic. Depending on the co-culture, prebiotic addition to milk influenced to different extent kinetic acidification parameters. All probiotic counts were stimulated by oligofructose and polydextrose, and among these B. lactis always exhibited the highest counts in all supplemented milk samples. Polydextrose addition led to the highest post-acidification. Although the contents of the main fatty acids were only barely influenced, the highest amounts of conjugated linoleic acid (38% higher than in the control) were found in milk fermented by S. thermophilus-L. acidophilus co-culture and supplemented with maltodextrin.

Produtos orgânicos consistem em uma alternativa para uma alimentação saudável. Considera-se leite orgânico aquele produzido em sistema no qual é vedado o uso de agrotóxico sintético ou outros insumos artificiais tóxicos e organismos geneticamente modificados, visando à oferta de produtos saudáveis e de elevado valor nutricional. Existem poucos dados disponíveis sobre leite orgânico na literatura, mas há indicações de que este apresenta maior teor nutritivo quando comparado ao leite produzido em sistema convencional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a composição físico-química, o perfil de ácidos graxos e ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) em leites pasteurizados integrais oriundos de agricultura orgânica brasileira. Os leites orgânicos foram analisados durante o período de doze meses e os resultados comparados com aqueles obtidos de leites pasteurizados integrais provenientes de sistemas convencionais. A sazonalidade e o manejo dos animais afetaram a composição química dos leites estudados no período de doze meses. Os teores de proteína foram maiores em leite orgânico, porém tendência inversa foi observada nos níveis de gordura. Os principais ácidos graxos do leite não apresentaram diferenças significativas durante as estações do ano e entres os leites. Entretanto, foi verificado maior teor de CLA em leites orgânicos (2,8 vezes maior que em leite convencional), provavelmente devido à dieta dos animais. Organic milk is produced in an agro-system in which the use of synthetic livestock additives or other artificial inputs are forbidden. The objective of this work was to characterize the physicochemical composition and the profile of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in pasteurized whole milk, a product deriving from organic agriculture in Brazil. The organic milk was analyzed during the period of twelve months, and the results were compared with those of milk obtained from conventional production systems. The seasonality and the handling of the animals affected the chemical composition of the studied milk during the one-year period. The protein contents were higher in the organic milk, but the contrary was observed for the fat levels. The main fatty acids of the milk did not present significant differences during the seasons of the year, and in the milk studied. However, higher amounts of CLA were found in organic milk (2.8 times higher than in conventional milk). This is probably due to animal diets.

Produtos orgânicos consistem em uma alternativa para uma alimentação saudável. Considera-se leite orgânico aquele produzido em sistema no qual é vedado o uso de agrotóxico sintético ou outros insumos artificiais tóxicos e organismos geneticamente modificados, visando à oferta de produtos saudáveis e de elevado valor nutricional. Existem poucos dados disponíveis sobre leite orgânico na literatura, mas há indicações de que este apresenta maior teor nutritivo quando comparado ao leite produzido em sistema convencional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a composição físico-química, o perfil de ácidos graxos e ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) em leites pasteurizados integrais oriundos de agricultura orgânica brasileira. Os leites orgânicos foram analisados durante o período de doze meses e os resultados comparados com aqueles obtidos de leites pasteurizados integrais provenientes de sistemas convencionais. A sazonalidade e o manejo dos animais afetaram a composição química dos leites estudados no período de doze meses. Os teores de proteína foram maiores em leite orgânico, porém tendência inversa foi observada nos níveis de gordura. Os principais ácidos graxos do leite não apresentaram diferenças significativas durante as estações do ano e entres os leites. Entretanto, foi verificado maior teor de CLA em leites orgânicos (2,8 vezes maior que em leite convencional), provavelmente devido à dieta dos animais.Organic milk is produced in an agro-system in which the use of synthetic livestock additives or other artificial inputs are forbidden. The objective of this work was to characterize the physicochemical composition and the profile of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in pasteurized whole milk, a product deriving from organic agriculture in Brazil. The organic milk was analyzed during the period of twelve months, and the results were compared with those of milk obtained from conventional production systems. The seasonality and the handling of the animals affected the chemical composition of the studied milk during the one-year period. The protein contents were higher in the organic milk, but the contrary was observed for the fat levels. The main fatty acids of the milk did not present significant differences during the seasons of the year, and in the milk studied. However, higher amounts of CLA were found in organic milk (2.8 times higher than in conventional milk). This is probably due to animal diets.

Os grãos de cereais são suscetíveis ao ataque de insetos e desenvolvimento de microorganismos durante o armazenamento. Pesquisas têm demonstrado a viabilidade da utilização da tecnologia de irradiação gama para a preservação conservação de grãos de cereais e seus produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de diferentes doses de radiação gama (0; 3; 4,5 e 6 kGy) em farinha de trigo e fubá sobre a estabilidade oxidativa e qualidade tecnológica. Foram avaliados os atributos sensoriais e físico-químicos, além de parâmetros tecnológicos da farinha de trigo como farinograma, alveograma, "falling number" e teste de panificação. As amostras já embaladas em fardos, foram irradiadas em um irradiador comercial e armazenadas em condições ambiente, a taxa de dose durante a irradiação foi de 7 kGy/h. A qualidade oxidativa das farinhas e do fubá não foi alterada em nenhum dos tratamentos, dentro do período de validade obedecido pelos fabricantes, para os mesmos produtos não irradiados. Contudo, a acidez das farinhas foi o índice analítico que mais prontamente refletiu a ação da irradiação. Os níveis de acidez iniciais mais altos corresponderam a maiores incrementos durante o armazenamento. Os tratamentos de 4,5 e 6 kGy tiveram efeito negativo sobre os parâmetros farinográficos, alveográficos e o "Falling number" da farinha de trigo alterando assim a sua qualidade tecnológica. A farinha de trigo e o fubá tiveram suas propriedades viscoelásticas afetadas em todos os tratamentos, sendo progressiva com o aumento da dose, enquanto que a qualidade sensorial não foi afetada por nenhum dos tratamentos, apesar de um odor metálico se fazer presente, sendo perceptível para alguns provadores. Cereals are susceptible to the attack of insects and microorganisms development during storage. Researches have demonstrated the viability of the use of the irradiation technology for the preservation and reduction of these losses. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different irradiation doses (0; 3; 4,5 and 6 kGy) on wheat and corn flour oxidative stability and technological quality. Physicochemical and sensory analyses were performed on the flours. The technological parameters evaluated on the wheat flour were farinogram, alveogram, falling number, and a baking experiment. The packed samples were irradiated in a commercial irradiator and stored under ambient conditions. The oxidative quality of both flours was not affected in any of the treatments, within the commercial shelf life period guaranteed by the manufacturers for non irradiated products. However, flours acid value was the analytical parameter that reflected the irradiation effect. The higher flour initial acid values were the larger the increments with storage. The 4.5 and 6 kGy treatments ha a negative effect on the technological quality of the wheat flour. The irradiated flours had their viscoelastic properties affected the higher the irradiation dose, the stronger the effect. None of the treatments affected the sensorial quality of the samples, although a metallic odor was perceived by some tasters.

The crystallization behavior of lipids has important implications in industrial processing of food products, whose physical characteristics depend largely on crystallized fats. The study of the crystallization behavior and polymorphism of a pure lipid system is of great scientific importance as a means of gaining an understanding of the phenomena involved, serving as basic knowledge to help guide the addition or removal of these compounds in different raw materials. The crystallization behavior and polymorphism of pure tripalmitin (PPP) and tristearin (SSS) were investigated by Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) under different crystallization conditions. The polymorphic forms (β' and β) of PPP and SSS exhibited different morphologies depending on how they were obtained, either from α form recrystallization or from isotropic melt. Crystallization in the β form was faster in SSS than in PPP, indicating that the process occurs faster in TAGs composed of longer fatty acid chains. Both β' and β polymorphic forms were obtained from α form recrystallization, albeit with predominance of the β form.

cope Emerging evidence indicates that the use of bioactive food components is a promising strategy to prevent the development of liver cancer. The goal of this study was to examine the chemopreventive effect of butyrate-containing structured lipids (STLs) produced by an enzymatic interesterification of tributyrin and flaxseed oil on rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Methods and results Male Wistar rats were subjected to a classic “resistant hepatocyte” model of liver carcinogenesis and treated with STLs, tributyrin or flaxseed oil during the initial phases of hepatocarcinogenesis. Treatment with STLs and tributyrin strongly inhibited the development of preneoplastic liver lesions. The chemopreventive activity of tributyrin was associated with the induction of apoptosis and reduction of the expression of major activated hepatocarcinogenesis-related oncogenes. Treatment with STLs caused substantially greater inhibitory effects than tributyrin on oncogene expression. Conclusion These results demonstrate that the tumor-suppressing activity of butyrate-containing STLs is associated with its ability to prevent and inhibit activation of major hepatocarcinogenesis-related oncogenes. Enrichment of histone H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 at the promoter of Myc and Ccnd1 genes may be related to the inhibitory effect on oncogene expression in the livers of STL-treated rats.

Os lipídios do leite humano são essenciais para o desenvolvimento de recém-nascidos. A composição dos ácidos graxos e a sua distribuição nas cadeias dos triacilgliceróis devem ser alvos de estudos em fórmulas infantis. Este trabalho pretende obter lipídios estruturados que possuam características semelhantes às da gordura do leite humano. Misturas binárias de banha e óleo de soja formuladas em diferentes proporções (80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80) foram submetidas à reação de interesterificação química. A composição em ácidos graxos, índice de iodo, conteúdo de gordura sólida, consistência e ponto de fusão foram analisados nas misturas antes e após a interesterificação. A adição de óleo de soja provocou decréscimo no conteúdo de gordura sólida e consistência da banha. A interesterificação química alterou o comportamento destas propriedades nas misturas binárias da banha com o óleo de soja, em todas as proporções, possivelmente em função do aumento de triacilgliceróis di e trissaturados produzidos pela randomização. As interações entre banha e óleo de soja apresentaram efeito monotético, antes e após a interesterificação química. Dentre as misturas modificadas, as que continham banha com 20 e 40% de óleo de soja foram as que mais se aproximaram da composição em ácidos graxos dos lipídios do leite humano.Human milk fat is essential for the development of term infants. The fatty acid composition and distribution in the triacylglycerols chains must be object of studies in infant formulas. The objective of this paper was to obtain structured lipids that have similar characteristics to the human milk fat. Binary mixtures of lard and soybean oil in different ratios (80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80) were submitted to chemical interesterification. The fatty acid composition, acid value, iodine value, solid fat content, consistency and melting point were analyzed in the mixtures before and after the interesterification. The solid fat content and consistency of lard decreased by the addition of soybean oil. Chemical interesterification modified the behavior the binary mixtures of lard with soybean oil, in all ratios, possibly as a function of the increase of di and trisatured triacylglycerols produced by the randomic effect. The interactions between lard and soybean oil presented a monotectic effect before and after the chemical interesterification. The modified mixtures with 20 and 40% of soybean oil presented similar fatty acid composition to human milk fat.

Two commercial emulsifiers (EM1 and EM2), containing predominantly monoacylglycerols (MAGs), were added in proportiond of 1.0 and 3.0% (w/w) to coconut oil and palm olein. EM1 consisted of approximately 90% MAGs, whereas EM2 consisted of approximately 50% MAGs. The crystallization behavior of these systems was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microscopy under polarized light. On the basis of DSC results, it was clear that the addition of EM2 accelerated the crystallization of coconut oil and delayed the crystallization of palm olein. In both oils EM2 addition led to the formation of smaller spherulites, and these effects improved the possibilities for using these fats as ingredients. In coconut oil the spherulites were maintained even at higher temperatures (20 °C). The addition of EM1 to coconut oil changed the crystallization pattern. In palm olein, the addition of 3.0% (w/w) of this emulsifier altered the pattern of crystallization of this fat.

International audience; Survival of three Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strains is related to trans-vaccenic and a-linolenic acids contents in organic fermented milks a b s t r a c t This study aims at relating the survival at 4 C for 28 days in organic and conventional fermented milks of three strains of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB12, B94 and BL04), in co-culture with Strepto-coccus thermophilus TA040 and Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB340, to milk fatty acids profile. Cultivability after 28 days of cold storage was improved in organic fermented milks as compared to conventional products, with slight differences among strains. In addition, the poly-unsaturated fatty acids fraction was higher in organic products, as well as the relative trans-vaccenic (TVA) and a-linolenic (ALA) fatty acids contents that were respectively 1.7 and 2.4 times higher in organic than in conventional fermented milks. From these results, it was concluded that elevated levels of TVA and ALA, together with a lower ratio between linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid, as found in organic products, improved the survival of the bifidobacteria during chilled storage.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of blending triacylglycerols (TAGs) and diacylglycerols (DAGs) on the melting and crystallization properties in a fat system. To this end, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) methods were used. Different DAGs (diolein—OO, dipalmitin—PP and distearin—SS) were added at 5% to each TAG (triolein—OOO, tripalmitin—PPP and tristearin—SSS). DSC results showed that the addition of DAGs delayed the onset of crystallization of saturated TAGs (PPP and SSS). By contrast, the addition of DAGs to unsaturated TAG (OOO) accelerated the onset of crystallization, with the appearance of an extra crystallization peak upon the addition of SS and PP. PLM results revealed that the addition of OO affected the polymorphic transition of the TAGs studied findings were consistent with DSC melting curves and XRD results.

Development of dairy products containing bifido bacteria is one of the main focuses in the food industry, considering the health benefits attributed to its survival through gut intestinal tract and the liberation of biogenic compounds. In order to evaluate the effect of process conditions on survival of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis HN019 and release of biogenic compounds during cold storage two technological processes were employed: (i) addition of Probiotic (unfermented bifido milk; UFBM) and (ii) fermentation (fermented bifido milk; FBM). B. Lactis HN019 counts were stable only in fermented milks during seven weeks of cold storage. Moreover, dairy matrices associated with cold storage appeared to protect bifidobacteria during exposition to gastric conditions, assuring the correct Probiotic counts at gut entrance. The distribution of fatty acids was affected by the different Probiotic products. In contrast, fermentation process increased the relative contents of some bioactive fatty acids, such as elaidic acid (+11%) and conjugated linoleic acids (+20%). It was also noted an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids in the FBM and a higher relative content of monounsaturated fatty acids in the UFBM, as compared to control milk. In addition, fermentation process by bifido bacteria enhanced the long chain fatty acids fraction in bifido milks as compared to control and unfermented bifido milks. Control milk and unfermented bifido milk showed the same peptides even after seven days of storage in contrast with fermented milks that had increase bioactive peptides. It is possible to suggest that opioid peptides are formed during fermentation process, increasing the source of bioactive peptides. Finally, the cold conservation process modified peptides and could improve antibacterial activity.

The interesterification of natural fats can improve certain physical and nutraceutical properties by modification of their acylglycerol profile. The aim of this study was the production of structured lipids by lipase-catalyzed interesterification of blends of palm stearin (PS), palm kernel oil (PK), and olive oil (OO), to be incorporated in margarines. Interesterification activity was evaluated by the decrease of the solid fat content at 35°C (SFC35°C) of the blends. The best interesterification conditions, found by response surface methodology (RSM), catalyzed by “Lipozyme® TL IM” or “Lipozyme® RM IM,” were 65°C and a blend of 45% w/w of PS, 30% w/w of PK, and 25% w/w of OO. Under these conditions, after 2 h of batch interesterification, the product had a SFC35°C of 3.0%. The reaction was implemented in a continuous packed-bed bioreactor, under optimized conditions, for 226 h (“Lipozyme® TL IM”) or 188 h (“Lipozyme® RM IM”), at a residence time of 7 min. The inactivation profile of both biocatalysts followed the first-order deactivation model: half-lives of 88 h (“Lipozyme® TL IM”) and 60 h (“Lipozyme® RM IM”) were estimated, respectively. Free fatty acid content of continuous interesterified blends (c.a. 1% w/w) was lower than that of batch-interesterified blends (c.a. 4–5% w/w). Practical applications: The obtained structured lipids, with low SFC35°C, are adequate for the production of trans-free table margarines. Using sn-1,3 specific lipases as catalysts, the original fatty acids at sn-2 position will be maintained with nutritional benefits. PS and PK are fats used as trans-free sources of solid fat, for the margarine industry, which are not very sensitive to oxidation. PK, a lauric fat, imparts a fast crystallization rate and confers plasticity to the final products. The incorporation of OO will enrich the blends with natural antioxidants and oleic acid at sn-2 position in acylglycerols. The development of response surface models, describing both final SFC values of interesterified blends and SFC decrease, will allow predicting results for novel proportions of fats and oils and/or a novel combination composition-temperature. The implementation of the interesterification in continuous reactors promotes a faster reaction and lower acidity of interesterified blends, with benefits in terms of product separation and purification.

trans-Free interesterified fat was produced for possible usage as a margarine. Palm stearin, coconut oil, and canola oil were used as substrates for chemical interesterification. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of blends of palm stearin, coconut oil, and canola oil submitted to chemical interesterification using sodium methoxide as the catalyst. The original and interesterified blends were examined for fatty acid composition, softening and melting points, solid fat content, and consistency. Chemical interesterification reduced softening and melting points, consistency, and solid fat content. The interesterified fats showed desirable physicochemical properties for possible use as a margarine. Therefore, our result suggested that the interesterified fat without trans-fatty acids could be used as an alternative to partially hydrogenated fat.

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the fatty acid (FA) composition of colostrum and mature milk produced by nursing mothers of preterm and at-term newborns, in Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. Low contents of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (0.02%/colostrum and 0.01%/mature milk for preterm and term milk) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (colostrum group: 0.10%/preterm and 0.09%/term; mature milk: 0.05%/preterm and 0.03%/term) were determined. The comparison among the groups showed that the elaidic acid content was significantly higher (1.67%) in mature term milk. The content of rumenic acid (conjugated linoleic acid) was significantly higher in at-term colostrum compared with preterm colostrum. When considering the maturity of the milk, there was a significant increase in the percentage of this FA in the preterm group. The results show that, overall, the greatest differences observed were between the colostrums and mature milks for both groups and not between preterm and at-term mothers.

Although beef tallow (BT) has been considered a hard low-trans fat convenient to be used in several bakery applications, it has some undesirable characteristics like fatty acid composition, crystallization behavior, graininess formation and poor plastic range. This work studied the modification of BT by blending at different percentages with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSFO) followed by the enzyme-catalyzed interesterification of the blends. The reduction in the solid fat content achieved by the simple blending was enhanced by the interesterification process, as a result of the increase in the concentration of the diunsaturated monosaturated type triacylglycerols. Interesterification strongly impacted too on the crystallization behavior of the blends, since products showed more homogeneous and regular crystals than the starting mixture. Results show that lipase catalyzed interesterification of BT with HOSFO offers a useful tool for the design of fats with adjustable physicochemical properties, improved with respect to that of the starting fats.

Structured lipids (SL), formulated by blends of lard and soybean oil in different ratios, were subjected to continuous enzymatic interesterification catalyzed by an immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM) in a continuous packed bed reactor. The original and interesterified blends were examined for fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, regiospecific distribution, and solid fat content. Blends of lard and soybean oil in the proportions 80:20 and 70:30 (w/w), respectively, demonstrated a fatty acid composition, and proportions of polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) and monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/PUFA), that are appropriate for the formulation of pediatric products. These same blends were suited for this purpose after interesterification because their sn-2 positions were occupied by saturated fatty acids (52.5 and 45.4%, respectively), while unsaturated fatty acids predominantly occupied sn-1,3 positions, akin to human milk fat. Interesterification caused rearrangement of triacylglycerol species.