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[Background] The World Health Organization’s active ageing model is based on the optimisation of four key “pillars”: health, lifelong learning, participation and security. It provides older people with a policy framework to develop their potential for well-being, which in turn, may facilitate longevity. We sought to assess the effect of active ageing on longer life expectancy by: i) operationalising the WHO active ageing framework, ii) testing the validity of the factors obtained by analysing the relationships between the pillars, and iii) exploring the impact of active ageing on survival through the health pillar., [Methods] Based on data from a sample of 801 community-dwelling older adults, we operationalised the active ageing model by taking each pillar as an individual construct using principal component analysis. The interrelationship between components and their association with survival was analysed using multiple regression models., [Results] A three-factor structure was obtained for each pillar, except for lifelong learning with a single component. After adjustment for age, gender and marital status, survival was only significantly associated with the physical component of health (HR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.47−0.93; p = 0.018). In turn, this component was loaded with representative variables of comorbidity and functionality, cognitive status and lifestyles, and correlated with components of lifelong learning, social activities and institutional support., [Conclusion] According to how the variables clustered into the components and how the components intertwined, results suggest that the variables loading on the biomedical component of the health pillar (e.g. cognitive function, health conditions or pain), may play a part on survival chances.

The objective of this study was to assess how disease burden caused by chronic conditions is related to mortality (predictive validity) and other health outcomes (convergent validity). This was studied in 625 community-dwelling adults living in Spain aged 65 years and older. Disease burden was measured with the Disease Burden Morbidity Assessment (DBMA). The association with 5-year mortality was assessed using a Cox model and Kaplan–Meier curves. For convergent validity, mean age, sex ratio, patient-centered outcomes and healthcare utilization were compared for high and low DBMA scores (< 10 vs. ≥ 10). Also, a multivariable linear regression model was used to evaluate the DBMA as a function of these variables. Mean DBMA score in our sample was 7.5. After 5 years, 35 participants had died (5.5%). The Cox model displayed a hazard ratio of 1.07, and the Kaplan–Meier curves showed lower survival for high DBMA scores. Among participants with high DBMA scores, low self-perceived health, disability and female sex were more frequent, and this group showed lower mean scores for quality of life (Personal Wellbeing Index), affect balance (Scale of Positive and Negative Experience) and physical activity (Yale Physical Activity Survey), higher mean age and higher healthcare utilization than persons with low DBMA scores. In the multivariable regression, all variables but age were significantly associated with the DBMA. In conclusion, the DBMA showed satisfactory predictive and convergent validity. In our aging society, it can be applied to better understand and improve care for older persons with multiple chronic conditions.

Purpose of the Study: The Disease Burden Morbidity Assessment (DBMA) is a self-report questionnaire in which participants rate the disease burden caused by a number of medical conditions. This paper studies the measurement properties of the DBMA, using Rasch analysis. Design and Methods: We used data of 1,400 community-dwelling adults aged 50 years and older participating in the Ageing in Spain Longitudinal Study, Pilot Survey (ELES-PS). Test of fit to the Rasch model, reliability, unidimensionality, response dependency, category structure, scale targeting, and differential item functioning (DIF) were studied in an iterative way. Construct validity of the linear measure provided by the Rasch analysis was subsequently assessed. Results: To achieve an adequate fit to the Rasch model, all items were rescored by collapsing response categories. Reliability (Person Separation Index) was low. The scale was unidimensional and neither response dependency nor relevant DIF were found. The linear measure had a correlation of −0.48 with physical functioning, −0.47 with perceived health, 0.32 with depression, and −0.24 with quality of life (QoL) and displayed satisfactory known-groups validity by sex and age groups. Relative precision analysis showed that the linear measure discriminated better between age groups than the original raw score, but for sex no difference was found. Implications: Despite some limitations, support was found for the validity of the DBMA in older adults. Its linear scores may be useful to assess strategies aimed at improving the QoL of patients with multimorbidity. More research is needed in a hospital-based sample.

Aim. To carry out an analysis of the psychometric properties of the Disease Burden Morbidity Assessment (DBMA) according to the assumptions of the Classical Test Theory. Methods. A sample of 707 community‐dwelling adults aged 65 years and older, living in Spain, completed the DBMA. Psychometric properties of the scale (feasibility, acceptability, scaling assumptions, reliability and construct validity) were analyzed. Results. The mean DBMA score was 6.8. Feasibility and acceptability were satisfactory, except for large floor effects (>50%), as well as a skewed distribution (1.8). Item‐total corrected correlation ranged 0.10–0.49, item homogeneity index was 0.09 and Cronbach's alpha was 0.72. Disease burden correlated strongly with physical functioning (r = –0.56) and perceived health (r = –0.56), and moderately with depression (r = 0.41) and the Personal Wellbeing Index (r = –0.41). Exploratory factor analysis extracted five factors, explaining 44% of the variance. Conclusions. The DBMA is an acceptable and valid instrument for measuring disease burden in older adults. Future studies should include Rasch analysis to further assess dimensionality and explore other measurement properties

Un nivel más alto de educación amplifica significativamente la asociación inversa existente entre renta y discapacidad en los mayores: las personas con más ingresos tienen menos discapacidad, pero si además tienen un nivel educativo alto esa asociación inversa se amplifica. Las políticas sociales con beneficios económicos universales podrían tener resultados inesperados pues las personas con más estudios obtendrían más beneficio que los que cuentan con menos estudios.

Utilizando los microdatos de las encuestas de discapacidad del INE, este trabajo analiza cómo ha cambiado la prevalencia total y según categorías de la discapacidad de las personas mayores en España, entre 1999 y 2008, y cómo lo hace en los distintos grupos de edad. Se observa un aumento de la prevalencia entre ambos años, pero una mejora respecto a lo esperado. Esta mejora relativa no es homogénea: se ha reducido mucho la prevalencia de discapacidad instrumental (la más frecuente), y ello en todas las edades, pero ha aumentado la prevalencia en la categoría más severa de actividades básicas y especialmente entre las personas muy mayores.

[Background] The aim of this paper is to ascertain if the subjective perception of the economic situation of a household is associated with the prevalence of disability in old age, net of education level. Subjective economic perception is less non-response biased. Knowing if the self-perceived economic situation is related to disability over and above education level has important implications both for understanding the mechanisms that lead to disability and for selecting policies to reduce it., [Methods] This is a transversal study based on the pilot of the ELES survey, which is a representative survey of non-institutionalised Spaniards aged 50 and over. Only individuals whose job income levels were fixed before becoming disabled were selected to avoid the main source of reverse causality. Disability was defined as having difficulty in carrying out any of 12 activities of daily living. Education level, difficulty in making ends meet, self-perceived relative economic position of the household, age, gender, psychological disposition, and alcohol and tobacco consumption were introduced as independent variables in binary logistic models., [Results] The working sample is made up of 704 individuals of aged 60 and over. The subjective household economic situation, measured in two different ways, is strongly and consistently related with the prevalence of disability net of age, gender, education level and psychological disposition. After adjusting for age and gender, education level is no longer associated with disability. However, having economic difficulties has the same effect on disability prevalence as being 10 years older, or being a woman instead of a man., [Conclusions] As the economic situation of the elderly is much easier to improve than their formal education, our findings support feasible interventions which could lead to a reduction in the prevalence of disability.

[ES] Objetivos Demostrar que la obtención de una muestra nacional probabilística para un estudio longitudinal sobre envejecimiento en España está expuesta a sesgos de selección. Cuantificar las pérdidas que se producen al administrar el cuestionario en distintas fases. Métodos Estudio transversal sobre población española no institucionalizada de 50 años o más de edad realizado entre 2010 y 2011. Por medio de regresiones logísticas multivariadas se comparan características de las secciones censales de residencia de los que acceden (n = 5813) o no (n = 7023) a formar parte del marco muestral, de los que acceden (n = 1677) o no (n = 2875) a participar en el estudio, y de los individuos que contestan (n = 1398) o no (n = 346) a un cuestionario presencial posterior a uno telefónico. Además, se estudian los motivos de las negativas. Resultados La mala salud y la discapacidad son los motivos específicos más referidos para no formar parte del marco o no participar en el estudio (14,4% y 27,9%, respectivamente). En ambos casos, la negativa es más frecuente en las secciones censales de menor nivel socioeconómico o ubicadas en Cataluña, Guipúzcoa o Vizcaya. Los individuos mayores de 80 años responden con menos frecuencia al cuestionario presencial. En cada fase de recogida de información se pierde entre un 8,6% y un 18,4% de efectivos. Conclusiones Un muestreo probabilístico en puntos de muestreo elegidos por conveniencia permitiría dedicar más recursos a aumentar las tasas de respuesta en los colectivos menos participativos. Se propone la concentración de las preguntas en un solo cuestionario más breve previo a la extracción de sangre., [EN] Objectives To demonstrate that selection of a probabilistic sample at a national level for a study of aging in Spain is subject to selection bias. To quantify the losses produced after each phase of the administration of a questionnaire. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of the Spanish community-dwelling population aged 50 years or older between 2010 and 2011. Through multivariate logistic regressions, the characteristics of the census tract of the patients’ residence were compared between those who agreed (n = 5,813) or refused (n = 7,023) to be included in the sampling frame and between those who agreed (n = 1,677) or refused (n = 2,875) to participate in the study. The individual characteristics of persons who responded (n = 1,398) or refused to respond (n = 346) to a face-to-face questionnaire administered after a telephone interview were also compared. In addition, the reasons for refusal were studied. Results The most frequent specific reasons for refusing to be included in the sampling frame or to participate in the study were poor health and disability (14.4% and 27.9%, respectively). In both cases, refusal was more frequent in the census tracts of districts with a lower socioeconomic level or those located in Catalonia, Guipúzcoa or Biscay. Individuals older than 81 participated less frequently in the face-to-face questionnaire. Between 8.6% and 18.4% of participants were lost at each stage of information retrieval. Conclusion Probabilistic sampling in sampling points chosen by the researchers would allow more resources to be devoted to increasing response rates among the groups who are less likely to participate. Questions should be concentrated in only one shorter questionnaire, administered before blood extraction.