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ABSTRACT Two investigations were developed. The first experiment was to determine the metabolizability of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal. 120 slow-growing, 21-day-old chickens were used. The experimental period was seven days, four for adaptation to diets and three for collection of excreta. The Moringa leaf presented values for apparent metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, crude energy and neutral detergent fiber, as well as apparent metabolizable energy and corrected metabolizable energy for a nitrogen balance, of 49.77%, 44.48%, 46.26% and 53.02%, and 2,334 kcal/kg, 2,159 kcal/kg respectively. The second experiment was to evaluate the inclusion of Moringa leaf meal in the diets of two hundred and forty slow-growing chickens from one to 80 days of age on performance, carcass characteristics, biometrics of digestive organs and meat color. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments (0.75%; 1.50%; 2.25% and 3.00% inclusion of the Moringa leaf), six repetitions and ten chickens per experimental unit; the inclusion levels of the Moringa leaf did not influence (p> 0.05) feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, final weight at 30, 60 and 80 days, carcass, noble cut yields and meat color. The inclusion of Moringa leaf meal can be used up to the 3% level in slow-growing chicken diets, without affecting the productive performance of these animals.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavioural parameters and surface temperatures of broilers fed different vitamin E levels. A total of 240 male, day-old Cobb 500® broiler chicks were raised until the seventh day of life, according to the recommendations for the strain, receiving feed with only 50% of vitamin E requirements. At eight days of age, the birds were weighed and standardised, and the treatments distributed in a completely randomised design with four treatments (50, 100, 150 and 200% of vitamin E requirements) and six replicates of ten birds per experimental unit. The variables evaluated were the behavioural parameters of the birds (eating, drinking, idleness and other activities) and the feed intake within 24 hours as well as the maximum and minimum surface temperatures, and thermal amplitudes at the end of each life cycle (21 and 42 days). Vitamin E levels did not influence behavioural parameters or feed intake over 24 hours at 21 and 42 days of age. There was no interaction between vitamin E levels and maximum and minimum temperatures or thermal amplitudes. However, the maximum and minimum temperatures and thermal amplitudes were influenced by the morning and afternoon periods at 21 and 42 days of age. Dietary vitamin E levels did not influence the behavioural patterns of broilers at 21 and 42 days of age.

Aqui nós avaliamos a viabilidade da inclusão de glicerina purificada em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte de 8 a 42 dias de idade. Para tanto, foram utilizados 160 fios de 8 dias de idade da linhagem Cobb 500®, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (CRD) com quatro tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão de glicerina purificada) e quatro repetições. de dez pássaros. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, ganho de peso, rotação alimentar, peso final, biometria de coração, fígado, moela e intestino delgado, rendimento de carcaça, cortes especiais, coxa e sobrecoxa. de proteína e gordura. no músculo do peito.Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificaram nas dietas influenciaram (p 0,05) sem consumo de ração (FI ). The same form, not much effect (p> 0. 05) nos income de carcaça e cortes especiais. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina não são influenciados (p> 0,05) o peso relativo da moela, nem o peso e a duração do intestino delgado. No entanto, os níveis de inclusão de glicerina aumentaram os pesos do coração e do fígado (p 0,05) os valores de leveza (L *), vermelhidão (a *), amarelecimento (b *), pH ou proteína, mas aumentaram (p 0,05) os valores de leveza (L *), vermelhidão (a *), amarelecimento (b *), pH ou proteína, mas aumentaram (p 0,05) os valores de leveza (L *), vermelhidão (a *), amarelecimento (b *), pH ou proteína, mas aumentaram (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, energy values and nutrient metabolizability coefficients of corn grown using different organic fertilizers and its use for feeding slow-growing broilers. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, two hundred 21-day-old broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and four replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. The treatments were a control diet and four test diets (corn fertilized with crotalaria, corn fertilized with millet, corn fertilized with humus, and corn without fertilization), including corn at 30% in the control diet. The apparent metabolizable energy, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance, and apparent metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy were determined. In the performance trial, two hundred and fifty 1-day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design into five treatments (T1 – control diet with commercial corn, T2 – corn without fertilization, T3 – corn fertilized with humus, T4 – corn fertilized with millet and T5 – corn fertilized with crotalaria) and five replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and final weight at 20 days were evaluated. The AME and AMEn values of corn fertilized with crotalaria, millet, humus and corn without fertilization were 3246 and 3239 kcal kg?1; 2965 and 2954 kcal kg?1; 2909 and 2877 kcal kg?1; and 3265 and 3201 kcal kg?1, respectively. The apparent metabolizable coefficients of DM, CP and GE were: 89.75%, 66.88% and 88.5% for corn fertilized with crotalaria; 84.38%, 58.73% and 81.4% for corn fertilized with millet; 80.38%, 53.45% and 78.95% for corn fertilized with humus; and 89.48%, 68.95% and 87.85% for corn without fertilization, respectively. Feeding broilers with corn cultivated with different fertilizers affected (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and final weight. The treatments using corn fertilized with crotalaria, millet, humus and commercial corn did not differ, with better results in relation to corn crop cultivated without fertilization. The use of crotalaria and millet as a green manure, and humus derived from dairy manure are alternatives that can be used on corn crop as they resulted in grains with adequate nutritional composition, energy values and metabolizable coefficients for slow-growing broilers from 1 to 20 days of age.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of enzyme combinations in diets, with different nutritional uplift matrices, for hens raised in an alternative cage-free system. The experiment was carried out with 800 Isa Brown laying hens aged 24-30 weeks, distributed in a 2x2 factorial arrangement, with two combinations of enzymes (phytase and xylanase) and two nutritional matrices (conventional and overvalued uplifts). The treatments were: T1, phytase (450 FTU per kilogram) + xylanase (12,000 BXU per kilogram), using matrix I (100 Kcal kg-1 apparent metabolizable energy, 0.16% calcium, 0.15% available phosphorus, 0.03 sodium, and 0.02% digestible lysine); T2, phytase (1,500 FTU per kilogram) and matrix I; T3, phytase (450 FTU per kilogram) + xylanase (12,000 BXU per kilogram), using matrix II (120 Kcal kg-1 apparent metabolizable energy, 0.22% calcium, 0.20% available phosphorus, 0.04% sodium, and 0.05% digestible lysine); and T4, phytase (1,500 FTU per kilogram) and matrix II. Productive performance variables and external and internal egg quality were analyzed. The use of phytase or of the phytase + xylanase combination, independently of the nutritional matrix used, met the nutrient requirements of the animals and maintained their productive performance. However, the combination phytase + xylanase and the adoption of matrix I was more efficient.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and meat quality of broilers fed different levels of alpha-tocopherol. A total of 240 one-day-old Cobb 500® male broiler chicks were reared until day 7 of life, as recommended by the commercial line, and were fed at only 50% of the alpha-tocopherol requirement. At day 8, the chicks were weighed, homogenized, and allotted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (50, 100, 150, and 200% alpha-tocopherol requirement) and six replicates of ten chickens per experimental unit. Several variables were evaluated: weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, carcass yield and prime cuts (drumstick, thigh, and breast), edible viscera (heart, liver, gizzard), immune organs (cloacal bursa and spleen), intestine weight and length, abdominal fat, breast meat color (lightness, redness, and yellowness), pH, cooking loss, and shear force of the breast meat. Dietary alpha-tocopherol levels did not influence broiler performance, carcass yield, and prime cuts at 42 days of age. The edible viscera, immune organs, the length of the small intestine, and the abdominal fat, as well as the meat color (lightness, redness, and yellowness), pH, cooking loss, and shear force of the breast meat, were not influenced. However, the small intestine yield increased linearly with increasing levels of alpha-tocopherol. The dietary levels of alpha-tocopherol did not influence the performance and meat quality of broilers from 8 to 42 days of age.

The aim of this study was to evaluate poultry performance and diet metabolisability in slow- growing naked neck chickens fed different substitution levels of soybean meal protein with cottonseed cake protein. The trial was conducted in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% substitution of soybean meal protein with cottonseed cake protein), six replicates and fifteen birds per replicate. The birds and diets of each experimental unit were weighed at one day old. At 30, 60 and 85 days old, the chickens and leftovers were weighed again to estimate the feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC) and final weight (FW) from 1 to 30 days, from 1 to 60 days and from 1 to 85 days old. To evaluate diet metabolisability, a three-day total excreta collection (26 to 28 days of age) was performed. A quadratic effect was reported for diet metabolisability, in which the minimum substitution level was 17.45% and 17.69% for apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), respectively. Based on performance, it is recommended to replace 40% soybean meal protein with cottonseed cake protein.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sorghums grown with different organic fertilizers on the chemical composition, energy values, and nutrient metabolizability coefficients, as well as their use for feeding slow-growing broilers. Two trials were performed. In the first experiment, 200 21-day-old broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD), with five treatments and four replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a control diet and four test diets (sorghum fertilized with crotalaria, sorghum fertilized with millet, sorghum fertilized with humus, and sorghum without fertilization), including sorghum at 30% in the control diet. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were evaluated. In trial 2, 200 1-day-old chicks were used in a CRD with five treatments (T1 – control diet with commercial corn, T2 – sorghum fertilized with crotalaria, T3 – sorghum fertilized with millet, T4 – sorghum fertilized with humus, and T5 – sorghum without fertilization) and four replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, and final weight at 28 days were evaluated. The values of AME and AMEn of sorghums fertilized with crotalaria, millet, humus, and sorghum without fertilization were 2894 Kcal kg-1 and 2881 Kcal kg-1; 2736 Kcal kg-1 and 2675 Kcal kg-1; 2727 Kcal kg-1 and 2694 Kcal kg-1; and 2994 Kcal kg-1 and 2959 Kcal kg-1, respectively. The metabolizable coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were 76.04%, 42.01%, and 75.25% for sorghum fertilized with crotalaria; 77.50%, 50.77%, and 75.95% for sorghum fertilized with millet; 77.62%, 46.39%, and 75.54% for sorghum fertilized with humus; and 75.83%, 39.53%, and 74.71% for sorghum cultivated without fertilization, respectively. The dietary use of sorghum cultivated with different fertilizers did not affect (P > 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, and final weight. Green manures with crotalaria, millet, and humus (bovine manure) are alternatives that can be used on sorghum crops because they resulted in grains with adequate nutritional composition, energy values, and metabolizable coefficients for slow-growing broilers from 1 to 28 days of age.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of including purified glycerin in the diets of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age. Eighty Cobb 500® lineage broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) to one of four treatment groups (0, 2, 4 and 6% of purified glycerin inclusion in feed) and five replicates of four birds. The birds were evaluated for performance (weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion); carcass yield; special cuts yield (thigh, drumstick and breast); muscle colour (L* = lightness, a* = redness, b* = yellowness); and crude protein, ether extract and moisture content of the breast muscle. Inclusion of purified glycerin in the diet did not affect (p > 0.05) any of the growth performance indicators, which demonstrated the technical feasibility of including up to 6% glycerin in the diet. Similarly, there was no effect on carcass yield; special-cut yields; muscle colour (L* = lightness, a* = redness, b* = yellowness); or crude protein, ether extract and moisture content of breast muscle. The inclusion of purified glycerin at up to 6% in the diet proved to be feasible in broilers treated from 22 to 42 days of age.

The feeding represents most of the total cost of production and to reduce costs and increase the profit of the producer have been researched alternative food, as the pie of babassu palm, the pie of palm and the cassava bagasse, which show potential for usein feeding the chickens for slow growth, however, with limited use, due to the different grades of fiber. Non-starch polysaccharides make it difficult for digestible enzymes to reach the food, reducing the digestibility of nutrients. To minimize this effect, exogenous enzymes have been supplemented in DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2359-3652.2017v4n2p35Revista Desafios –v. 04,n. 02, 201736poultry diets. Various sources can originate these additives, most of which are acquired through fermentation processes. The temperature, pH, substrate concentration and composition of the ingredients are factors that influence the enzymatic action and consequently the availability of the nutrients. Studies show that the use of fungal enzymes can increase the nutritional value of the food and improves the digestibility of nutrients, reflecting the productive efficiency, representing savings in production costs and benefits to the environment, however, it is necessary to evaluate the use in diets with alternative foods of Regional expression.

This paper aimed to evaluate the metabolizability, performance and economic viability of purified glycerin inclusion in balanced diets fed to chicken broilers from 8 to 21 days old. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, 100 broilers (14 days old) were distributed in a completely randomized design into two treatments, with five replications of 10 broilers. Treatments consisted of a control diet and a test diet, in which purified glycerin replaced 10% of the control diet. In the second experiment, 200 broilers (8 days old) were distributed in a completely randomized design into four treatments (0, 2, 4 and 6% of purified glycerin inclusion), with five replications of 10 broilers. The weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, final weight, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), metabolizability coefficients of dry matter (DMMC), crude protein (CPMC) and gross energy (GEMC), and the cost of feed per kg of broiler produced were evaluated. The AME, AMEn, DMMC, CPMC and GEMC from the purified glycerin were 3790 and 3560 kcal/kg, and 83.72, 71.52 and 86.27%, respectively. The glycerin levels did not affect (p>0.05) any of the performance characteristics (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and final weight). The lowest feeding cost and the highest gross margin were obtained for broilers fed with 6% purified glycerin. The inclusion of 6% purified glycerin in balanced diets for broilers from 8 to 21 days old was technically and economically feasible.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of substitution level of soybean meal by babassu pie on the performance and cost feed rations to broilers of one to 21 days of age. Two hundred male broiler chicks at one day of age were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 10, 20 and 30 % substitution of soybean meal by babassu pie) with five repetitions of 10 broilers each. The performance (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and water intake), organ biometrics, feed cost per kg and per kilogram body weight were evaluated. The substitution of soybean meal by babassu pie was significantly in (P0.05) on feed intake. The levels of substitution of soybean meal by babassu pie did not affect (P>0.05) the relative weights of the heart or liver, or the relative weight or length of the small intestine; however, it did affect (P

The purpose of this study the effect of inclusion levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%) of cassava bagasse (BM) to the diet on the physical and chemical parameters of raw and cooked meat thigh , drumstick and breast of chicken was to evaluate cutting hillbilly kind of lineage Label rouge® slaughtered at 84 days of age . Analyzes were performed in the laboratory of Animal Nutrition , Universidade Federal do Tocantins – UFT, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , Campus Araguaína . Forty chicken carcasses, which were divided into half-carcases, half-carcases and 10 for analysis of the chemical composition of raw meat and the other 10 half-carcasses for analysis of chemical composition of cooked meat , they are included in these analyzes the crude protein (CP), ether extract ( EE), dry matter (DM) and ash (CZ), with base on the percentage of dry matter, in addition to gross energy (GE) and cooking losses. Analyzes were also conducted of the physical attributes of meat (color, pH and texture) other 20 half-carcasses. The inclusion of BM in the diet of broilers caipira type cut and cooking affected (P

The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of partial replacement of corn with babassu mesocarp flour in diets for broilers from one to 21 days of age. Two hundred male day-old chicks, from the Cobb 500® line, were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0%, 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of maize flour with the babassu mesocarp) and five replicates were used comprising ten birds. Were evaluated performance (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and water intake), organ biometrics, metabolizability coefficients of dry matter (MCDM), crude protein (MCCP) and gross energy (MCGE) and cost of feeding diets containing babassu mesocarp flour (BMF). It was observed that the substitution of corn with BMF negatively influenced (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed conversion and body weight at 21 days of age. The MCDM and MCGE of the diets decreased with increasing level of substitution of corn for BMF. The levels of substitution of corn with BMF did not affect (P> 0.05) the relative weights of the carcass, bursa, spleen, heart, gizzard or liver, nor the relative weight or length of the small intestine. The lower cost of feed per kg of weight gain was obtained with the diet containing 10% corn replacement with BMF, which resulted in a higher gross margin in relation to food. The replacement of corn with BMF in diets for broilers from one to 21 days of age proved to be technically feasible in 10%.

The objective of this work was to identify, by means of different statistical criteria the ideal nonlinear regression model to describe the growth curve of three lineages of caipira broiler for meat production. A total of 90 birds were used, being 30 birds from each of the following lineages: Pescoço Pelado, Carijó and Pesadão Vermelho. The individual body weight of broilers (1, 7, 14, 21,28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84 and 91 days of age) was collected weekly for determination of growth curves by means of Models von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Logistic, Richards and Brody. The parameters of Brody model did not converge to the weight of strains. The model that better adjusted to the data was Logistic.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de glicerina purificada em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 80 frangos de corte, da linhagem Cobb 500®, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com quatro tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão de glicerina purificada) e cinco repetições de quatro aves. Foram avaliados o desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar), rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito), a coloração (L* = Luminosidade, a* = teor de vermelho e b* = teor de amarelo) e os teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e umidade da carne do peito. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada nas dietas não influenciaram (p > 0,05) nenhuma das características de desempenho, o que evidenciou a viabilidade técnica de inclusão de até 6% do alimento. Da mesma forma, não houve efeito sobre os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres, coloração da carne (L* = Luminosidade, a* = teor de vermelho e b* = teor de amarelo) e nos teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e umidade. A inclusão de glicerina purificada mostrou-se viável em até 6% em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade.

Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar as exigências de treonina digestível nas rações de leitoas no período de 30 60 kg, mantidas em ambiente termoneutro. Setenta leitoas, mestiças, com peso inicial de 30,0 ± 0,61 kg, foram distribuídas em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (níveis de treonina digestível), sete repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos corresponderam aos níveis de 0,50; 0,53; 0,56; 0,60 e 0,63% de treonina digestível. Não houve efeito dos níveis de treonina digestível sobre o ganho de peso diário dos animais. A conversão alimentar melhorou, de forma quadrática, com os níveis de treonina digestível e o modelo Linear Response Plateau estimou em 0,52% o nível do aminoácido, a partir do qual a conversão não variou. O consumo de ração diário reduziu com o aumento linear da ingestão de treonina digestivel. A deposição de gordura reduziu de forma linear, enquanto a de proteína não variou com o aumento de treonina digestivel. Os pesos absoluto e relativo dos rins e o absoluto do intestino aumentaram de forma quadrática com os níveis de treonina digestível. No entanto, o peso relativo do intestino aumentou de forma linear. Concluiu-se que o nível calculado de 0,52% de treonina digestível, correspondente a um consumo diário de 9,18 g e a uma relação com a lisina digestível de 63%, proporcionou melhor conversão alimentar para leitoas mantidas em ambiente termoneutro dos 30 aos 60 kg.This study was carried out to evaluate the requirement of digestible threonine in diets of gilts from 30 to 60 kg, maintained thermoneutral environment. Seventy crossbreed gilts with an initial weight of de 30.0 ± 0.61 kg were used in a randomized blocks design, with five treatments (levels of digestible threonine), seven replicates and two animals per experimental unity. The treatments corresponded of the levels of 0.50; 0.53; 0.56; 0.60; and 0.63% of digestible threonine. No effect was observed of digestible threonine level on daily weight gain of animals. Feed:gain ratio improved in a quadratic way with the digestible threonine level, and the Linear Response Plateau model estimated in 0.52% the level of amino acid, from which the feed conversion did not change. Daily feed intake was reduced with the increase of digestible threonine intake. Fat deposition linearly reduced, while protein deposition did not change with the increase of digestible threonine. The absolute and relative weight of kidneys and the absolute of intestine increased in a quadratic way with the digestible threonine levels, However, the relative weight of intestine increased in a linear way. It was concluded that the calculated level of 0.52% of digestible threonine, corresponding to a daily intake of 9.18 g and a relation with the digestible lysine of 63% provided better feed:gain ratio for gilts maintained in a thermoneutral environment from 30 to 60 kg.

O experimento foi realizado para determinar a exigência de metionina + cistina (met + cis) para frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade mantidos em ambiente termoneutro (23,5ºC). Foram utilizados 240 frangos de corte machos Avian Farms, com peso médio inicial de 827 g, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco níveis de met + cist (0,659; 0,704; 0,750; 0,796 e 0,841%), seis repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. O aumento do nível de met + cis influenciou positivamente a conversão alimentar (CA), o consumo de met + cis, o peso absoluto da coxa e o peso relativo da sobrecoxa. Não foi verificado efeito dos níveis de met + cis sobre o peso final, o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração, os pesos absoluto e relativo do peito, da carcaça e da gordura abdominal, o peso absoluto da sobrecoxa e o peso relativo da coxa, assim como para os pesos absolutos e relativos dos órgãos (coração, fígado, moela, proventrículo, pulmão e intestinos). O nível de 0,727% de met + cis total (0,661% met + cis digestível), correspondente à relação met + cis/lis total de 70% (72% para lis digestível), proporcionou melhor conversão alimentar em frangos de corte mantidos em ambiente termoneutro.The experiment was carried out to determine the requirement of methionine + cystine (met + cys) for broilers from 22-to-42-day-old kept under thermoneutral environment (23.5°C). A total of 240 Avian Farm male broilers, with 827 g average initial weight were distributed in a randomized experimental design with five levels of met + cys (0.659, 0.704, 0.750, 0.796, and 0.841%), six replications and eight birds per experimental unit. The increase of met + cys level influenced positively feed: gain ratio, met + cys intake, drumstick absolute weigh and thigh relative weight. No effect of met + cys levels was observed on the final weight, weight gain, feed intake, breast, carcass and abdominal fat absolute and relative weight, thigh absolute weight, and drumstick relative weight, or for relative and absolute weight of the organs (heart, liver, gizzard, proventriculus, lung and intestines). The level 0.727% met + total cys (0.661% digestible met + cys), corresponding to the ratio met + cys/total lys of 70% (72% for digestible lys) gave the best feed: gain ratio for male broilers kept in thermoneutral environment.

Um experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a influência da redução da PB com a suplementação de aminoácidos na dieta sobre o desempenho de suínos machos castrados mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura. Foram utilizados 60 leitões mestiços (Landrace x Large White) com peso inicial médio de 29,8 kg, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (17, 16, 15, 14 e 13% PB), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais e a água foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do experimento, quando os animais atingiram o peso médio de 59,9 kg. A temperatura média no interior da sala foi mantida em 32,2ºC, a umidade relativa em 74,4% e o Índice de Temperatura de Globo e Umidade em 82,8. A redução do nível de PB da dieta influenciou o ganho de peso (GP) dos animais, de modo que aqueles alimentados com a dieta com 14% de PB apresentaram redução significativa no GP. O consumo também foi influenciado pelos níveis de PB da dieta, pois foi menor nos animais alimentados com a dieta com 14% de PB em comparação àqueles alimentados com dieta com 16 e 13% de PB. A conversão alimentar não foi influenciada pelos níveis de PB da dieta. Observou-se efeito dos tratamentos sobre as deposições de proteína (DP) e gordura (DG); os animais alimentados com a dieta com 14% de PB apresentaram os menores valores de DG e de DP na carcaça. Os animais que receberam o nível mais elevado de PB apresentaram maiores pesos, absoluto e relativo, dos rins. O nível de PB de dietas para suínos machos dos 30 aos 60 kg em ambiente de alta temperatura pode ser reduzido de 17 para 13%, pois, até esse nível, a redução não influencia negativamente o desempenho e a DP na carcaça, desde que as dietas sejam devidamente suplementadas com aminoácidos essenciais limitantes.This experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of the reduction of dietary CP levels and amino acid supplementation on performance of barrows maintained in a high environmental temperature. A total of sixty crossbreed (Landrace x Large White) piglets (average body weight = 29.8 kg) was allotted in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments (17, 16, 15, 14 and 13% CP), six replications and two animals per experimental unit. Diets and water were suplied ad libitum until the end of the experimental period, when the animals reached the average weight of 59.9 kg. The average temperature in the room was maintained at 32.2ºC and the relative humidity at 74.4%, corresponding to a Black Globe-Humidity Index of 82.8. The reduction of dietary CP level affected weight gain (WG). The animals fed 14% CP diet showed significant WG reduction. Feed intake (FI) also was affected by CP level, and the animals fed 14% CP diet showed smaller FI values than those fed 16 and 13% CP diets. Feed:gain ratio was not affected by treatments. The animals fed the diet with 14% CP showed the smallest values of protein and fat deposition rates in the carcass. The animals fed the diet with 17% CP showed higher kidneys weights. It was concluded that dietary CP level for barrows from 30 to 60 kg body weight, maintained in a high environmental temperature, can be reduced from 17 to 13% with no effect on performance and protein deposition rate in carcass since diets are supplemented with essential amino acids.

Este experimento foi conduzido para determinar o nível de proteína bruta (PB) com suplementação de aminoácidos em dietas para leitoas mantidas em ambiente de alta temperatura na fase de terminação. Foram utilizadas 35 leitoas mestiças (Landrace ´ Large White) com peso médio inicial de 60,3 kg, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco dietas (17,3; 16,0; 14,7; 13,4 e 12,1% PB), sete repetições e um animal por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do experimento, quando os animais atingiram 100,3 kg de PV. A temperatura média no interior da sala foi mantida em 30,6ºC, com umidade relativa de 71% e índice de temperatura de globo e umidade de 81. Não houve efeito da redução do nível de PB da dieta sobre as características de desempenho estudadas (ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar). As características da carcaça (comprimento da carcaça, área de olho-de-lombo, espessura de toucinho e rendimentos da carcaça, de carne magra, de gordura e de pernil) também não foram influenciadas pela redução dos níveis de PB da dieta. Os níveis de PB e a suplementação de aminoácidos na dieta influenciaram os pesos absoluto e relativo do intestino; os menores valores foram observados nos animais alimentados com a dieta com menor nível de PB (12,1%). A redução do nível de PB da dieta de 17,3 para 12,1% não prejudica o desempenho de leitoas mantidas em ambiente de alta temperatura na fase dos 60 aos 100 kg, desde que as dietas sejam devidamente suplementadas com os aminoácidos essenciais limitantes.This experiment was conduced to determine the level of CP with amino acid supplementation in diets to gilts under high environmental temperature in finishing phase. Thirty-five crossbreed gilts (Landrace x Large White) with an average initial weight of 60.3 kg were allotted in a randomized experimental design with five diets (17.3, 16, 14.7, 13.4, and 12.1% CP) seven replications and one animal by experimental unity. The experimental diets were supplied ad libitum until the end of the experiment when the animals reached the average weight of 100.3 kg. The average temperature inside the room was kept in 30.6ºC and the relative humidity in 71%. The black globe humidity index calculated in the period was 81. Not effect was observed for the reduction of CP level of the diet on the studied performance characteristics (feed intake, weight gain and feed gain ratio). The carcass characteristics (carcass length; loin eye area; backfat thickness and yield of carcass, lean meat, fat and ham) also were not influenced by the CP reduction in the diets. The CP levels and supplementation of amino acids in the dieta influenced the relative and absolute weight of intestine. Smaller values were observed in animals fed diet with smaller level of CP (12.1%). The reduction of CP level in the diet from 17.3 to 12.1% did not harms the performance of gilts maintained in a high environmental temperature from 60 to 100 kg since the diets are properly supplemented with limiting essential amino acids.

Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da temperatura ambiente sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte no período de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 336 frangos machos da linhagem Avian Farm (peso médio inicial de 624 g) distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (temperaturas ambientais - 16, 20, 25 e 32ºC, o primeiro constituído de 12 repetições e os demais, de 24 repetições), todos com quatro aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos influenciaram o ganho de peso e os consumos de ração e energia metabolizável, que aumentaram de forma quadrática até as temperaturas estimadas de 24,4; 19,1; e 19,1ºC, respectivamente. A conversão alimentar também variou de forma quadrática, melhorando até a temperatura estimada de 26,3ºC. Os tratamentos influenciaram os rendimentos de carcaça e peito, que variaram de forma linear com o aumento da temperatura de 16 até 32ºC. O rendimento de coxa sofreu efeito quadrático, aumentando até a temperatura estimada de 19,4ºC. Os pesos absolutos de coração, fígado e moela e os pesos relativos de coração e moela também foram influenciados pelas temperaturas, sendo maiores em temperaturas mais baixas (16ºC) e menores nas mais elevadas (32ºC). O peso relativo de fígado aumentou de forma linear com a elevação da temperatura de 16 a 32ºC. No entanto, os pesos absoluto e relativo de proventrículo não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Os melhores resultados de ganho de peso e dos pesos absolutos de carcaça, peito e coxa foram obtidos quando nas aves criadas em ambientes com temperatura de 24 a 26,3ºC. Temperaturas ambientais abaixo ou acima destes valores influenciam negativamente o ganho de peso e os pesos absolutos de carcaça, peito e coxa.This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of environmental temperature on performance and carcass characteristics of male broilers in the period from 22 to 42 days old. Three hundred and thirty-six male Avian Farm broilers, averaging 624 g were allotted to a randomized experimental design, with four treatments (temperatures of 16, 20, 25 and 32ºC). The treatment 1 consisted of 12 replicates and the others of 24 replicates, all with four birds per experimental unity. The treatments affected weight gain, feed intake and metabolizable energy intake that quadractly increased until the estimated temperatures of 24.4, 19.1 and 19.1ºC, respectively. Feed:gain ratio also changed in a quadratic way, increasing until the estimated temperature of 26.3ºC. The treatments influenced the carcass and breast yield that changed in a linear way as the temperature increased from 16 to 32ºC. Thigh yield changed in a quadratic way, increasing until the estimated temperature of 19.4ºC. The absolute weights of heart, kidney and gizzard and the relative weights of heart and gizzard were affected by the environmental temperatures and were higher in cold environment (16ºC) and smaller in the hot environment (32ºC). The relative weight of kidney linearly increased as the temperature increase from 16 to 32ºC. However, no treatment effect on absolute and relative weights of proventriculus was observed. It was concluded that the best results of weight gain and absolute weights of carcass, breast and thigh are obtained when the birds are reared on environmental temperatures from 22.3 to 24.7ºC. Environmental temperatures bellow or above these values affect negatively weight gain and absolute weights of carcass, breast and thigh.

Um experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a influência da redução da proteína bruta (PB) e da suplementação de aminoácidos sintéticos em rações sobre o desempenho de suínos machos castrados mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura (32ºC). Foram utilizados 60 leitões mestiços (Landrace x Large White) com peso médio inicial de 15,2 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (18, 17, 16, 15 e 14% de PB), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do experimento, quando os animais atingiram o peso médio de 29,9 kg. A temperatura média no interior da sala foi mantida em 32,3ºC, com umidade relativa de 75,9% e índice de temperatura de globo e umidade de 82,6. Não houve efeito da redução do nível de proteína da ração sobre o desempenho (consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar) dos suínos. Os consumos de lisina e energia digestíveis também não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Verificou-se redução gradativa no consumo diário de nitrogênio. Quanto às deposições de proteína (DP) e de gordura (DG) na carcaça, os tratamentos influenciaram somente a DG. Os pesos de fígado e de estômago (tanto absoluto como relativo) e o peso relativo de rins foram maiores nos animais que receberam a ração com maior nível de PB. A redução de 18 para 14% no nível de PB da ração não influencia negativamente o desempenho de suínos machos dos 15 aos 30 kg mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura, desde que a ração seja devidamente suplementada com aminoácidos essenciais limitantes.A trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of reduced CP, amino acid-supplemented diets on performance of castrated males swines on high environmental temperature (32ºC). A total of sixty crossbred piglets (Landrace x Large White) averaging initial weight of 15.2 kg was allotted to completely randomized experimental design with five treatments (18, 17, 16, 15, and 14% of CP), six replications and two animals per experimental unit. The experimental diets were fed to swine ad libitum until the end of the experiment, when the animals averaged 29.9 kg. The average temperature in the room was maintained in 32.3ºC, with relative humidity of 75.9%, corresponding a black globe-humidity index (BGHI) of 82.6. The reduced CP level, amino acid-supplemented-based diets did not affect the evaluated parameters (feed intake, weight gain and feed:gain ratio). No treatment effect on digestible lysine and energy intakes was observed. Gradual reduction on daily nitrogen intake was observed. Decreasing dietary CP levels affected only fat deposition rate. The highest values of relative and absolute weights of liver and stomach and the relative weight of kidneys were observed in the animals fed diets with the highest dietary CP level. It was concluded that the dietary CP level can be reduced from 18 to 14% for castrated piglets from 15 to 30 kg on high environmental temperature, with no effect on performance, since diets are supplemented with the essential amino acids.

Foram utilizados 180 pintos machos de 1 dia de idade, da linhagem Ross (peso inicial 43,0 ± 0,2 g) para avaliação dos efeitos de diferentes ambientes sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça. As aves foram criadas no período de 1 a 49 dias de idade em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três ambientes (conforto térmico, calor seco e calor úmido), seis repetições por tratamento e dez aves por unidade experimental. As rações e a água foram fornecidas à vontade. O monitoramento da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar de cada ambiente foi feito por meio de termômetros de bulbo seco e de globo negro. Os valores obtidos foram convertidos em valor único - Índice de Temperatura de Globo e Umidade (ITGU), para caracterização do ambiente. As temperaturas que caracterizaram os ambientes de conforto, de calor seco e de calor úmido foram, respectivamente, 25,1 ± 2,99; 35,0 ± 0,14 e 31,2 ± 1,82ºC e as umidades relativas registradas nos ambientes de calor seco e calor úmido foram, respectivamente, de 40 e 75%. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar nos períodos de 1 a 21, 1 a 41 e 1 a 49 dias de idade. Ao final do experimento, as aves foram abatidas para avaliação dos pesos absolutos e do rendimento de carcaça e de cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito). O ambiente de calor influenciou negativamente o consumo de ração e o ganho de peso das aves em todos os períodos estudados, mas esse efeito foi mais acentuado nas aves mantidas em ambiente de calor úmido. O calor também influenciou negativamente os pesos absolutos de coxa, sobrecoxa e peito. Altas temperaturas prejudicam o desempenho e o rendimento de cortes nobres de frangos de corte de 1 a 49 dias de idade, de modo que esses efeitos são mais acentuados pelo aumento da umidade relativa do ar.One hundred and eighty male Ross 1-d chicks averaging initial weight of 43.0 ± 0.2 g were used to evaluate the effects of different environments on performance and carcass characteristics. The experiment was analyzed as a completely randomized design with three environments (thermal comfort, dry heat and wet heat), six replicates of ten birds per experimental unity reared from 1 to 49 days old. Diets and water were fed ad libitum. The temperature and relative humidity control in each environment were measured by dry bulb and black globe thermometers. The values obtained were converted in a single value Black Globe Humidity and Temperature Index (BGHI) to characterize the environment. The temperatures that characterize the comfort, dry heat and wet heat were respectively: 25.1 ± 2.99, 35.0 ± 0.14, 31.2 ± 1.82ºC. The relative humidity recorded in dry and wet heat environments were respectively 40 and 75%. Feed intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio in the periods from 1 to 21, 1 to 41 and 1 to 49 days of old were evaluated. In the end of the experiment, the birds were slaughtered for evaluation of absolute weights of noble cuts (thigh, drumstick and breast) and carcass yield. It was observed negative effect of heat environment on feed intake and weight gain in all periods and it was higher in birds on wet heat environment. Heat also influenced negatively absolute weights of thigh, drumstick and breast of birds. It was concluded that high temperatures impair the performance and yield of noble cuts of birds from 1 to 49 days old; in fact, these effects were higher with the greatest air relative humidity.

Foi conduzido um experimento para se avaliarem níveis de proteína bruta (PB) com suplementação de aminoácidos sintéticos em rações para leitoas mantidas em ambiente termoneutro. Trinta e cinco leitoas mestiças (Landrace x Large White) com peso médio inicial de 60,5 kg foram distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (17,3; 16,0; 14,7; 13,4 e 12,1% PB, com suplementação de lisina, metionina, triptofano, treonina e valina, para se manter a qualidade protéica entre os tratamentos), sete repetições e um animal por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do experimento, quando os animais atingiram o peso médio de 100,6 kg. Não se observou efeito da redução do nível de proteína bruta da ração sobre o desempenho (consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar) dos animais. As variáveis avaliadas na carcaça (comprimento da carcaça, área-de-olho de lombo, espessura de toucinho, rendimentos de carcaça, de carne magra, de gordura e de pernil) também não foram influenciadas pela redução do nível de PB das rações. Os tratamentos influenciaram os pesos absoluto e relativo do fígado, observando-se os maiores valores nos animais que receberam a ração com 16,0% de PB. A redução do nível de PB de 17,3 para 12,1% em rações para leitoas mantidas em ambiente termoneutro dos 60 aos 100 kg não prejudica o desempenho, desde que as rações sejam devidamente suplementadas com os aminoácidos essenciais limitantes.A trial was conduced to evaluate decreasing levels of CP with amino acid supplementation on performance of gilts on thermoneutral environment. Thirty-five crossbreed gilts (Landrace x Large White) averaging initial weight of 60.5 kg were allotted to a complete randomized design with five treatments (17.3, 16, 14.7, 13.4 and 12.1% of CP) of seven replications (one animal per experimental unit). The experimental diets were fed ad libitum until the end of the experiment when the animals reached the average weight of 100.6 kg. No effect of decreasing dietary levels of crude protein on performance (feed intake, weight gain and feed gain ratio) was observed. Decreasing dietary CP levels did not affect the carcass characteristics (carcass length, loin eye area, backfat thickness and carcass, lean growth, fat and ham yield), but affected the relative and absolute weights of liver and the greatest value was observed in animals fed diet with 16.0% of CP. Decreasing dietary CP levels from 17.3 to 12.1% for gilts from 60 to 100 kg on thermoneutral environment did not affect performance, since diets are supplemented with limiting essential amino acids.

Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito da temperatura ambiente sobre o desempenho, a composição de carcaça e os parâmetros fisiológicos de suínos de 30 a 60 kg. Foram utilizados 36 machos castrados (Landrace x Large White), com peso inicial de 29,94 ± 0,49 kg, dispostos, durante 35 dias, em três tratamentos, com seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos consistiram em: T1 - ambiente de calor (32ºC) e alimentação à vontade; T2 - ambiente termoneutro (22ºC) e alimentação à vontade; T3 - ambiente termoneutro (22ºC) e alimentação equivalente ao consumo à vontade dos animais submetidos ao ambiente de calor. A temperatura ambiente elevada provocou redução do consumo de ração, porém melhorou a conversão alimentar e a eficiência de utilização de lisina para ganho. A deposição de gordura foi menor nos tratamentos 1 e 3, porém, apenas os animais em conforto térmico com alimentação pareada apresentaram declínio na deposição de proteína. Os pesos de jejum e de carcaça dos animais em estresse por calor foram menores que os dos animais em conforto térmico com alimentação à vontade, porém superiores aos dos animais com alimentação pareada. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça e os pesos relativos dos órgãos avaliados, com exceção do estômago, que foi menor no T3. Os parâmetros fisiológicos temperaturas de superfície e freqüência respiratória foram influenciados negativamente pela alta temperatura (T1), mas a temperatura retal não foi alterada pelos tratamentos. Na fase de crescimento, a alta temperatura mantém deposição de proteína na carcaça, mas interfere negativamente no desempenho dos suínos, de modo que seus efeitos não se limitam à redução do consumo de ração.This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of environmental temperature on performance, carcass composition and physiological parameters of pigs from 30 to 60 kg of weight. Thirty six barrow (Landrace x Large White) with initial weight of 29.94 ± 0.49 kg, were assigned to a completely randomized experimental design with three treatments six replicates and two animals per experimental unity. The experimental period lasted 35 days. The treatments consisted of T1 Animals on heat stress (32ºC) fed ad libitum; T2 Animals on thermal comfort (23ºC) fed ad libitum; T3 Animals on thermal comfort (23ºC) pair feeding with treatment 1. Environmental temperature reduced the feed intake however improved the feed:gain ratio and lysine efficiency utilization for gain of the animals on treatment 1 compared of those on the others treatments. Fat deposition was lesser for swine maintained in treatments 1 and 3 than for those on treatment 2. However only animals on thermal comfort with pair feeding showed a decreasing protein deposition. The animals on heat stress showed lower fasting and carcass weights than those animals on thermal comfort with ad libitum feeding. The animals on heat stress showed fasting and carcass weights higher than those with pair feeding. The treatments did not affect carcass yield and relative weights of the evaluated organs, exception for stomach, that was smaller in T3. The physiological parameters (surface temperature and respiratory rate) were negatively affected by high temperature (T1). Rectal temperature was not influenced by the treatments. It was concluded that in the growing phase high temperature decreased pig performance and maintained a protein deposition in carcass, and this effect is not limitant to decrease feed intake.

Este estudo foi realizado objetivando-se avaliar níveis de treonina digestível em rações para leitoas em crescimento mantidas em ambiente de alta temperatura. Foram utilizadas 70 leitoas mestiças com peso inicial de 14,9 ± 0,56 kg, distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (níveis de treonina digestível), sete repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos corresponderam aos níveis de 0,538; 0,577; 0,614; 0,651 e 0,688% de treonina digestível na ração. O ganho de peso diário e o consumo médio diário de treonina aumentaram de forma linear com os níveis de treonina da ração, enquanto, o consumo diário de ração não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. Embora a conversão alimentar tenha variado de forma linear com os tratamentos, por meio do modelo "Linear Response Plateau" (LRP), estimou-se em 0,587% o nível ótimo de treonina digestível na ração. As deposições diárias de proteína e gordura na carcaça dos animais não foram influenciadas pelos níveis de treonina da ração, que também não influenciaram os pesos absoluto e relativo dos órgãos avaliados. Concluiu-se que, para leitoas dos 15 aos 30 kg, mantidas em ambiente de alta temperatura, o nível de 0,587% de treonina digestível na ração proporcionou a melhor resposta de conversão alimentar, o que representa uma relação treonina:lisina digestível de 63%.This trial was conducted to evaluate the dietary levels of digestible threonine for growing gilts on heat stress environment. Seventy crossbreed gilts averaging initial weight of 14.9 ± 0.56 kg were assigned to a complete randomized blocks design with five treatments (levels of digestible threonine) of seven replications (two animals per experimental unity). The treatments consisted of the following dietary digestible threonine levels: 0.538, 0.577, 0.614, 0.651, and 0.688%. Daily weight gain and threonine intake linearly increased as the dietary threonine level increased, whereas daily feed intake was not affected. Although feed:gain ratio linearly changed with the treatments, the best dietary digestible threonine level was estimated in 0.587%. Daily depositions of protein and fat in the carcass and absolute and relative weights of the evaluated organs were not affected by the treatments. It was concluded that gilts from 15 to 30 kg on heat stress environment require 0.587% of digestible threonine in the diet to obtain better feed:gain ratio, leading to a threonine digestible: digestible lysine ratio of 63%.

Este trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito da temperatura ambiente sobre o desempenho, a composição de carcaça e os parâmetros fisiológicos de suínos dos 15 aos 30 kg. Foram utilizados 36 machos castrados (Landrace x Large White), com peso inicial de 14,97 ± 0,56 kg, distribuídos, durante 23 dias, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos, seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram denominados: T1 - animais submetidos a estresse por calor (35ºC), alimentados à vontade; T2 - animais em conforto térmico (22ºC), alimentados à vontade; T3 - animais em conforto térmico (22ºC), com alimentação pareada ao tratamento 1. Foram observadas reduções no consumo de ração, no ganho de peso e no rendimento de carcaça e piora na conversão alimentar, além de queda nas deposições diárias de proteína e gordura nas carcaça dos animais submetidos aos tratamentos 1 e 3, em comparação àqueles do tratamento 2. Os tratamentos não infuenciaram os pesos relativos dos órgãos avaliados, com exceção do peso relativo dos rins e do estômago, que foram menores nos animais do tratamento 1 em relação aos do tratamento 2. Os parâmetros fisiológicos (temperatura retal, temperaturas de superfície de pele e freqüência respiratória) foram influenciados negativamente pela alta temperatura (tratamento 1). Concluiu-se que, dos 15 aos 30 kg, a temperatura ambiente, por meio da redução do consumo de ração, influencia negativamente o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar e a deposição de proteína na carcaça, além de aumentar a frequência respiratória e a temperatura retal dos suínos.This trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of the environmental temperature on performance, carcass composition and physiological parameters of swine from 15 to 30 kg. Thirty-six barrow (Landrace x Large White) averaging initial weight of 14.97 + 0.56 kg were assigned to a completely randomized experimental design with three treatments and six replicates of two animals. The experimental period lasted 23 days. The treatments were as follows: T1 animals on heat stress (35ºC) fed ad libitum; T2 animals on thermal comfort (22ºC) fed ad libitum; T3 animals on thermal comfort (22ºC), pair feeding with treatment 1. Decreasing effects of treatments 1 and 3 feed intake, weight gain, carcass yield and decrease on feed:gain ratio were observed. It was also observed decrease on daily protein and fat depositions in carcass of the animals of treatments 1 and 3 compared of those in the treatment 2. No effects of treatments on relative weights of evaluated organs were observed, except for the relative weight of kidney and stomach that were smaller in the animals of treatment 1 than those of treatment 2. The physiological parameters (rectal temperature, surface temperature and respiratory rate) were negatively influenced by high temperature (treatment 1). It was concluded that in the initial phase the environmental temperature by decreasing feed intake, reduce the weight gain, feed:gain ratio, and protein deposition and increase the respiratory rate and rectal temperature of swine.

O experimento foi realizado para determinação da exigência de metionina + cistina (met + cis) da ração para pintos de corte do 1º ao 21º dia de idade mantidos em ambiente termoneutro. Foram utilizados 400 pintos de corte machos Avian Farms, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0,756; 0,810; 0,866; 0,920 e 0,976% de met + cis), oito repetições e dez aves por unidade experimental. O aumento do nível de met + cis influenciou o ganho de peso (GP), a conversão alimentar, o consumo de met + cis, a deposição de proteína, o peso absoluto do fígado, da moela, dos pulmões e o peso relativo dos pulmões. Não foi verificado efeito dos níveis de met + cis sobre o consumo de ração, a deposição de gordura, o peso absoluto da carcaça, do coração, do proventrículo e do intestino, nem sobre o peso relativo do coração, do fígado, da moela, do proventrículo e do intestino. O nível de 0,866% de met + cis total (0,790% de met + cis digestível calculado), correspondente à relação met + cis/lis total de 69% (72% para digestível), proporcionou o melhor GP, enquanto o nível de 0,898% de met + cis total (0,822% digestível calculado), correspondente à relação met + cis/lis total de 72% (74% para digestível), proporcionou melhor valor de conversão alimentar de pintos de corte mantidos em ambiente termoneutro.The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary methionine + cystine (met + cys) requirement of 1-to-21-day-old broiler chicks on thermoneutral environment. Four hundred Avian Farm male broiler chicks were assigned to a randomized experimental design with five treatments (0.756, 0.810, 0.866, 0.920, and 0.976% of met + cys), eight replicates of ten birds. Weight gain (WG), feed:gain ratio, met + cys intake, protein deposition of absolute weights of liver, gizzard, and lung and relative weights of lung were affected by the increasing dietary met + cys levels. No effect of met + cys levels on feed intake, fat deposition, absolute weights of carcass, proventriculus, heart, and intestine or relative weights of heart, liver, gizzard, proventriculus, lung and intestines was verified. The best WG was observed at 0.866% met + total cys (0.790% met + digestible cys calculated) level, corresponding to 69% met + cys/total lys ratio (72% for digestible) and the best feed:gain ratio value was observed at 0.894% met + total cys (0.822% digestible calculated) level, corresponding to 72% met + cys/ digestible lys total ratio (74% met + cys/digestible lys ratio), for broiler chicks on thermoneutral environment.

Dois ensaios foram conduzidos para se avaliarem os efeitos de níveis de lisina digestível em rações, mantendo ou não a relação aminoacídica, sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias, criados em ambiente de termomeutralidade. No ensaio 1, foram utilizados 210 frangos de corte machos Avian Farms com peso inicial médio de 662,5 g e, no ensaio 2, 168 frangos com peso inicial médio de 623,7 g. Em ambos os ensaios, o delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado; no ensaio 1, as aves foram distribuídas em cinco tratamentos (níveis de lisina digestível em rações convencionais) e seis repetições, com sete aves cada e, no ensaio 2, em quatro tratamentos (níveis de lisina em rações mantendo a relação aminoacídica) e seis repetições, com sete aves cada. Nos ensaios 1 e 2, os níveis de lisina digestível da ração influenciaram de forma linear crescente o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. No ensaio 1, observou-se efeito linear crescente dos tratamentos sobre o peso absoluto da carcaça. Não foi observado efeito dos tratamentos sobre o peso relativo da carcaça e os pesos absoluto e relativo de cortes nobres e de gordura abdominal. No ensaio 2, os pesos absoluto e relativo do peito e da coxa aumentaram linearmente, enquanto o peso absoluto da sobrecoxa elevou de forma quadrática até o nível de 0,955% de lisina. O peso relativo da sobrecoxa e os pesos absoluto e relativo da gordura abdominal não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Concluiu-se que frangos de corte machos Avian Farms na fase de 22 a 42 dias de idade, mantidos em ambiente de termomeutralidade, exigem no mínimo 1,015 e 1,075% de lisina digestível na ração convencional e na ração mantendo a relação aminoacídica, respectivamente, correspondente a um consumo estimado de 28 g de lisina digestível.Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary digestible lysine levels, maintaining or not the amino acid relation, on performance of broilers from 22 to 42 days old on thermoneutral environment. Two hundred and ten male broilers (averaging initial weight of 662.5 g) and 168 broilers (averaging initial weight of 623.7 g) were assigned to a completely randomized experimental design in trials 1 and 2, respectively. In trial 1, the broilers were allotted to five treatments (digestible lysine levels in conventional diets) and six replicates of seven broilers. In trial 2, the broilers were allotted to four treatments (digestible lysine levels in diet maintaining amino acid relation) and six replicates of seven broilers. In both trials, linear effect of digestible lysine levels on body weight gain and feed:gain ratio were observed. In trial 1, the increasing dietary digestible lysine levels increased linearly absolute carcass weight. There was no effect of lysine levels on relative carcass weights and on absolute and relative weichts of abdominal fat. In trial 2, absolute and relative breast and thigh weights increased linearly, while the absolute drumstick data increased quadraticly up to 0.955% digestible lysine level. No treatment effects on relative drumstick weight and absolute and relative weights of abdominal fat was observed. It was concluded that male broilers, Avian Farms, in the period from 22 to 42 days old, require at least 1.015 and 1.075% digestible lysine in conventional diet or in a diet maintaining the amino acid relation, respectively. This corresponds to an intake of 28 g digestible lysine for birds on a thermoneutral environment.

Para determinar a exigência de aminoácidos sulfurados de suínos machos castrados, dos 15 aos 30 kg, mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura, foram utilizados 60 leitões mestiços (Landrace x Large White), com peso inicial de 14,97 ± 0,33 kg e idade de 50,36 ± 3,29 dias. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0,465; 0,511; 0,558; 0,605 e 0,652% de metionina + cistina digestível), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais e a água foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do experimento, quando os animais atingiram o peso de 29,87 ± 0,52 kg. A temperatura no interior da sala foi mantida em 30,9 ± 0,7ºC e a umidade relativa em 67,5 ± 7,2%. O índice de temperatura de globo e umidade calculado no período foi de 81,2 ± 1,2. Os níveis de metionina + cistina digestível da ração influenciaram o ganho de peso diário, que aumentou, e a conversão alimentar, que reduziu de forma linear. Não se observou efeito dos tratamentos sobre o consumo de ração diário. Com relação às deposições de proteína (DP) e de gordura (DG) na carcaça, verificou-se efeito quadrático dos tratamentos sobre a DG, que reduziu até o nível de 0,508%, e efeito linear crescente sobre a DP. Concluiu-se que a exigência de aminoácidos sulfurados digestíveis para suínos machos castrados, mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura, dos 15 aos 30 kg, é de 0,558% de metionina + cistina digestível na ração, que corresponde à relação metionina + cistina digestível:lisina digestível de 60%.Sixty swine (Landrace x Large White) with initial weight of 14.97 ± 0.33 kg and 50.36 ± 3.29 days old were allotted to a blocks randomized experimental design, with five treatments (0.465, 0.511, 0.558, 0.605, and 0.652% digestible methionine + and cystine)and six replicates of two animals, to determine the sulphurous amino acids requirements for barrows on a high temperature environment from 15 to 30 kg. Diets and water were fed ad libitum until the end of the experimental period, when the animals reached the weight of 29.87 ± 0.52 kg. The average temperature inside the room was maintained in 30.9 ± 0.7ºC and the relative humidity in 67.5 ± 7.2%. The black globe humidity index calculated in the period was 81.2 ± 1.2. Linear increasing effect of dietary digestible methionine + cystine levels on daily weight gain and linear decreasing effect on feed:gain ratio were observed. No effects of treatments on daily feed intake were observed. Quadratic effect of treatments on fat deposition rate, that decreased by 0.508%, and increasing linear effect on protein deposition rate were observed. It was concluded that the dietary digestible sulphurous amino acids requirement for barrows on a high temperature environment from 15 to 30 kg is of 0.558% digestible methionine + cystine, that corresponds to 60% digestible methionine and cystine:digestible lysine ratio.

Dois ensaios foram conduzidos para avaliar rações com diferentes níveis de lisina digestível, mantendo-se ou não a relação aminoacídica, para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias, criados em ambiente de termoneutralidade. Em ambos os ensaios, utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. No ensaio 1, os frangos foram distribuídos em cinco tratamentos (0,92; 0,98; 1,04; 1,10 e 1,16% de lisina digestível, em ração convencional), oito repetições e dez aves por repetição, enquanto, no ensaio 2, foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos (1,04; 1,10; 1,16 e 1,22% de lisina digestível, em rações mantendo a relação aminoacídica), oito repetições e dez aves por repetição. No ensaio 1, os tratamentos influenciaram o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração, que aumentaram de forma quadrática até os níveis de 1,13 e 1,11%, respectivamente, e a conversão alimentar, que reduziu até o nível de 1,14% de lisina. O peso absoluto da carcaça aumentou até o nível de 1,13% de lisina digestível. O peso relativo da carcaça e o peso absoluto da moela aumentaram, enquanto os pesos relativos do coração e os dos intestinos reduziram linearmente com os tratamentos. No ensaio 2, apesar do ganho de peso ter elevado de forma linear, o modelo LRP foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados, estimando em 1,17% o nível de lisina, a partir do qual ocorreu um platô. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e os pesos absoluto e relativo dos órgãos, enquanto o peso absoluto de carcaça aumentou de forma linear. Concluiu-se que frangos de corte machos Avian Farm, no período de 1 a 21 dias, criados em ambiente de termoneutralidade, exigem no mínimo 1,14 e 1,17% de lisina digestível em ração convencional e em ração mantendo-se a relação aminoacídica, respectivamente.Two trials were conducted to evaluate the requirements of increasing dietary digestible lysine levels, maintaining or not the amino acids relation, for broilers from 1 to 21 days old, on thermoneutral environment. A complete randomized experimental design was used in both trials. In trial 1, broilers were allotted to five treatments (0.92, 0.98, 1.04, 1.10, and 1.16% digestible lysine levels, conventional diet), with eight replicates of ten birds. In trial 2, chicks were allotted to four treatments (1.04, 1.10, 1.16, and 1.22% of digestible lysine, in diets maintaining amino acid relation) with eight replicates of ten birds. In trial 1, effects of dietary lysine levels on body weight gain and feed intake, both increasing quadraticly up to 1.13 and 1.11% digestible lysine, respectively, were observed. There was significant treatment effect on feed:gain ratio, that decreased quadraticly up to 1.14% digestible lysine. Absolute carcass weight increased quadractily while relative carcass values and absolute weight of gizzard increased linearly with treatments. Relative weights of heart and intestines decreased linearly with the treatments. In trial 2, body weight gain also increased linearly with treatments, the LRP model better adjusted to data, where the 1.17% digestible lysine level was estimated. No effects of treatments on feed intake and feed:gain ratio were detected. Absolute carcass weight was linearly affected by the increasing dietary lysine levels. There was no effect of dietary lysine levels on absolute and relative weights of all evaluated organs. It was concluded that Avian Farms male broilers, in the period from 1 to 21 days, require at least 1.14 and 1.17% digestible lysine, in a conventional diet or of a diet maintaining the amino acid relation, respectively, on a thermoneutral environment.

Foi conduzido um experimento para determinar o nível de proteína bruta (PB) das rações com suplementação de aminoácidos para leitoas mestiças (Landrace x Large White) mantidas em ambiente de conforto térmico. Os animais (peso médio inicial de 30,1 kg) foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (19, 18, 17, 16 e 15% de PB com suplementação de lisina metionina, triptofano, treonina e valina, para se manter a mesma qualidade proteica), cinco repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do experimento, quando os animais atingiram peso médio de 60,3 kg. O nível de PB da ração influenciou o ganho de peso diário e a conversão alimentar, mas não influiu no consumo de ração diário. A deposição de proteína não variou entre os níveis de 19 e 16% de PB da ração, enquanto os animais que consumiram a ração com menor nível de PB (15%) apresentaram o menor valor. Os tratamentos não influenciaram os pesos absoluto e relativo dos órgãos avaliados. Concluiu-se que o nível de PB da ração para leitoas dos 30 aos 60 kg mantidas em ambiente de conforto térmico pode ser reduzido de 19 para 15%, sem prejudicar o desempenho, desde que as rações sejam devidamente suplementada com os aminoácidos essenciais limitantes.An experiment was conduced to determine the crude protein (CP) level in diets with amino acids supplementation for gilts maintained in a thermal comfort environment. Fifty crossbreed crossbred gilts (Landrace x Large White) with initial average weight of 30.1 kg were allotted to a completely randomized experimental design, with five treatments (19, 18, 17, 16 and 15% of CP with supplementation of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine and valine to maintain the same protein quality) five replicates and two animals per experimental unit. The experimental rations were fed ad libitum until the end of the experiment, when the animals reached the average weight of 60.3 kg. The CP level of the ration influenced the daily weight gain and the feed:gain ratio however the treatments did not influence the daily feed intake. The protein deposition (PD) did not change from 19 to 16% of CP of the diet. However the animals that fed diet with smaller level showed the lowest value of PD. The treatments did not influence the absolute and relative weights of all evaluated organs. It was concluded that the crude protein level, for gilts from 30 to 60 kg, maintained in thermal comfort environment can be reduced from 19 to 15% with no negative effect on performance since rations are supplemented with limiting essential amino acids

Objetivando-se avaliar níveis de proteína bruta da ração para suínos machos castrados em fase inicial de crescimento, mantidos em ambiente de baixa temperatura (15ºC), foram utilizados 60 suínos mestiços (Landrace x Large White), com peso inicial médio de 15,1 ± 0,50 kg e idade média de 56 ± 3,6 dias. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de rações com 17,0; 18,0; 19,0; 20,0 e 21% de proteína bruta (PB). Os níveis de PB da ração influenciaram o ganho de peso diário, que aumentou de forma quadrática até o nível de 19,6%. A conversão alimentar também variou de forma quadrática, melhorando até o nível de 20%. Os consumos de ração e de energia digestível diários não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. O ajuste dos dados pelo modelo LRP indicou como nível adequado 20% de PB, a partir do qual os dados permaneceram em um platô. Os tratamentos influenciaram a taxa de deposição de proteína, que aumentou de forma linear, enquanto a de gordura não variou. Concluiu-se que o nível de 20% de PB da ração, associado a um consumo de 10,7 g de lisina diário, promove os melhores resultados de desempenho para suínos machos castrados de 15 a 30 kg, mantidos em ambiente de baixa temperatura.

Um experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a influência da redução da proteína bruta (PB) e suplementação de aminoácidos sintéticos sobre o desempenho de suínos machos castrados mantidos em ambiente termoneutro (22ºC). Foram utilizados 60 leitões mestiços (Landrace x Large White) com peso médio inicial de 15,0 kg e idade média de 53,1 dias, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (18, 17, 16, 15 e 14% PB), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do experimento, quando os animais atingiram o peso médio de 30,2 kg. A temperatura média no interior da sala foi mantida em 22ºC, com umidade relativa de 82,3%. O Índice de Temperatura de Globo e Umidade calculado no período foi de 69,6. Não se observou efeito da redução do nível de proteína bruta da ração sobre as variáveis de desempenho (consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar). As taxas de deposição de proteína e gordura também não foram influenciadas pela redução da PB na ração. Os tratamentos influenciaram os pesos absoluto e relativo do estômago e o peso absoluto do intestino, sendo os maiores valores observados em animais que receberam a ração com maior nível de proteína bruta. Concluiu-se que o nível de PB da ração pode ser reduzido de 18 para 14%, sem prejudicar o desempenho de suínos machos dos 15 aos 30 kg mantidos em ambiente termoneutro, desde que devidamente suplementadas com aminoácidos essenciais limitantes.One experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of reduction of the crude protein (CP) level of ration with amino acid supplementation on performance of castrated males swines maintained in a termoneutral environment (22ºC). A total of sixty crossbred swines (Landrace x Large White), with average initial weight of 15.0 kg and 53.1 days old, was allotted to a completely randomized design with five treatments (18, 17, 16, 15 and 14% CP), six replications and two animals per experimental unit. The experimental diets were fed ad libitum until the end of the experiment, when the animals reached the average weight of 30.2 kg. The average temperature in the room was maintained in 22ºC with relative humidity of 82.3%. The Black Globe-Humidity Index (BGHI) was 69.6. No effect of decreasing dietary CP level on the evaluated performance parameters (feed intake, weight gain and feed:gain ratio) was observed. The deposition rates of protein and fat were not affected by the reduction of CP level and amino acid supplementation. The treatments affected the absolute and relative weight of stomach and absolute weight of intestine, and the highest weights were observed in the animals fed diet with the highest CP level. It was concluded that the dietary crude protein level can be reduced from 18 to 14% to castrated piglets from 15 to 30 kg maintained in a termoneutral environment with no effect on performance, since diets are supplemented with essential amino acids.

O experimento foi realizado para determinar o efeito da suplementação de vitamina E sobre o desempenho e o rendimento de cortes nobres (peito, coxa e sobrecoxa) de frangos de corte machos no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura. Foram utilizados 400 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0, 75, 150, 225 e 300 ppm) e oito repetições. O experimento foi dividido em duas fases (de 1 a 21 e de 1 a 42 dias de idade), com dez e sete aves por repetição, respectivamente. Na primeira fase, não houve efeito dos níveis de vitamina E da ração sobre o consumo de ração pelos frangos. No entanto, o ganho de peso e o consumo de vitamina (E) aumentaram, enquanto a conversão alimentar reduziu de forma linear em função dos níveis de vitamina E. No período total, verificou-se efeito linear dos níveis de vitamina E da ração sobre o desempenho e o consumo de vitamina E. Os tratamentos influenciaram também os pesos absolutos de peito, coxa e sobrecoxa, que variaram de forma quadrática, melhorando até os níveis estimados de 207, 195 e 190 ppm na ração, respectivamente. A suplementação de até 300 ppm de vitamina E na ração influenciou positivamente o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte mantidos em ambiente de estresse por calor no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade.

The objective this work was to evaluate the technical and economic viability of the substitution level of soybean meal by babassu meal in rations to broiler from 22 to 42 days old. It was used 80 male broiler chicks at one day of age, distributed into complete random designs with four treatments (0, 10, 20 e 30% substituition of soybean meal by babassu meal) and five repetitions of four broilers each. Were evaluated the performance (weight dain, feed intake and feed conversion), carcass and cuts, organ biometry, feed cost per kilogram body weight and gross margin. To verify the relationship of cost of replacing soybean meal with pie babassu, inequalities were established. The substitution level of soybean meal by babassu meal had no influence (P>0,05) any of the performance characteristics, wich showed the technical viability of substituting up to 30%. Similarly, there was no affect on carcass yield, cuts weight and organ biometry. The cust less with feed per kg for chicken produced and the higher gross margin were obtained from chickens fed diets with 0% babassu meal. The increased of substitution level soybean meal by babassu meal in ration for broilers from 22 to 42 days old proved unviable economically, however, the inequalities produced can be useful in practical situations.

Objetivou-se elaborar equações de predição dos valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) da torta de babaçu (Orbignya martiana) para frangos de corte. Uma revisão da literatura foi realizada para identificar trabalhos que avaliaram a composição química (matéria seca, proteína bruta, e extrato etéreo,) e os valores energéticos (energia bruta, EMA e EMAn) da torta de babaçu para aves. Foram calculados os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson para estudar a associação entre os componentes químicos e os valores energéticos. Posteriormente, os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão linear simples e múltipla. Utilizou-se a técnica Stepwise e considerou-se um nível de significância igual ou inferior a 5%. As equações recomendadas para corrigir o conteúdo energético da torta de babaçu em função da sua composição química, na matéria natural, são: EMA (kcal/kg) = -3517,25 + 79,78 EE + 1,157 EB (R2 = 0,926; P = 0,019) e EMAn (kcal/kg) = -2909,80 + 71,707 EE + 0,979 EB (R2 = 0,973; P = 0,005). As equações foram avaliadas mediante cálculo dos coeficientes de correlação (r) entre os valores de EMA e EMAn preditos e aqueles observados em ensaios de metabolismo com aves, de forma que foram observadas altas correlações entre os valores determinados e aqueles preditos para a EMA (r = 0.97) e para a EMAn (r = 0,95).This study aimed to develop equations to predict the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) of babassu (Orbignya martiana) for broilers. A literature review was performed to identify studies that evaluated the chemical composition (dry matter, DM; crude protein, CP; ether extract, EE) and energy values (gross energy, GE, AME and AMEn) the babassu for birds. We calculated the correlation coefficients of Pearson, to check the association between chemicals components and the energy values. Subsequently, data were analyzed by simple and multiple linear regressions using the Stepwise technique, considering a significance level equal or inferior to 5%. The equations recommended to correct the energy content of babassu depending on their chemical composition, on wet matter basis, are: AME (kcal / kg)= -3517.25 + 79.78 EE + 1.157 CE (R2 = 0.927; P = 0.019) and AMEn (kcal/kg) = -2909.80 + 71.707 EE + 0.979 CE (R2 = 0.973; P = 0.005). The equations were evaluated by calculating the correlation coefficients (r) between the values predicted and those observed in metabolism trials with birds. Were observed high correlations between the measured values and those predicted for the AME (r = 0.97) and for the AMEn (r = 0.95).

Objetivou-se avaliar os níveis de inclusão da torta de babaçu (0, 4, 8 e 12%) na alimentação de frangos de corte no período de um a 21 dias de idade. Utilizou-se 200 pintos de corte da linhagem Hubbard, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições de 10 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de rações experimentais que continham níveis crescentes de inclusão da torta de babaçu (0, 4, 8, 12%), formuladas para serem isoenergéticas e isoprotéicas. As variáveis de desempenho avaliadas foram o consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Para a determinação de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida, retenção diária de energia, matéria seca e nitrogênio das rações experimentais realizou-se coleta de excretas de cada repetição por três dias consecutivos, e estas foram analisadas juntamente com as rações quanto ao teor de matéria seca, energia bruta e nitrogênio. A inclusão da torta de babaçu não afetou nenhuma das variáveis de desempenho avaliadas. Da mesma forma não foi observado efeito dos níveis de inclusão da torta de babaçu sobre a energia metabolizável corrigida e sobre o coeficiente de retenção de energia bruta. Concluiu-se que a torta de babaçu pode ser utilizada como ingrediente em rações de frangos de corte de um a 21 dias até o nível de 12%.The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of inclusion of babassu coconut (0, 4, 8 and 12%) in diets for broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days old. 200 Hubbard chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications, being each experimental unit composed of 10 birds. The treatments consisted in experimental diets containing increasing levels of inclusion of babassu coconut (0, 4, 8 and 12%), formulated to contain the same nutritional level. The performance of variables evaluated were feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion. The apparent metabolizable energy, diary retention of gross energy, dry matter and nitrogen of experimental diets was determined by total collection of excreta for three consecutive days, which are analyzed together with the feed for dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen contents. The inclusion of the babassu not affected any of the evaluated variables. Likewise, there was no effect of inclusion levels of babassu coconut on the apparent metabolizable energy and the diary of retention of gross energy. On this basis, the babassu coconut can be used as an ingredient in diets of broilers from 1 to 21 days until the level of 12%.

Avaliou-se o efeito de dois períodos de descanso sobre as características morfogênicas, estruturais e o acúmulo de forragem do Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça estabelecido na Amazônia Legal. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os períodos avaliados foram de 36 e 48 dias de rebrotação, com 25 cm de altura do corte. Para as características agronômicas avaliadas, apenas a produção de matéria seca de lâmina foliar não foi incrementada com o prolongamento do período de descanso. A produção de matéria seca total não variou entre os períodos de descanso, o que demonstra que, no menor período de descanso (36 dias), a menor produção por corte foi compensada pelo maior número de cortes. O período de descanso não influenciou sobre nenhuma variável morfogênica avaliada, com exceção para o filocrono, e a maior média obtida no menor período de descanso. Para as características estruturais do relvado, foi detectado efeito do período de descanso para o comprimento de lâmina foliar, número de folhas mortas e relação folha colmo. O prolongamento do período de descanso não altera as características morfogênicas da forragem, não obstante, altera a estrutura do pasto e aumenta a produção de matéria seca total.The effect of rest periods during seasons was evaluated on morphogenetic and structural characteristics and herbage accumulation of Panicum maximum cv. Mombaca established in Amazonia. We used a completely randomized design, with four replicates per treatment. Rest periods were 36 and 48 days, and height of cut was 25 cm. Leaf blade dry matter production did not increase as rest period increased. Dry matter production did not modify between rest periods, showing that in the lowest rest period lower production was compensated by higher number of cuts. Rest period did not influence the morphogenetic variable evaluated, except phyllocrono as higher average was obtained in lower rest period. For structural characteristics, effect of rest period was observed for leaf blade length, death leaves number and leaf-stem ration.

As características agronômicas (matéria seca - MS e dos componentes morfológicos), morfogênicas (taxa de aparecimento foliar -TApF, taxa de alongamento foliar - TAlF e taxa de senescência foliar -TSF) e estruturais (comprimento médio de folhas - CMF, número de folhas perfilho-1 - NF, massa de perfilhos - MP e densidade de perfilhos - DP e a área foliar -AF) durante o estabelecimento da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, cultivadas em vasos, em casa-de-vegetação, submetida a três doses de nitrogênio (0, 20 e 40 mg dm-3 semana-1 de N) foram avaliadas em experimento disposto em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições para cada tratamento. A MS total (parte aérea + raiz), TApF, TSF e NF vivas foram insensíveis aos tratamentos. Contudo, o efeito positivo das doses de nitrogênio sobre a TAlF, o CMF, a DP e a AF foram os fatores que contribuíram para o incremento da MS aérea.

The regrowth of forage plants is supported by organic compounds synthesized by them. In this way, the objective was to evaluate the nitrogen (N) effect on dry biomass evolution and the profile of organics compounds on the botton of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu represented by non structural carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds. Treatments were distributed in a randomized blocks design, under factorial scheme (3 x 6), with three levels of N (0, 20 e 40 mg /dm3 soil/week N) and six dates of regrowth (0, 2, 4, 8, 16 e 32 days after the uniformization cut) in a greenhouse with three repetitions for each treatment. N had positive effect (PA rebrotação das forrageiras é mantida pelos compostos orgânicos sintetizados por elas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do nitrogênio (N) sobre a evolução da biomassa seca e do perfil dos compostos orgânicos da base do colmo da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, representados pelos carboidratos totais não-estruturais e compostos nitrogenados. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 6, sendo três doses de N (0, 20 e 40 mg /dm3 de solo/semana de N) e seis tempos de rebrotação (0, 2, 4, 8, 16 e 32 dias após o corte de uniformização), em casa-de-vegetação, com três repetições para cada tratamento. O N teve efeito significativo (P

ABSTRACT We evaluated the technical feasibility of purified glycerin inclusion in balanced diets of broiler chickens treated from 1 to 42 days of age. A total of 240 broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design into four treatments (0, 2, 4, and 6% purified glycerin inclusion), with six replicates of 10 broilers each. We evaluated productive performance (at 7, 21, and 42 days), edible viscera (heart, liver, and gizzard), carcass yield and cuts, color, chemical and physical composition, as well as protein and fat deposition in the breast muscle. Dietary inclusion of purified glycerin reduced feed conversion and increased feed intake, weight gain, and weight at seven days. From 1 to 21 days, there was a decrease in feed conversion and a linear increase in weight gain, with no effect on feed intake. Considering the total experimental period, increasing glycerin levels increased weight gain and weight at 42 days, with no effects on feed conversion or feed intake. Similarly, there was no effect on carcass and cut yields, liver and gizzard yields, and weight or length of the intestine, while heart yield was decreased. There was a linear increase in crude protein, ether extract, protein, and fat deposition and a reduction in moisture percentages, with no effect on ash content. Purified glycerin levels did not affect a*, b*, L*, pH, temperature, shear force, or weight loss by cooking in breast meat. The dietary inclusion of purified glycerin of up to 6% proved to be technically feasible in the diets of broilers from 1 to 42 days.