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In the present study, we investigated the effects of physical exercise in the presence of Vitamin D3 (VD3), on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned hemiparkinsonian rats. The animals were divided into sham-operated (SO), 6-OHDA-lesioned, and 6-OHDA-lesioned plus VD3 (1 µg/kg, 21 days), in the absence (no exercise, NE) and presence (with exercise, WE) of physical exercise on a treadmill (30 min, speed of 20 cm/s, once a day/21 days). This procedure started, 24 h after the stereotaxic surgery (injections of 6-OHDA into the right striatum). The animals were then subjected to behavioral (rotarod, open field, and apomorphine tests) and their brain areas were dissected for neurochemical, dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) determinations, and immunohistochemical studies for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), and vitamin D receptor (VD3R). The effects on the brain oxidative stress: nitrite/nitrate, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) measurements were also evaluated. Behavioral changes of the 6-OHDA lesioned group were improved by exercise plus VD3. Similar results were observed in dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations increased by exercise and VD3, compared with SO groups. Additionally, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) immunoexpressions were decreased in the 6-OHDA-lesioned groups, with values normalized after exercise and VD3. The VD3 receptor immunoexpression decreased in the 6-OHDA (NE) group, and this was attenuated by exercise, especially after VD3. While 6-OHDA lesions increased, VD3 supplementation decreased the oxidative stress, which was intensified by exercise. VD3 showed neuroprotective properties that were intensified by physical exercise. These VD3 actions on hemiparkinsonian rats are possibly related to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Human anatomy is a fundamental area for the training of health professionals, presenting itself as a foundation in their formation. However, the methodological path adopted in teaching practice in the course of this discipline is based on traditional methodologies. However, contemporaneity calls for new form and approach in the pedagogical course, inquiring and rethinking the anatomy classroom through different practices and active methodologies with the insertion of technological resources. Thus, the present research aims to investigate the different teaching practices applied in the anatomy classroom through an integrative review. An integrative review of the literature was performed through research in electronic databases: Science Direct and SciELO. The inclusion criteria were: studies that answered the guide question, research with human beings, published from 2015 to 2021, in English, Spanish and Portuguese. It was verified that there are a number of tools and strategies that can be used to teach the most attractive of human anatomy, stimulating the development of the skills and competencies of health students.

Valproic acid (VA) is an antiepileptic that is also used for the treatment of bipolar disorders. The objective was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of VA on a brain ischemia model. The groups of male Wistar rats were: SO (sham-operated), ischemic and ischemic treated with VA (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.). After anesthesia with ketamine and xilazine, the animals were subjected to clamping of carotid arteries (30 min) and reperfusion. Except for the carotid clamping, the SO group was submitted to the same procedure. On the 7th day, the animals were behaviorally evaluated, euthanized and had their brain dissected for neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey as the post hoc test. The results showed that VA reversed partly or completely the behavioral (locomotor activity and memory deficits), neurochemical (striatal DA and DOPAC levels, brain nitrite and lipid peroxidation) and immunohistochemical alterations (iNOS, COX-2, HDAC and GSK3) observed in the untreated ischemic group. VA neuroprotective effects are probably related to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as to HDAC and GSK3 inhibitory effects. These findings stimulate translational studies focusing on VA as a neuroprotective drug to be potentially used in the clinic for several neurological conditions.

Linalool (LIN) is a monoterpene, responsible for the aroma of essential oils in some species. It presents a sedative and anxiolytic potential, enhancing GABAergic currents and behaving as a benzodiazepine-type of drug. The objectives of the present work were to study the neuroprotective effects of LIN on a model of Parkinson’s disease. For that, male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: sham-operated (SO), 6-OHDA-lesioned, and 6-OHDA-lesioned and treated with LIN (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 2 weeks. Afterwards, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests (apomorphine-induced rotations, open field, and forced swimming tests). Then, the animals were euthanized, and the striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex were processed for neurochemistry (nitrite and lipoperoxidation measurements) and immunohistochemistry (TH and DAT) assays. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons and considered significant at p

Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder. The animal model based on perinatal immune activation, as first-hit, combined with peripubertal stress, as a second hit, has gained evidence in recent years. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFAs) is being a promise for schizophrenia prevention. Nevertheless, the influence of sex in schizophrenia neurobiology and prevention has been neglected. Thus, the present study evaluates the preventive effects of n3-PUFAs in both sexes' mice submitted to the two-hit model and the participation of oxidative changes in this mechanism. The two-hit consisted of polyI:C administration from postnatal days (PNs) 5-7, and unpredictable stress from PNs35-43. n3-PUFAs were administered from PNs30-60. Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI), social interaction, and Y-maze tests were conducted between PNs70-72 to evaluate positive-, negative-, and cognitive-like schizophrenia symptoms. We assessed brain oxidative changes in brain areas and plasma. Both sexes' two-hit mice presented deficits in PPI, social interaction, and working memory that were prevented by n3-PUFAs. In two-hit females, n3-PUFAs prevented increments in nitrite levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, striatum, and plasma TBARS levels. In two-hit males, n3-PUFAs prevented the increase in TBARS in the PFC, hippocampus, and striatum. Notably, male mice that received only n3-PUFAs without hit exposure presented impairments in working memory and social interaction. These results add further preclinical evidence for n3-PUFAs as an accessible and effective alternative in preventing behavioral and oxidative changes related to schizophrenia but call attention to the need for precaution in this indication due to hit- and sex-sensitive issues.

Ketamine (KET), a NMDA antagonist, exerts an antidepressant effect at subanaesthetic doses and possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. We evaluated the involvement of KET antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects with its antidepressant action. Male Swiss mice were subjected to formalin, carrageenan-induced paw oedema and forced swimming tests, for assessing antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects. The treatment groups were as follows: control, KET (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg), lithium (LI: 5 mg/kg) and KET2 + LI5 combination. Immunohistochemistry analyses (TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2 and GSK3) in oedematous paws were performed. KET5 and KET10 reduced licking times in neurogenic (22 and 38%) and inflammatory (67 and 78%) phases of the formalin test, respectively, as related to controls. While LI5 inhibited the second phase by 24%, the licking time was inhibited by 26 and 59% in the KET2 + LI5 group (first and second phases). Furthermore, oedema volumes were reduced by 37 and 45% in the KET5 and KET10 groups, respectively. Oedema reductions were 29% in the LI5 group and 48% in the KET2 + LI5 group. In the forced swimming test, there were 23, 38 and 53% decreases in the immobility time in KET2, KET5 and KET10 groups, respectively. While LI5 caused no significant effect, decreases of 52% were observed with KET2 + LI5. KET also decreased TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2 and GSK3 immunostainings in oedematous paws, effects intensified with KET2 + LI5. We showed that KET presents antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects associated with its antidepressant response. Furthermore, our results indicate the close involvement of GSK3 inhibition and blockade of inflammatory responses, in the antidepressant drug effect.

The infections caused by bacteria and fungi, as well as the subsequent resistance of these microorganisms continue with high incidencesthus studies of medicinal plants and their combination with conventional therapy, are becoming essential. This study examined the antibacterial, antifungal and modifier of resistance to antibiotics and antifungal extracts of ethanol, hexane and methanol from the leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata, used in folk medicine. The phytochemical was performed qualitatively by visual observation of color changes and formation of precipitates after addition of specific reagents, such as ferric chloride (Fecl310%) sodium hydroxide (NaOH10%), hydrochloric acid (HCl 1%), acid acetic acid 5%, ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH 10%), chloroform and reagent Draggendorff 10%. The analysis for antimicrobial activity was through the microdilution test for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and modifying the action of antibiotics (gentamicin and amikacin) and antifungals (ketoconazole and fluconazole) in association with the extracts. The phytochemicals assays indicated the presence of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids and flabobênicos tannins. In assessing the MIC results were obtained

The infections caused by bacteria and fungi, as well as the subsequent resistance of these microorganisms continue with high incidencesthus studies of medicinal plants and their combination with conventional therapy, are becoming essential. This study examined the antibacterial, antifungal and modifier of resistance to antibiotics and antifungal extracts of ethanol, hexane and methanol from the leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata, used in folk medicine. The phytochemical was performed qualitatively by visual observation of color changes and formation of precipitates after addition of specific reagents, such as ferric chloride (Fecl310%) sodium hydroxide (NaOH10%), hydrochloric acid (HCl 1%), acid acetic acid 5%, ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH 10%), chloroform and reagent Draggendorff 10%. The analysis for antimicrobial activity was through the microdilution test for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and modifying the action of antibiotics (gentamicin and amikacin) and antifungals (ketoconazole and fluconazole) in association with the extracts. The phytochemicals assays indicated the presence of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids and flabobênicos tannins. In assessing the MIC results were obtained

Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurological pathology, presents motor and nonmotor impairments. The objectives were to support data on exercise benefits to PD. Male Wistar rats were distributed into sham-operated (SO) and 6-OHDA-lesioned, both groups without and with exercise. The animals were subjected to treadmill exercises (14 days), 24 h after the stereotaxic surgery and striatal 6-OHDA injection. Those from no-exercise groups stayed on the treadmill for the same period and, afterwards, were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized for neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data, analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, were considered significant for

Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurological pathology, presents motor and nonmotor impairments. The objectives were to support data on exercise benefits to PD. Male Wistar rats were distributed into sham-operated (SO) and 6-OHDA-lesioned, both groups without and with exercise. The animals were subjected to treadmill exercises (14 days), 24 h after the stereotaxic surgery and striatal 6-OHDA injection. Those from no-exercise groups stayed on the treadmill for the same period and, afterwards, were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized for neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data, analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, were considered significant forp<0.05. The results showed behavioral change improvements in the 6-OHDA group, after the treadmill exercise, evaluated by apomorphine rotational behavior, open field, and rota rod tests. The exercise reduced striatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and decreased the oxidative stress. In addition, significant increases in BDNF contents and in immunoreactive cells to TH and DAT were also observed, in striata of the 6-OHDA group with exercise, relatively to those with no exercise. We conclude that exercise improves behavior and dopaminergic neurotransmission in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. The increased oxidative stress and decreased BDNF contents were also reversed, emphasizing the importance of exercise for the PD management.

espanolIntroduccion: la resistencia bacteriana ha crecido significativamente en los ultimos anos, por lo que es necesaria la busqueda de nuevas dianas terapeuticas. En este contexto, los compuestos bioactivos presentes en algunas plantas medicinales pueden tener diversas actividades biologicas, tales como la accion antimicrobiana. Allium cepa, conocida como la cebolla, es utilizada, popularmente de forma etnofarmacologica para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades tales como la tuberculosis, la diabetes, la hipertension, el reumatismo y asi sucesivamente. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana y moduladora de extractos de metanol yhexano de Allium cepa frente a las cepas de bacterias y normas multirresistentes. Materiales y metodos: por los metodos microdilucion y modulacion con antibioticos. Resultados: los resultados mostraron una variacion de mic (concentracion minima inhibitoria) de 128 a ≥ 1024μg /mL dos extractos metanolicos A. cepa (emac) y hexano de A. cepa (ehac). En la modulacion con aminoglucosidos (amikacina y gentamicina), se observaron efectos sinergicos y antagonicos deehac y emac, frente a las cepas de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus multirresistente. Se necesitan nuevas investigaciones para un posible uso de plantas medicinales combinadas con la cara antimicrobiana de las cepas patogenas. Conclusion: a partir de estos resultados, se sugiere que los productos naturales son fuentes prometedoras en la lucha contra la resistencia bacteriana. EnglishIntroduction: Bacterial resistance has grown significantly in recent years, making the search for new antibiotics imperative. Bioactive compounds in some medicinal plants may exhibit various biological activities as antimicrobial activity. Allium cepa, popularly known as onion, is ethnopharmacologically used for treating various diseases, such as tuberculosis, diabetes, hypertension and rheumatism; it is also considered a powerful bactericide. Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and modulating activity of methanol and hexane extracts of A. cepa against the strains of ultiresistant bacteria. Materials and methods: Microdilution and modulation of antibiotics. Results: The results showed a variation in the mic (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) from 128 to ≥ 1024μg / mL between A. cepa methanol (emac) and A. cepa hexane (ehac) extracts. Modulation with aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) have proved to have antagonistic effects of the extracts sinergicose ehac and emac against strains of multiresistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Further research is needed related to the use of medicinal plants combined with antimicrobials against pathogenic strains. Conclusion: Through these results it can be inferred that natural products could constitute a promising source for combating bacterial resistance. portuguesIntroducao: A resistencia bacteriana tem crescido significativamente nos ultimos tempos, tornando-se imprescindivel a busca por novos alvos terapeuticos. Nesse contexto, compostos bioativos presentesem algumas plantas medicinais podem apresentar varias atividades biologicas, como acao antimicrobiana. Allium cepa conhecida popularmente como cebola e utilizada de maneira etnofarmacologicaha muito tempo para o tratamento de diversas enfermidades: tuberculose, diabetes, hipertensao, reumatismo e assim por diante. Objetivo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividadeantimicrobiana e modulatoria dos extratos metanolico e hexânicoda das folhas A. cepa frente as cepas de bacterias padroes e multirresistentes. Materiais e metodos: Pelos metodos e microdiluicaoe modulacao com antibioticos. Resultados: Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram uma variacao no cim (Concentracao Inibitoria Minima) de 128 a ≥ 1024 μg/mL dos extratos metanolico de A. cepa (emac) e hexânico de A. cepa (ehac). Na modulacao com os aminoglicosideos (amicacina e gentamicina) observaram-se efeitos sinergicos e antagonicos dos extratos ehac e emac frente as cepas Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus de linhagem multirresistente. Novas pesquisas sao necessarias para uma possivel utilizacao das plantas medicinais combinadas com os antimicrobianos frente as linhagens patogenicas. Conclusao: Atraves desses resultados sugere-se que os produtos naturais representam fontes promissoras no combate a resistencia bacteriana.

Neste estudo exploratório-descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, objetivou-se investigar a percepção da criança que reside na periferia de Fortaleza, stado do Ceará – Brasil acerca da violência, com vistas a contribuir para a reflexão sobre a atenção à saúde da criança e família. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, gravada e transcrita. Participaram do estudo 20 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária entre 5 e 11 anos. Adotou-se a análise de conteúdo como temática analítica, tendo emergido as categorias: Conceito de violência; Práticas de roubos na comunidade; e A droga, porque ela vicia. Concluí-se que conhecer o cotidiano da criança suscetível à violência pode ser considerado um dos pilares a minimizar a situação da segurança pública. In this descriptive exploratory study with a qualitative approach, the aim was to investigate the violence perception of children who live on the outskirts of Fortaleza, Ceará State - Brazil, in order to contribute to the debate on health care for the child and family. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, recorded and transcribed. Study participants were 20 children of both sexes, aged between 5 and 11 years. We adopted the analysis of content and thematic analysis technique, the emerged categories: Concept of violence; Practice of robberies in the community, and Drug because it’s addictive. We concluded that to understand the life quotidian of the child susceptible to violence can be considered one of the pillars in order to minimize the situation of public security. En este estudio exploratorio descriptivo, con abordaje cualitativo, el objetivo fue investigar la percepción del niño que vive en la periferia de Fortaleza, estado del Ceará – Brasil acerca de la violencia, para contribuir con la reflexión sobre la atención a la salud del niño y familia. Los datos fueron recogidos por medio de entrevista semiestructurada, grabada y transcripta. Han participado del estudio 20 niños, de ambos los sexos, con franja etaria entre 5 y 11 años. El análisis adoptado fue el de contenido como temática analítica, y surgieron las categorías: Concepto de violencia; Prácticas de robos en la comunidad; y La droga, porque ella vicia. Se concluye que conocer el cotidiano del niño suscetible a la violencia puede ser considerado un de los pilares para minimizar la situación de la seguridad pública.