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Scientific objectives, instruments, and measurement program of the scientific instrumentation of the Kazachok stationary landing platform of the State Corporation Roscosmos and the European Space Agency (ESA) ExoMars-2022 project are presented. The scientific objectives of research on the landing platform included the long-term climate monitoring, the studies of the atmospheric composition, the mechanisms for dust lifting and related electrical phenomena, atmosphere–surface interactions, the subsurface water abundance, monitoring the radiation situation, and the study of Mars internal structure. To address these problems, 11 Russian and two European instruments with a total mass of 45 kg were built, tested and integrated into the spacecraft. These include a television camera system, meteorological complexes, a suite for studying dust and related electrical phenomena, optical spectrometers and an analytical complex for studying the atmospheric composition, a microwave radiometer, the neutron and gamma spectrometers for surface research, a seismometer, magnetometers and a Mars proper motion experiment to study its internal structure. Although the ExoMars-2022 project has been discontinued, the scientific objectives of the landing platform have not lost their relevance, and the technical solutions and developments implemented in scientific equipment are of interest and promising for further Mars exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A procedure for diabatization of quantum-chemical data is proposed that allows one to surmount the problem of -shaped peaks of nonadiabatic matrix elements by passing to a hybrid diabatic representation of a system of coupled channel equations of nuclear dynamics with the use of model nonadiabatic matrix elements that approach initially specified matrix elements. Results of the application of this method within the framework of the Landau-Zener model are presented for the example of the CaH collision system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A full quantum study of non-radiative inelastic processes in lithium-helium ion-atom collisions is presented. The study uses the 13 lowest-lying electronic molecular states of LiHe+ of the ¹Σ+, ³Σ+, ¹Π, and ³Π symmetries. Radial non-adiabatic coupling matrix elements between states of the same symmetry are calculated. Quantum non-adiabatic nuclear dynamics is studied by the reprojection method, which takes into account all non-adiabatic couplings, including those that exhibit non-vanishing asymptotic values. The energy dependence of the cross-sections and temperature dependence of the rate coefficients for all partial processes between the scattering channels is determined. It is shown that the temperature dependence of rate coefficients for the non-radiative and the radiative processes behave differently: the non-radiative rate coefficients increase with increasing temperature, while the radiative rate coefficients decrease. Consequently, in the depopulation of the same scattering channel the non-radiative processes dominate in high-temperature environments, whereas at low temperature, such as in interstellar molecular clouds, the radiative processes are typically more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Möessbauer spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the mineralogical analysis of Fe-bearing materials. The miniaturized Möessbauer spectrometer MIMOS II has already been working on the surface of Mars for 6 years as part of the NASA Mars Exploration Rovers mission. The improved version of the instrument is a component of the scientific payload of the Phobos-Grunt mission. The scientific objectives of the instrument are the following: to identify the iron-bearing phases, to determine the quantitative distribution of iron among these phases, and to determine the distribution of iron among its oxidation states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lidar device as part of the meteorological complex of the ExoMars-2022 landing platform is designed to study Martian aerosol, the planetary boundary layer, and small-scale atmospheric turbulence. A miniature lidar based on a pulsed semiconductor laser and an avalanche photodiode in the photon counting mode will make it possible to obtain aerosol backscattering profiles along a vertical path from 10 to 1500 m during the day and from 15 to 10 000 m at night. In the passive mode, the sky brightness is measured in a narrow spectral range and in a narrow solid angle with a frequency of up to hundreds of hertz. The measured fluctuations can provide information about the turbulence of the daytime atmosphere and its relation to dust activity. In the paper we considered the scientific tasks of the experiment, the program of measurements on the surface of Mars and described in detail the components of the equipment and the features of their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0038094623330018 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mössbauer spectrometers provide quantitative information about the distribution of iron among its oxidation states, the identification of iron-bearing phases, and the distribution of iron among those phases. Characterizing the speciation and distribution of iron in martian rock and soil [1] constrains primary rock types; the conditions under which primary minerals crystallize; and the mineralogical composition, process, and extent of alteration and weathering. Hematite (α-Fe[sub 2]O[sub 3]) was detected in Meridiani Planum from orbital observations before the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) missions [2, 3], and the region was selected as a MER landing site on a scientific basis, because the mineral is a beacon for aqueous processes, and on an engineering basis, because the terrain was considered safe for landing [4]. The first Mössbauer spectrum from Meridiani Planum was obtained by the Opportunity rover on 4 February 2004, on soil near the lander at Eagle crater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mössbauer spectra measured on Mars by the Spirit rover during the primary mission are characterized by two ferrous iron doublets (olivine and probably pyroxene) and a ferric iron doublet (tentatively associated to nanophase ferric iron oxide). Two sextets resulting from nonstoichiometric magnetite are also present, except for a coating on the rock Mazatzal, where a hematite-like sextet is present. Greater proportions of ferric-bearing phases are associated with undisturbed soils and rock surfaces as compared to fresh rock surfaces exposed by grinding. The ubiquitous presence of olivine in soil suggests that physical rather than chemical weathering processes currently dominate at Gusev crater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]