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Abstract This study examines the associations between perceived urban environment attributes and obesity indices by country using data from an eight-nation study from Latin America. The data were collected from 8185 adults. The Neighbourhood Environment Walkability-abbreviated scale was used to assess perceived urban environment attributes. Obesity indices considered were body mass index, waist circumference, neck circumference, a body shape index and waist-to-height ratio. The perception of a more and better land use mix-diversity (β − 0.44; 95% CI − 0.59, − 0.28), traffic safety (− 0.39; − 0.66, − 0.12), and safety from crime (− 0.36; − 0.57, − 0.15) was associated with lower body mass index across the entire sample. Land use mix-diversity (− 1.21; − 1.60, − 0.82), street connectivity (− 0.26; − 0.37, − 0.15), and traffic safety (− 0.79; − 1.47, − 0.12) were negatively associated with waist circumference. Land use mix-diversity (− 0.11; − 0.20, − 0.03), land use mix-access (− 0.23; − 0.34, 0.12), walking/cycling facilities (− 0.22; − 0.37, − 0.08), and safety from crime (− 0.27; − 0.42, − 0.12) were negatively associated with neck circumference. No associations between perceived urban environment attributes and a body shape index were found. Land use mix-diversity (− 0.01; − 0.02, − 0.01), aesthetics (− 0.02; − 0.03, − 0.01), and safety from crime (− 0.02; − 0.04, − 0.01) were associated with waist-to-height ratio. Environmental interventions involving urban environment attributes are associated with obesity indices and, therefore, may help decrease the prevalence of overweight and obesity.

Abstract This study aimed to compare compliance with 24-h movement guidelines across countries and examine the associations with markers of adiposity in adults from eight Latin American countries. The sample consisted of 2338 adults aged 18–65 years. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SB) data were objectively measured using accelerometers. Sleep duration was self-reported using a daily log. Body mass index and waist circumference were assessed as markers of adiposity. Meeting the 24-h movement guidelines was defined as ≥ 150 min/week of MVPA; ≤ 8 h/day of SB; and between 7 and 9 h/day of sleep. The number of guidelines being met was 0.90 (95% CI 0.86, 0.93) with higher value in men than women. We found differences between countries. Meeting two and three movement guidelines was associated with overweight/obesity (OR: 0.75, 95% CI 0.58, 0.97 and OR: 0.69, 95% CI 0.51, 0.85, respectively) and high waist circumference (OR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.56, 0.97 and OR: 0.77, 95% CI 0.62, 0.96). Meeting MVPA and SB recommendations were related to reduced adiposity markers but only in men. Future research is needed to gain insights into the directionality of the associations between 24-h movement guidelines compliance and markers of adiposity but also the mechanisms underlying explaining differences between men and women.

Migraine has been considered a chronic neuronal-based pain disorder characterized by the presence of cortical hyperexcitability. The Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) is the most explored electrophysiological index in migraine. However, the findings show inconsistencies regarding its functional significance. To address this, we conducted a review in both adults and children with migraine without aura to gain a deeper understanding of it and to derive clinical implications. The literature search was conducted in the PubMed, SCOPUS and PsycINFO databases until September 2022m and 34 articles were retrieved and considered relevant for further analysis. The main results in adults showed higher CNV amplitudes (with no habituation) in migraine patients. Electrophysiological abnormalities, particularly focused on the early CNV subcomponent (eCNV), were especially prominent a few days before the onset of a migraine attack, normalizing during and after the attack. We also explored various modulatory factors, including pharmacological treatments—CNV amplitude was lower after the intake of drugs targeting neural hyperexcitability—and other factors such as psychological, hormonal or genetic/familial influences on CNV. Although similar patterns were found in children, the evidence is particularly scarce and less consistent, likely due to the brain’s maturation process during childhood. As the first review exploring the relationship between CNV and migraine, this study supports the role of the CNV as a potential neural marker for migraine pathophysiology and the prediction of pain attacks. The importance of further exploring the relationship between this neurophysiological index and childhood migraine is critical for identifying potential therapeutic targets for managing migraine symptoms during its development.

The integration between production and distribution to minimize total elapsed time is an important issue for industries that produce products with a short lifespan. However, the literature focus on production environments with a single stage. This paper enhances the complexity of the production system of an integrated production and distribution system by considering flowshop environment decisions integrated with a vehicle routing problem decision. In this case, each order is produced in a permutation flowshop subsystem and then shipped to its destination by a capacitated vehicle, and the objective is to sequence these orders to minimize the makespan of the schedule. This paper uses two approaches to address this integrated problem: a mixed-integer formulation and an Iterated Greedy algorithm. The experimentation shows that the Iterated Greedy algorithm yields results with a 0.02% deviation from the optimal for problems with five jobs, and is a viable option to be used in practical cases due to its short computational time.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive substance use by adolescents from public schools. This is a cross-sectional study that used a random sample of adolescents from five public schools located in a municipality in the central-west region of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. Information on demographic, socioeconomic, and drug use was collected using self-report questionnaires. The sample consisted of 1,460 students, 716 (49%) males, aged 10-19 years (13.19±2.04 years). The prevalence of psychoactive substance use in the last month was 51% for analgesics; 48.8% for alcohol; 37.3% for tobacco; 30.8% for tranquilizers; 23.1% for marijuana; 22.6% for anabolic steroids; 21.6% for ecstasy; 15.3% for amphetamines/stimulants; 13.4% for phencyclidine; 12.9% for cocaine/crack; 12.6% for inhalants/solvents; 11.5% for opiates; 11.4% for hallucinogens; and 16.2% for other unclassified drugs. Elementary and middle school students were more likely to consume tobacco (OR = 2.306; 95%CI: 1.733-3.068; p < 0.001), and male students were more likely to consume any type of substance. We identified a high use of psychoactive substances among this study participants, with a higher prevalence among male students.

Abstract: Advancements in production technologies and materials have facilitated the use of additive manufacturing (AM) (i.e., 3D printing) in the large-scale production of finished products with high level of customization, simplification of the factory floor, and fast delivery. Production sequencing is a well-established topic in this research area; however, its application to an AM environment suffers from specific issues that are yet to be explored. This paper presents a systematic literature review for mapping the state-of-the-art production sequencing methods in AM and for discussing the content of 26 articles published in magazines between 2017–2020. The main mathematical models, algorithms adopted for their solution, and main characteristics of computational experiments performed in these articles are identified; the results indicate that some characteristics of the problem can still be included in these models, such as the possibility of outsourcing and technology restrictions, which are yet to be explored in the literature. Further, authors observed the need for more robust computational experiments to better evaluate the proposed solutions.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by dysfunctional processing of nociceptive stimulation. Neuroimaging studies have pointed out that pain-related network functioning seems to be altered in these patients. It is thought that this clinical symptomatology may be maintained or even strengthened because of an enhanced expectancy for painful stimuli or its forthcoming appearance. However, neural electrophysiological correlates associated with such attentional mechanisms have been scarcely explored. In the current study, expectancy processes of upcoming laser stimulation (painful and non-painful) and its further processing were explored by event-related potentials (ERPs). Nineteen fibromyalgia patients and twenty healthy control volunteers took part in the experiment. Behavioral measures (reaction times and subjective pain perception) were also collected. We manipulated the pain/no pain expectancy through an S1–S2 paradigm (cue-target). S1 (image: triangle or square) predicted the S2 appearance (laser stimulation: warmth or pinprick sensation). Laser stimuli were delivered using a CO2 laser device. Temporal and spatial principal component analyses were employed to define and quantify the ERP component reliability. Statistical analyses revealed the existence of an abnormal pattern of pain expectancy in patients with fibromyalgia. Specifically, our results showed attenuated amplitudes at posterior lCNV component in anticipation of painful stimulation that was not found in healthy participants. In contrast, although larger P2 amplitudes to painful compared to innocuous events were shown, patients did not show any amplitude change in this laser-evoked response as a function of pain predictive cues (as occurred in the healthy control group). Additionally, analyses of the subjective perception of pain and reaction time indicated that laser stimuli preceded by pain cues were rated as more painful than those signaling non-pain expectancy and were associated with faster responses. Differences between groups were not found. The present findings suggest the presence of dysfunction in pain expectation mechanisms in fibromyalgia that eventually may make it difficult for patients to correctly interpret signs that prevent pain symptoms. Furthermore, the abnormal pattern in pain expectancy displayed by fibromyalgia patients could result in ineffective pain coping strategies. Understanding the neural correlates of pain processing and its modulatory factors is crucial to identify treatments for chronic pain syndromes.

BackgroundObesity is a serious disease that burdens public health systems around the world. It is a risk factor for the development of several non-communicable chronic diseases that are related to the amount and distribution of body fat. Body composition assessment using simple and low-cost techniques can help in the early detection of excess fat, allowing for the prevention and treatment of both obesity and associated diseases. Thus, identifying and proposing valid anthropometric indices for this purpose can be a great ally of health programs.ObjectiveTo verify the validity of the Body Adiposity Index (BAI) in relation to Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) for estimating body fat percentage in Brazilian adults, as well as to propose a new mathematical model to estimate the fat-free mass of this population.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 424 subjects (of which 220 were women), aged between 20 and 59 years, were evaluated by BAI and DXA, then randomly divided into two groups stratified by sex: the development group (n = 283) and the cross-validation group (n = 141). Statistical analyses to test the validity of BAI as a predictor of fat mass, in addition to proposing a new mathematical model for estimating fat-free mass, using DXA as a reference method. The analysis included paired t-test, stepwise multiple regression, coefficient of concordance correlation, and Bland-Altman plots.ResultsThe BAI validity analysis showed a low correlation coefficient of agreement [CCC = 0.626; ρ (precision) = 0.795; Cb(accuracy) = 0.787]; in addition, the mean difference in the Bland-Altman plot was different from zero in the cross-validation group (p < 0.01) and limits of agreement (LOA) ranged between−8.0 and 14.4 kg, indicating a poor agreement between the BAI and the reference method. The new mathematical model for estimating FFM showed a high correlation coefficient of agreement (CCC = 0.952; ρ = 0.953; Cb = 0.999), in addition to acceptable LOA in the Bland-Altman plot (-6.7 and 6.7).ConclusionIn the studied sample, the BAI showed low validity for estimating body fat, while the new proposed model was found to be a good option to assess the body composition of Brazilian adults.

Tendo como eixos norteadores desta pesquisa as prerrogativas da participação e da superação de problemas identificados do PIBID, buscamos apresentar, neste artigo, os resultados de uma pesquisa do tipo qualitativa em que analisamos, por uma perspectiva crítica e materialista histórica, as ações, as estratégias de ensino realizadas pelas professoras de primeiro e segundo ano do ensino fundamental nas salas de aula virtuais/grupos de WhatsApp em que realizamos a observação. Também foi objeto de análise as determinações do Governo do Estado do Ceará e do Município de Fortaleza que por meio de decretos determinaram as diretrizes para as aulas não presenciais durante a pandemia de Covid-19 no primeiro semestre de 2021. Constatamos em nossas observações e entrevistas com as professoras que o ensino não presencial trouxe precariedade aos seus trabalhos e uma grande desigualdade de acesso para os/as alunos/as; mesmo tendo ocorrido algumas ações governamentais, como a entrega de chips e tablets, não foi suficiente para mitigar o impacto da pandemia na educação e interação entre as professoras e suas turmas pelo grupo escolar do WhatsApp. Por isso, concluímos que o trabalho realizado pelas professoras não teve amparo por parte da Secretaria Municipal de Educação e nem o devido respaldo por parte dos órgãos públicos, pois deram maior permissividade às instituições privadas de ensino para continuarem com o ensino presencial.

The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is one of the most commonly used techniques for assessing body composition in a clinical setting and in field approaches, as it has the advantages of easy application, fast, and non-invasive, in addition to its relatively low cost. However, the available predictive equations need to be valid for the evaluated subjects. The aim of this study was to verify the validity of several published BIA equations in estimating fat-free mass (FFM) among Brazilian adolescents, in addition to developing and cross-validating a BIA equation to estimate FFM appropriate for Brazilian adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with 257 adolescents (128 girls) aged 10–19 years, randomly divided into two groups, namely, development (n = 172) and cross-validation (n = 85). The standard technique for assessing FFM was dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The paired t-test, multiple regression, and the Bland-Altman plots were used to test the validity of the proposed models and to perform cross-validation of the model. The equation derived in this study was as follows: FFM = −17.189 + 0.498 (Height2/Resistance) + 0.226 Weight + 0.071 Reactance − 2.378 Sex + 0.097 Height + 0.222 Age; r2 = 0.92; standard error of the estimate = 2.49 kg; the new equation for FFM showed better agreement when compared with that of the equations developed in other countries. In conclusion, the newly developed equations provide a valid FFM estimation and are recommended for Brazilian adolescents with similar characteristics.

Introdução: O câncer gástrico é a quinta doença maligna mais comum em todo o mundo. Trata-se do tumor maligno mais incidente na Ásia, especialmente na China. O carcinoma esofágico é um dos tipos mais agressivos de tumor maligno. Os tratamentos multimodais, incluindo quimioterapia neoadjuvante e quimiorradioterapia, são utilizados e podem causar fadiga, vômito, diarreia, alterações cutâneas, caquexia e neuropatia periférica, que podem ser efeitos colaterais importantes para muitos pacientes que realizam seus tratamentos. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre o manejo e a prevenção de reações adversas da quimioterapia antineoplásica com platinas em pacientes com câncer esofágico e tumor gástrico. Método: Para seleção dos artigos, foi realizada a busca em três bases de dados: MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane e Embase, com a estratégia PICO, variando os descritores MeSH/DeCS e operadores booleanos. Resultados: Foram encontrados 455 títulos, dos quais, após utilizar a diretriz PRISMA, restaram 15 artigos para a revisão sistemática, que abordavam o manejo e a prevenção de náusea e vômitos, neuropatia periférica, caquexia, suplementação de magnésio, tratamento de depressão e toxicidade geral. Conclusão: Verificou-se que náuseas, vômitos, neuropatia e hipomagnesemia tiveram maior número de estudos relacionados ao manejo e à prevenção desses sintomas, nos quais identificaram-se algumas sugestões de condutas com maior evidência para essas reações. As demais reações encontradas ainda carecem de mais estudos, principalmente nos casos de cânceres gástrico e esofágico.

Transcatheter caval valve implantation (CAVI) has been evaluated as a treatment option for inoperable patients with severe symptomatic tricuspid regurgitation (TR). We studied the effect of CAVI on sleep disorder breathing (SDB) in patients with right heart failure and TR. Twenty right heart failure patients with severe symptomatic TR who underwent portable monitoring of SDB (ApneaLink), echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise (CPET), and laboratory testing were enrolled. This was a single-center, nonblinded study. There were no significant changes in sleep variables, echocardiographic parameters, laboratory results, lung function, and CPET after CAVI. In conclusion, these data suggest that CAVI may not have an effect on SDB; however, additional follow-up fully powered studies with appropriate statistical analyses are needed.

This article discusses a fast and efficient classification of non-grain oriented electrical steel and its electromagnetic efficiency based on the analysis of the images of the Crystalline Orientation Distribution Function (CODF). The study was carried out on samples of a non-grain oriented electrical steel, semi-processed with 1.28% silicon, cold rolled with thickness reductions of 50.0% and 70.0%, and annealed at 730 °C for 12 h. The material was also subjected to annealing heat treatment for grain growth at temperatures of 620 °C, 730 °C, 840 °C and 900 °C for 1, 10, 100 and 1000 min at each temperature. The database used was comprised of 32 images. The extractors Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), Local Binary Patterns (LBP), Central Moments, Statistical Moments, and Hu's Moments were combined with the following classifiers: Bayes, k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) with 1, 3, and 5 nearest neighbors, MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) with two configurations, Support Vector Machines (SVM) with four different kernel types (linear, polynomial, radial basis function (RBF) and sigmoid). For all the using cases the method of partitioning data Hold Out. Measurements of precision, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values, as well as the confusion matrix were used to evaluate the classifiers. The SVM with polynomial using the GLCM extractor had the highest accuracy rate of 89.00%, specificity of 86.93%, sensitivity of 80.69% and positive predictive values of 80.34%. The time required for this combination, which was the best, was only 0.6 ms. The results showed that this approach generated a new methodology for the analysis of non-grain oriented electrical steels. Keywords: Electrical steel, Crystalline Orientation Distribution Function, Digital image processing, Pattern recognition

The growing global demand for energy makes it necessary to adopt measures ranging from the exploration of new energy sources to the development of technology for machinery and equipment with greater energy efficiency. Non-grain oriented electrical steels are widely used in the construction of rotors and stators that form the core of electric motors, and their microstructures are directly related to its electromagnetic performance. This paper presents a new, fast and efficient method for the classification of non-grain oriented electrical steel microstructural states and their electromagnetic performance using photomicrographic analysis. The study was performed on non-grain oriented electrical steel samples with 1.28% silicon, cold-rolled with reductions of 50% and 70%, annealed in box at 730 °C for 12 h, and subjected to a subsequent annealing heat treatment for grain growth at 620 °C, 730 °C, 840 °C and 900 °C for 1, 10, 100 and 1000 min at each temperature. A total of 32 samples were used to form a database with 192 images. Our approach used a combination of extractor features (GLCM, LBP and moments) with the classifiers (Bayes, K-NN, K-means, MLP and SVM), also combined with two data partitioning, and the hold out and leave one out. KNN with 1 neighbor using the GLCM extractor showed the highest accuracy rate of 97.44%, and values greater than 96.0% for the other validation methods. The time required for the test was only 15.4 ms. The results obtained with this proposed approach, generate a new approach to evaluate a non-grain oriented electrical steel electromagnetic performance. Keywords: Electrical steel, Electromagnetic performance, Digital image processing, Pattern recognition

Previous research has shown a consistent association among genetic factors, psychological symptoms and pain associated with fibromyalgia. However, how these symptoms interact to moderate genetic factors in fibromyalgia has rarely been studied to date. The present research investigates whether psychological symptoms can moderate the effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase on pain and fatigue. A total of 108 women diagnosed with fibromyalgia and 77 healthy control participants took part in the study. Pain, fatigue, and psychological symptoms (anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, fear of pain and fear of movement) were measured by self-report questionnaires. Two types of statistical analyses were performed; the first was undertaken to explore the influences of COMT genotypes on clinical symptoms by comparing patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. In the second analysis, moderation analyses to explore the role of psychological symptoms as potential factors that moderate the relationship between pain/fatigue and COMT genotypes were performed. The main results indicated that patients carrying the Met/Met genotype reported significantly higher levels of fatigue than heterozygote carriers (i.e., Met/Val genotype) and higher levels of fatigue, but not significantly different, than Val homozygote carriers. Among patients with fibromyalgia carrying methionine alleles (i.e., Met/Met + Met/Val carriers), only those who scored high on medical fear of pain, experienced an intensified feeling of fatigue. Thus, the present research suggests that fear of pain, as a psychological symptom frequently described in fibromyalgia may act as a moderating factor in the relationship between the Met allele of the COMT gene and the increase or decrease in self-reported fatigue. Although further research with wider patient samples is needed to confirm the present findings, these results point out that the use of psychological interventions focused on affective symptomatology might be a useful tool to reduce the severity of fibromyalgia.

The recent efforts dedicated to understanding important features and consequences of city growth have profited from the scaling approach to urban indicators. This kind of analysis can be conveniently used to investigate the impact of geo-economic transformations, like fast urbanization and industrial development, which occurred in continental size countries (e.g., India, China, and Brazil) during the past half-century. Profiting from high quality data, this work explores how scaling relationships among urban indicators are influenced by strong regional heterogeneities in Brazil. It is based on economic, infrastructure and violence related data sets for the time interval 2002-2016. Results indicate that regional specificities related to infrastructure, economic development, and geography have a larger influence on the absolute value of the urban indexes. Regional scaling similarities and differences among Brazilian regions were also uncovered. Interesting enough, the results indicate that the richest and poorest Brazilian regions share similar scaling behavior, despite all huge different local influences. By contrast, the results for the two richest regions, with similar average values of urban indexes and the same kind of local influences have rather different scaling properties. Thus, scaling analysis suggests that distinct political solutions might be necessary to improve life's quality, even for two regions with similar average values of urban indicators.

O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver e validar equação preditiva de massa livre de gordura por bioimpedanciometria para homens da população brasileira. Foram avaliados 203 homens de 20 a 59 anos de idade, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: desenvolvimento (102) e validação cruzada (101). A técnica padrão foi a Abortometria radiológica de dupla energia (DEXA). Teste t pareado, regressão múltipla e plotagem de Bland-Altman foram utilizados para testar a validade do modelo proposto. A equação derivada pelo estudo foi: MLG = 17,57 + 0,348 (Estatura2/Resistência) + 0,513 Massa Corporal – 0,283 Perímetro Abdominal + 0,079 Reatância – 0,038 idade; coeficiente de correlação de concordância – CCC = 0,937; r2= 0,89; erro padrão de estimativa – EPE = 2,55 kg; erro puro – EP = 2,51 kg. Com isso, a nova equação proposta proporciona estimativa válida da massa livre de gordura, sendo recomendada para homens com características semelhantes.

Atrazine is a concerning water sources contaminant that can remain at the drinking water. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of point of use (POU) filters with granular activated carbon to remove the contaminant, when added to deionized and natural well water under the theoretical concentrations of 1000.0 ng.L-1. The procedure used to quantify atrazine was the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), preceded by pre-concentration of the contaminants by solid phase extraction (SPE). Coconut carbon was evaluated, through preliminary tests carried out in "jar test" equipment, in order to obtain kinetic parameters, according to Freundlich equation. The parameters were inserted into a design model used in a complementary phase of the study, which evaluated the efficiency of filter prototypes in the removal of the contaminant in dynamic conditions. The results showed that the prototype filter, constructed from 90.0 g of coconut coal, which presented the highest efficiency for the removal of target pollutant in the preliminary trials, were able to reduce average 57.2% of atrazine after 1000.0 liters filtered, under predetermined operating conditions: flow rate 100 L.h-1 in continuous test. The filter prototypes were designed from the following Freundlich isotherms coefficients: qmax = 40.4 ng atrazine / mg carbon (maximum adsorption capacity); 1/n = 0.5138 and KF = 1.10, with correlation coefficient of 0.9960.

The literature has already shown the need to consider the integration of several functions of productive systems. Based on this, the current paper introduces a constructive algorithm for the integrated scheduling-distribution problem, where the productive environment is a single machine and the distribution is composed of a single vehicle capable of performing multiple routes. A series of seven initialization rules is evaluated. The analyses performed are based on the gap found in optimal solutions (in the case of small scale problems) or among the algorithms (for the remaining problems.) For the analyses, the problems are analyzed according to the parameters that were used for their generation. It is evident that the efficiency of the insertion operator depends substantially on the objective that is to be minimized. Further, that the set-up based ordering times enabled the insertion operator to obtain better results was evident.

Pain experience involves a complex relationship between sensory and both emotional and cognitive factors, which appear to be mediated by different neural pathways. Previous evidence has shown that whereas conscious processing of unpleasant stimuli enhances pain perception, the influence of emotions on pain under unaware conditions is much less known. The need to better characterise the relationship between pain processing and emotional factors is crucial for dealing with chronic pain conditions. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the neural correlates relating to the influence of visual masking emotional stimulation on the processing of painful stimuli in chronic pain patients suffering from fibromyalgia (FM). Twenty FM and 22 healthy control (HC) women participated in the study. The experimental masking paradigm consisted of a rapid succession of two types of stimuli, where a masked picture (neutral, negative or pain-related) was followed by a laser stimulus (painful or not painful). LEP activity was recorded at sixty scalp electrodes. An LEP-amplitude approach was used to quantify the main cerebral waves linked to pain response. ANOVAs indicated that the posterior regions of the P1 component were sensitive to experimental manipulation (p

Resumo Historicamente, o cenário farmacêutico mundial tem sido dominado por grandes multinacionais (Big Pharma), majoritariamente de origem europeia e norte-americana. Contudo, é consenso na literatura a importância crescente dos mercados farmacêuticos emergentes (países farmaemergentes), especialmente China e Brasil, que são vistos como os maiores responsáveis pelo crescimento sustentável do segmento farmacêutico. Esse artigo teve como objetivo realizar um mapeamento tecnológico e industrial do setor farmacêutico, a partir de informações de bancos de dados patentários internacionais (WIPO e Derwent), entre 1996 até o último ano de registro (2013). Utilizando-se o Método dos Mínimos Quadrados e implementação de um algoritmo no MATLAB, desenvolveram-se previsões para o período 2014-2018. Os resultados obtidos atestaram a liderança da Europa e dos EUA no setor, destacando-se o índice de inovação da Hoffmann-La Roche; a participação expressiva da China; e a pouca contribuição do Brasil no âmbito mundial. Todavia, estimou-se uma tendência de crescimento acentuado no número de proteções concedidas ao Brasil (41%) e à China (27%), apontando um alcance, até 2036, dos índices de patenteamento chineses aos números dos atuais líderes mundiais, trazendo a esperança da difusão tecnológica e científica e do aumento da competitividade no segmento farmacêutico.

A legislação nacional sobre o tema preços de transferência foi instituída em 1996 e alterada pela Lei nº 9.959/00. Em 2002, a Instrução Normativa 243 foi publicada mudando significativamente o cálculo do método Preço de Revenda Menos Lucro (PRL), causando um impasse entre o Fisco e os contribuintes. Em 2012, outra lei foi publicada colocando fim às discussões sobre o fato a partir daquele momento. O legislador deixou como opção ao contribuinte a adoção ou não das novas regras para o próprio ano de 2012. Diante desse cenário, este trabalho analisou a evolução das regras de preços de transferência no mundo, no Brasil e suas respectivas metodologias de cálculo. Intencionou verificar a razão desse impasse existente entre o contribuinte e o Fisco e promover uma análise sobre a opção mais economicamente viável para o ano de 2012. Esta análise foi feita por meio de cálculos de situações hipotéticas, as quais trouxeram uma visão do comportamento dos ajustes a serem feitos pelos contribuintes conforme cada norma a ser aplicada. Como respostas obteve-se o resultado de que em nenhuma das hipóteses a IN 243 foi a mais benéfica ao contribuinte. A aplicação da Lei nº 9.959/00 se mostrou como uma opção intermediária, no entanto, apresentou insegurança jurídica. Optando pela Lei nº 12.715/12, esta também se mostrou uma opção razoável. Ela não isenta os contribuintes dos ajustes, porém, seria a escolha mais interessante dentre elas por oferecer segurança jurídica e aparentar uma maior coerência com a prática das empresas.

RESUMO Trata-se de artigo reflexivo que objetivou tecer considerações sobre a ação do uso de drogas no movimento humano a partir de vivências em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPs). Foram discutidos os efeitos agudos e crônicos dessas substâncias, destacando-se como efeitos agudos do álcool a falta de coordenação, desequilíbrio e tremores finos das extremidades. Como efeito crônico, a polineurite alcoólica. Entre os efeitos agudos da cocaína e crack citam-se a agitação psicomotora e entre os efeitos crônicos a distonia e a coreia. Já a maconha provoca incoordenação e redução da capacidade de executar atividades motoras complexas. Contudo, quando se considera o corpo que se movimenta por meio da intenção, do desejo, do sentido, ou seja, por meio da intencionalidade, outros olhares são possíveis. Desse modo acredita-se que este estudo fornece subsídios à qualificação das práticas terapêuticas corporais de cuidado ao usuário de drogas para além da dimensão puramente fisiológica, o que contribui para a ampliação desse conhecimento por diversas profissões da saúde: Enfermagem, Fisioterapia, Educação Física, entre outras.

Este artigo trata do problema de sequenciamento de tarefas em um ambiente de máquina única com possibilidade de terceirização. O problema apresentado busca minimizar a soma ponderada dos custos totais de terceirização e do somatório dos tempos de finalização de cada tarefa e é definido na literatura como 1 / Budget / (1 - δ) Σ Cj + δ. OC. Para esta resolução do referido problema, é proposto um método formado por dois estágios: no primeiro estágio, propõe-se que as tarefas sejam sequenciadas, utilizando-se a regra SPT (Shortest Processing Time - Menor Tempo de Processamento) para que se consiga a redução do espaço de busca no grafo gerado, enquanto que, no segundo estágio, é proposto um algoritmo baseado em ACO (Ant Colony Optimization - Otimização por Colônia de Formigas). O algoritmo aqui proposto incorpora ao ACO quatro características específicas do problema estudado, a saber: i) uma representação em forma de grafo para problemas de scheduling que envolvam terceirização, obtida por meio da aplicação do primeiro estágio do método; ii) uma regra de pré-seleção, que garante a viabilidade da solução; iii) uma nova regra de visibilidade específica para o problema; e iv) uma estratégia de busca local. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostram que o algoritmo baseado em ACO desenvolvido é mais eficiente que o algoritmo de Lee e Sung (2008a) que foi o único trabalho encontrado na literatura que trata do problema em discussão. Adicionalmente, a busca local proposta melhorou o resultado para problemas de tamanho médio e grande.This paper considers the problem of scheduling a set of tasks on a single machine environment with outsource allowed. This multicriteria problem, defined as 1 / Budget / (1 - δ) Σ Cj + δ. OC, aims to minimize the weighted sum of total outsourcing costs and the sum of individual completion times. To solve this problem, a two-stage method is proposed: the first stage orders the tasks using the SPT (Shortest Processing Time) rule. The second stage uses an ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) algorithm to decide whether the job will be outsourced by using four problem-specific variations: i) a graph-representation of scheduling problems for scheduling problems with outsourcing allowed; ii) a pre-selection rule that guarantees the viability of the solution; iii) a new problem-specific visibility rule; and iv) a local search strategy. The implementation of this method produces better results than those obtained by Lee and Sung (2008a), the only paper found in the literature that deals with this problem. Moreover, the local search procedure was able to improve the results for medium and large problem sets.

Não se aplica

O 17-Etinilestradiol é um princípio-ativo sintético presente nos contraceptivos orais. O excesso desse composto não absorvido pelo organismo feminino é eliminado, principalmente, pela urina. No sistema de esgotos, mesmo sobre a existência de tratamento, este não é removido completamente, alcançando mananciais que podem ser utilizados para abastecimento público. No presente trabalho foram avaliadas as eficiências de remoção do 17-Etinilestradiol da água, por oxidação com Hipoclorito de Sódio ou Dióxido de Cloro, adsorção em carvão ativado em pó (CAP) e tratamento físico-químico. Dentre as tecnologias estudadas destacou-se a adsorção em CAP, pela elevada eficiência de remoção do composto (acima de 97,5%), por ser um material inerte de simples remoção e por não demandar a adição de produtos químicos complementares a água.

As pesquisas em Imagem corporal têm crescido em número no Brasil, porém a avaliação da dimensão perceptiva da imagem corporal é um tema pouco explorado. O objetivo deste artigo é rever criticamente a história, as características, os fatores intervenientes da avaliação perceptiva e apresentar perspectivas para o Brasil.La investigación en imagen del cuerpo ha estado creciendo en gran número en el Brasil. Sin embargo, la evaluación de la dimensión de la percepción de la imagen corporal es área poco explorada. La finalidad de este artículo es repasar críticamente la historia, las características, los factores de intervención de evaluación de la percepción y presentar perspectivas para el Brasil.The research in Body image has been growing in number in Brazil. However, the evaluation of the perceptual dimension of Body Image is little explored area. The aim of this article is to critically review the history, the characteristics, the intervening factors of perceptual evaluation and to present perspectives for Brazil.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the anatomy of female Wistar rats and the workability of contrast radiography as a technique to investigate the gastrointestinal series. METHODS: Eight adult female Wistar rats were undergone to the contrast radiography as anteroposterior incidence and as posterior incidence in profile. The radiological examination was conducted at a 45° angle to the radiological table. Film-focus distance (FFD) was 100 cm, film-object distance (FOD) was 0 cm, and object-focus distance (OFD) was 100 cm. An orogastric probe was used to inject barium contrast at 5-min intervals, for a total of four applications. After the radiological examination, animals were necropsy for confirmation of the radiological findings, and the radiographs were the absence of the normal anatomy variations inspected and described by an experienced radiologist. RESULTS: All the radiographs produced achieved satisfactory results in terms of position, exposure, location and quality. The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) was identified in the esophagus at the nerve C2, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was identified between spinal cord segments L1 and L2, the thoracic-abdominal junction was observed at T10, the esophageal-gastric junction (EGJ) at T13-L1, with the abdominal portion in the epigastric region. The stomach was observed mostly in the epigastric region, left hypochondrium, left and mesogastric flank. The duodenum findings presented higher variation, with most findings identified in the epigastric region, right hypochondrium, right flank and mesogastric ileal fossa at T13-L5. CONCLUSION: Contrast radiology is useful and may be employed to assess the anatomy of the animal being studied. The experimental model described afforded to fully identify all organs investigated, as well as other occasional relevant findings. No anatomical anomalies in the subsequent necropsy, confirming the radiographic findings.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a anatomia normal de ratas Wistar e a viabilidade do exame contrastado nesta população. MÉTODOS: Foram submetidas ao exame oito ratas Wistar adultas, em incidência Ântero-Posterior e Perfil. A técnica consiste no posicionamento à 45º de inclinação em relação à mesa radiológica e colocado à Distância Foco Filme (DFF) de 100 cm, Distância Objeto Filme (DOF) de 0 cm, Distância Foco Objeto (DFO) de 100 cm. O contraste baritado foi injetado via sonda nasoesofágica, em intervalos de 5 minutos para cada fase, em um total de quatro fases. Após a realização do exame foi realizada necropsia dos animais para confirmação dos achados radiológicos e da ausência de variações da anatomia normal As radiografias foram analisadas e descritas por radiologista experiente no exame. RESULTADOS: Todos os exames foram satisfatórios no que se refere ao posicionamento, exposição, localização e qualidade do exame. Foi identificado o esôfago com o Esfíncter Esofágico Superior (EES) ao nível de segunda vértebra cervical (C2) e Esfíncter Esofágico Inferior (EEI) entre as vértebras lombares (L1-2), transição toracoabdominal na vértebra Torácica (T10), Junção Esôfago Gástrica em T13-L1, com a porção abdominal em região epigástrica. O estômago, predominantemente, localizou-se em região epigástrica, hipocôndrio esquerdo, flanco esquerdo e mesogástrico. O duodeno teve a maior variação, com predomínio dos achados na região epigástrica, hipocôndrio direito, flanco direito, fossa ilíaca direita e mesogástrica e ao nível de T13-L5. CONCLUSÃO: O exame contrastado pôde avaliar a anatomia normal do animal em estudo e foi identificada de forma integral em todos os órgãos avaliados com o método descrito, achados confirmados em todos os animais em necropsia subseqüente.

A acondroplasia é caracterizada como um distúrbio genético autossômico dominante que afeta a ossificação endocondral, constituindo uma das causas de nanismo. Entre as características está presente principalmente a baixa estatura e desproporção tronco/membros. Diante disso, o acondroplásico poderá se mostrar inferiorizado e insatisfeito com sua aparência física, influenciando, juntamente a outros fatores, na qualidade de vida (QV) dessa população. OBJETIVO: Comparar o nível de QV entre sujeitos acondroplásicos e não-acondroplásicos. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 21 indivíduos acondroplásicos, sendo nove homens e 13 mulheres, pareados por idade e gênero, a 21 não-acondroplásicos. O nível de QV foi estimado por meio do questionário WHOQOL-BREF. RESULTADOS: Na comparação entre sujeitos acondroplásicos e não acondroplásicos do gênero feminino constatou-se que no domínio físico as mulheres acondroplásicas apresentaram escore médio significativamente menor, enquanto na comparação entre os gêneros, o grupo de mulheres acondroplásicas apresentou escore médio significativamente menor que os homens acondroplásicos no domínio psicológico. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, a QV não apresentou diferença entre os grupos, entretanto, nos domínios físico e psicológico, as mulheres acondroplásicas demonstraram menor satisfação com sua condição.Achondroplasia is characterized as an autosomal dominant genetic disturbance which affects the endochondral ossification which is a common cause of dwarfism syndrome. Among the characteristics the most common are the short stature and disproportional trunk/limbs. Thus, the achondroplasic subjects can face themselves inferior and not satisfied with their physical appearance, influencing, among other factors, the quality of life of this population. OBJECTIVE: To compare the quality of life level between achondroplasic and non-achondroplasic subjects. METHODS: Study with 21 achondroplasics in which, nine were men and 13 women, paired by age and gender to 21 non-achondroplasic subjects. The quality of life level was estimated by WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. RESULTS: In the comparison between achondroplasic and non-achondroplasic females we verified that in physical domain achondroplasic women presented mean score significantly lower than non-achondroplasic. In the comparison between genders, achondroplasic females presented mean score significantly lower than achondroplasic males in psychological domain. CONCLUSION: In this study, the quality of life didn't present any difference between groups, however, in physical and psychological domains, achondroplasic women demonstrated less satisfaction to their condition.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate comparatively the physical properties of solubility, disintegration and flow of some root canal sealers: SEALAPEX™, PULP CANAL SEALER™, TUBLISEAL™, AH PLUS™, AH 26™, TOP SEAL™, SEALER PLUS™, SEALER 26™ and ENDOFILL™. Method: Methodology used was according ISO 6786 which test the physicochemical properties using five proof specimens for each test. Results: In terms of solubility, the root canal sealers analyzed have been classified in the following decreasing order: ENDOFILL™, SEALAPEX™, PULP CANAL SEALER™, AH 26™, TUBLISEAL™, SEALER PLUS™, AH PLUS™, TOP SEAL™ and SEALER 26™, where a statistically significant difference was found at a 1% level. Between TOP SEAL™ and SEALER™ 26 root canal sealers there was no statistically significant difference. None of the sealers above have shown disintegration. Regarding flow, the root canal sealers in the study have been classified in the following decreasing order: TUBLISEAL™ root canal sealer, followed by ENDOFILL™, SEALAPEX™, PULP CANAL SEALER™, AH PLUS™, TOP SEAL™, AH 26™, SEALER 26™ and SEALER PLUS™, where a statistically significant difference was found at a 1% level. Conclusion: The solubility, only the SEALAPEX™ and ENDOFILL™ have shown a limit above determined by ISO 6786.

O tratamento cirúrgico de dentes retidos, especialmente os terceiros molares, é uma das atividades cirúrgicas realizadas com maior freqüência nos consultórios odontológicos. A localização das incisões e a escolha do tipo de retalho são determinadas em função do acesso desejado e das estruturas anatômicas relacionadas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar quanto à cicatrização, deiscência de sutura e indicações, as incisões angulares com relaxante na mesial do segundo molar ou na distal do segundo molar, a incisão em envelope e a incisão em V. Foram atendidos 34 pacientes que possuíam terceiros molares inferiores retidos. Os pacientes foram divididos nos quatro grupos de diferentes retalhos. Ao final do estudo, observou-se que o grau de retenção influencia no tipo de retalho escolhido.