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Plants exposed to mildly elevated temperatures display morphological and developmental changes collectively termed thermomorphogenesis. This adaptative process has several undesirable consequences for food production, including yield reduction and increased vulnerability to pathogens. Understanding thermomorphogenesis is, thus, critical for understanding how plants will respond to conditions of increasingly warmer temperature, such as those caused by climate change. Recently, major advances in that direction have been made, and it has become apparent that plants resort to a broad range of molecules and molecular mechanisms to perceive and respond to increases in environmental temperature. However, most effort has been focused on regulation of transcription and protein abundance and activity, with an important gap encompassing nearly all processes involving RNA (i.e. post-transcriptional regulation). Here, current knowledge of thermomorphogenesis involving transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulation is summarized, focusing on opportunities and challenges in understanding post-transcriptional regulation—a fertile field for exciting new discoveries.

Given its origins in high-income countries, the field of physical activity and public health research and promotion has broadly followed a choice-based model. However, a substantial amount of the physical activity occurring routinely in many settings, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), is the result of economic necessity and is not due to true, free choices. We propose the "necessity- versus choice-based physical activity models" framework as a conceptual tool to ground physical activity and public health research and promotion efforts in LMICs, helping ensure that these efforts are relevant, ethical, responsive, and respectful to local contexts. Identifying ways to ensure that LMIC populations can maintain high levels of active transport while increasing opportunities for active leisure must be prioritized. To promote equity, physical activity research, programs, and policies in LMICs must focus on improving the conditions under which necessity-driven physical activity occurs for a vast majority of the population. Expected final online publication date for the

In plants, thousands of genes are associated with antisense transcription, which often produces noncoding RNAs. Although widespread, sense–antisense pairs have been implicated in a limited variety of functions in plants and are often thought to form extensive dsRNA stretches triggering gene silencing. In this opinion, we show that evidence does not support gene silencing as a major role for antisense transcription. In fact, it is more likely that antisense transcripts play diverse functions in gene regulation. We propose a general framework for the initial functional dissection of antisense transcripts, suggesting testable hypotheses relying on an experiment-based decision tree. By moving beyond the gene silencing paradigm, we argue that a broad and diverse role for natural antisense transcription will emerge.

Inorganic orthophosphate (Pi) is an essential nutrient for plant growth, and its availability strongly impacts crop yield. PHOSPHATE1 (PHO1) transfers Pi from root to shoot via Pi export into root xylem vessels. In this work, we demonstrate that an upstream open reading frame (uORF) present in the 5′ untranslated region of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PHO1 inhibits its translation and influences Pi homeostasis. The presence of the uORF strongly inhibited the translation of a PHO1 5′UTR-luciferase construct in protoplasts. A point mutation removing the PHO1 uORF (ΔuORF) in transgenic Arabidopsis resulted in increased association of its mRNA with polysomes and led to higher PHO1 protein levels, independent of Pi availability. Interestingly, deletion of the uORF led to higher shoot Pi content and was associated with improved shoot growth under low external Pi supply and no deleterious effects under Pi-sufficient conditions. We further show that natural accessions lacking the PHO1 uORF exhibit higher PHO1 protein levels and shoot Pi content. Increased shoot Pi content was linked to the absence of the PHO1 uORF in a population of F2 segregants. We identified the PHO1 uORF in genomes of crops such as rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and wheat (Triticum aesativum), and we verified the inhibitory effect of the rice PHO1 uORF on translation in protoplasts. Our work suggests that regulation of PHO1 expression via its uORF might be a genetic resource useful—both in natural populations and in the context of genome editing—toward improving plant growth under Pi-deficient conditions.

Cis-Natural Antisense Transcripts (cis-NATs), which overlap protein coding genes and are transcribed from the opposite DNA strand, constitute an important group of noncoding RNAs. Whereas several examples of cis-NATs regulating the expression of their cognate sense gene are known, most cis-NATs function by altering the steady-state level or structure of mRNA via changes in transcription, mRNA stability, or splicing, and very few cases involve the regulation of sense mRNA translation. This study was designed to systematically search for cis-NATs influencing cognate sense mRNA translation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Establishment of a pipeline relying on sequencing of total polyA + and polysomal RNA from Arabidopsis grown under various conditions (i.e. nutrient deprivation and phytohormone treatments) allowed the identification of 14 cis-NATs whose expression correlated either positively or negatively with cognate sense mRNA translation. With use of a combination of cis-NAT stable over-expression in transgenic plants and transient expression in protoplasts, the impact of cis-NAT expression on mRNA translation was confirmed for 4 out of 5 tested cis-NAT:sense mRNA pairs. These results expand the number of cis-NATs known to regulate cognate sense mRNA translation and provide a foundation for future studies of their mode of action. Moreover, this study highlights the role of this class of noncoding RNAs in translation regulation.

The plant cell 33(4), 1381-1397 (2021). doi:10.1093/plcell/koab010, Published by American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Md.

RNA silencing is a powerful tool deployed by plants against viral infection and abnormal gene expression. Plant viruses have evolved a suite of silencing suppressors for counter-defense, which are also widely used to boost transcript and protein accumulation in transient assays. However, only wild type silencing suppressor proteins have been reported to date. Here we demonstrate that P0 of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), PLP0, can be split into two proteins that only show silencing suppression activity upon co-expression. We cloned each of these proteins in two different constructs and transiently co-infiltrated them in N. benthamiana leaves. We expressed a fluorescent protein from one of the vectors and observed that cells expressing both halves of PLP0 suppressed gene silencing. Further, we showed that Q system of Neurospora crassa, based on co-expression of a transcription activator and inhibitor, is functional in agroinfiltrated leaves of N. benthamiana. Q system combined with the split PLP0 system showed very tight co-expression of Q system’s transcriptional activator and inhibitor. Altogether, our experiments demonstrate a functioning conditional silencing suppressor system and its potential as a powerful tool for transient expression in N. benthamiana leaves, as well as the application of the Q system in plants.

Transcription termination has important regulatory functions, impacting mRNA stability, localization and translation potential. Failure to appropriately terminate transcription can also lead to read-through transcription and the synthesis of antisense RNAs which can have profound impact on gene expression. The Transcription-Export (THO/TREX) protein complex plays an important role in coupling transcription with splicing and export of mRNA. However, little is known about the role of the THO/TREX complex in the control of transcription termination. In this work, we show that two proteins of the THO/TREX complex, namely TREX COMPONENT 1 (TEX1 or THO3) and HYPER RECOMBINATION1 (HPR1 or THO1) contribute to the correct transcription termination at several loci in Arabidopsis thaliana. We first demonstrate this by showing defective termination in tex1 and hpr1 mutants at the nopaline synthase (NOS) terminator present in a T-DNA inserted between exon 1 and 3 of the PHO1 locus in the pho1-7 mutant. Read-through transcription beyond the NOS terminator and splicing-out of the T-DNA resulted in the generation of a near full-length PHO1 mRNA (minus exon 2) in the tex1 pho1-7 and hpr1 pho1-7 double mutants, with enhanced production of a truncated PHO1 protein that retained phosphate export activity. Consequently, the strong reduction of shoot growth associated with the severe phosphate deficiency of the pho1-7 mutant was alleviated in the tex1 pho1-7 and hpr1 pho1-7 double mutants. Additionally, we show that RNA termination defects in tex1 and hpr1 mutants leads to 3’UTR extensions in several endogenous genes. These results demonstrate that THO/TREX complex contributes to the regulation of transcription termination., Author summary Production of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) involves numerous steps including initiation of transcription, elongation, splicing, termination, as well as export out of the nucleus. All these steps are highly coordinated and failure in any steps has a profound impact on the level and identity of mRNAs produced. The THO/TREX protein complex is associated with nascent RNAs and contributes to several mRNA biogenesis steps, including splicing and export. However, the contribution of the THO/TREX complex to mRNA termination was poorly defined. We have identified a role for two components of the THO/TREX complex, namely the proteins TEX1 and HPR1, in the control of transcription termination in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that the tex1 and hpr1 mutants have defects in terminating mRNA at the nopaline synthase (NOS) terminator found in a T-DNA insertion mutant leading to the transcriptional read-through pass the NOS terminator. We also show that tex1 and hpr1 mutants have defects in mRNA termination at several endogenous genes, leading to the production of 3’UTR extensions. Together, these results highlight a role for the THO/TREX complex in mRNA termination.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs (sRNAs) that regulate gene expression in development and adaptive responses to the environment. The early days in the sRNA field was one of the most exciting and promising moments in modern biology, attracting large investments to the understanding of the underlining mechanisms and their applications, such as in gene therapy. miRNAs and other sRNAs have since been extensively studied in animals and plants, and are currently well established as an important part of most gene regulatory processes in animals and as master regulators in plants. Here, this review presents the critical discoveries and early misconceptions that shaped our current understanding of RNA silencing by miRNAs in most eukaryotes, with a focus on plant miRNAs. The presentation and language used are simple to facilitate a clear comprehension by researchers and students from various backgrounds. Hence, this is a valuable teaching tool and should also draw attention to the discovery processes themselves, such that scientists from various fields can gain insights from the successful and rapidly evolving miRNA field.

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulatory switches. Recent advances have revealed many regulatory layers between the two essential processes, miRNA biogenesis and function. However, how these multilayered regulatory processes ultimately control miRNA gene regulation and connects miRNAs and plant responses with the surrounding environment is still largely unknown. In this opinion article, we propose that the miRNA pathway is highly dynamic and plastic. The apparent flexibility of the miRNA pathway in plants appears to be controlled by a number recently identified proteins and poorly characterized signaling cascades. We further propose that altered miRNA accumulation can be a direct consequence of the rewiring of interactions between proteins that function in the miRNA pathway, an avenue that remains largely unexplored.

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) operate by guiding the cleavage or translational inhibition of mRNA targets. They act as key gene regulators for development and environmental adaptation, and Dicer-partnering proteins DRB1 and DRB2 govern which form of regulation plays the dominant role. Mutation of Drb1 impairs transcript cleavage, whereas mutation of Drb2 ablates translational inhibition. Regulation of gene expression by miRNA-guided cleavage has been extensively studied, but there is much less information about genes regulated through miRNA-mediated translation inhibition. Here, we compared the proteomes of drb1 and drb2 mutants to gain insight into the indirect effect of the different miRNA regulatory mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results show that miRNAs operating through transcript cleavage regulate a broad spectrum of processes, including catabolism and anabolism, and this was particularly obvious in the fatty acid degradation pathway. Enzymes catalyzing each step of this pathway were upregulated in drb1. In contrast, DRB2-associated translational inhibition appears to be less ubiquitous and specifically aimed toward responses against abiotic or biotic stimuli.

The main byproduct of biodiesel production is glycerol. Here, crude glycerol – byproduct of biodiesel industry – was evaluated as sole carbon source in rhamnolipids production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The optimal concentration of crude glycerol and sodium nitrate was assessed using response surface methodology, resulting in about 40–50 mg/L.h of rhamnolipids, which was about four times higher than previously reported in the literature. Fermentation parameters were similar to those observed with commercial glycerol as sole carbon source. The optimized medium was suitable for production using simple (22.9 mg/L.h) and fed-batch (32.4 mg/L.h) fermentation in oxygen-controlled bioreactor without foaming formation. Composition and relative abundance of rhamnolipid congeners showed that crude glycerol had little effect on metabolic pathways involved in their production. CMC values were approximately 130 mg/L and 230–260 mg/L for rhamnolipids from crude and commercial glycerol fermentation, respectively, which were about 2–6 times lower than CMC values of synthetic surfactants.

Non-coding RNAs vary greatly in length, shape and function. Growing interest and recent evidence have identified some of them as essential elements for life, as well as for environmental adaptation and development. Since non-coding RNAs by definition do not code for proteins, their ever-growing roles pose a paradigm shift in biology. In this chapter, we will discuss our current knowledge of two distinct plant non-coding RNAs: long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). These two classes of non-coding transcripts are relatively well characterized in plants, and regulate gene expression through distinct modes of action. We thus anticipate that our current mechanistic knowledge of lncRNAs and miRNAs will provide the basis for future studies of non-coding RNAs in plant genetics and epigenetics.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the highest priorities for research on environmental and policy changes for promoting physical activity (PA) in Brazil; to uncover any gaps between researchers' and practitioners' priorities; and to consider which tools, methods, collaborative strategies, and actions could be useful to moving a research agenda forward. METHODS: This was a mixed-methods study (qualitative and quantitative) conducted by Project GUIA (Guide for Useful Interventions for Activity in Brazil and Latin America) in February 2010-January 2011. A total of240 individuals in the PA field (186 practitioners and 54 researchers) were asked to generate research ideas; 82 participants provided 266 original statements from which 52 topics emerged. Participants rated topics by "importance" and "feasibility;" a separate convenience sample of 21 individuals categorized them. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling were used to create concept maps and pattern matches. RESULTS: Five distinct clusters emerged from the concept mapping, of which "effectiveness and innovation in PA interventions" was rated most important by both practitioners and researchers. Pattern matching showed a divergence between the groups, especially regarding feasibility, where there was no consensus. CONCLUSIONS: The study results provided the basis for a research agenda to advance the understanding of environmental and policy influences on PA promotion in Brazil and Latin America. These results should stimulate future research and, ultimately, contribute to the evidence-base of successful PA strategies in Latin America.OBJETIVO: Identificar las máximas prioridades en la investigación sobre cambios ambientales y de políticas para promover la actividad física en el Brasil; descubrir las posibles disparidades en las prioridades de los investigadores y las de los profesionales; y evaluar qué herramientas, métodos, estrategias colaborativas y acciones podrían ser útiles para el avance de un programa de investigación. MÉTODOS: Fue un estudio de metodología mixta (cualitativa y cuantitativa) llevado a cabo por el Proyecto GUIA (Guía para intervenciones útiles de actividades físicas en Brasil y Latinoamérica) entre febrero de 2010 y enero de 2011. Se pidió a 240 personas del campo de la actividad física (186 profesionales y 54 investigadores) que generaran ideas para la investigación; 82 de los participantes aportaron 266 afirmaciones originales de las que surgieron 52 temas. Los participantes puntuaron los temas en función de su "importancia" y "viabilidad" y otra muestra de conveniencia formada por 21 personas los clasificó. Se usó el análisis por conglomerados y el escalonamiento pluridimensional para crear mapas conceptuales y concordancias de patrones. RESULTADOS: Con la elaboración de mapas conceptuales surgieron cinco conglomerados diferenciados y, de ellos, el que tanto los profesionales como los investigadores consideraron más importante fue "eficacia e innovación en las intervenciones de actividad física". La concordancia de patrones indicó una divergencia entre los grupos, especialmente con respecto a la viabilidad, sobre la que no hubo consenso. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados del estudio sirvieron de base para un programa de investigación con el que avanzar en la comprensión de la influencia que el ambiente y las políticas ejercen sobre la promoción de la actividad física en el Brasil y en América Latina. Estos resultados deben fomentar la futura investigación y, en último término, aumentar la base de evidencia sobre estrategias fructíferas de actividad física en América Latina.

Under specific environmental conditions, Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a biodegradable surfactant rhamnolipid. Evidences suggest that this biosurfactant is involved in protecting cells against oxidative stress; however, the effects of oxidative stress on its production and other virulence factors are still unclear. Here we show that rhamnolipid production is dependent on the aeration surface when P. aeruginosa is cultured in shaken flasks, as well as in production of elastases and alkaline proteases. The production of alginate, lipase, and pyocyanin was not detected in our shaken-flask experiments. P. aeruginosa was treated with hydrogen peroxide to trigger its oxidative stress response, and the proteome profile was analyzed. We identified 14 proteins that were expressed differently between samples that were treated and not treated with peroxide; these proteins are potentially involved in the rhamnolipid production/secretion pathway and oxidative stress.

OBJETIVO: Analisar as tendências temporais de atividade física (AF) nas capitais brasileiras entre 2006 e 2009. MÉTODOS: A análise apresentada neste artigo é baseada nos dados do VIGITEL, totalizando uma amostra anual aproximada de 54.000 indivíduos. Foram analisados indicadores de AF no tempo livre, trabalho, em casa e no deslocamento, além do tempo assistindo à televisão e de inatividade considerando todos os domínios de AF. A variação dos indicadores no período foi aferida por meio de modelos de regressão de Poisson, tendo como variável explanatória o ano do inquérito. Foi considerada significativa a evolução correspondente a um coeficiente de regressão diferente de zero (pOBJECTIVE: To examine time trends in physical activity (PA) in Brazilian state capitals from 2006 to 2009. METHODS: This analysis is based on data from the Telephone-based Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases (VIGITEL) accounting for an annual sample of approximately 54,000 individuals. PA indicators were analyzed in free time (leisure), work, home and transportation, time spent in front of the television and inactivity considering all PA domains. Poisson regression models were used to measure the variation of indicators over time. We considered the changes corresponding to a regression coefficient different from zero as being statistically significant (p

The PA1 strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from oil waste produces rhamnolipid, a biodegradable surfactant with applications in several industrial and environmental fields. The metabolic pathway and genetic regulation of rhamnolipid production in P. aeruginosa are poorly understood. Herein, several proteins directly or indirectly related to rhamnolipid production and their genetic regulations were identified by comparative proteomic. We compared the proteome of P. aeruginosa PA1 after fermentation in two different conditions of carbon and nitrogen sources: condition A allowed rhamnolipid production and condition B prevented it. Protein extracts from cellular pellets were compared using 2D-PAGE stained with colloidal Coomassie followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. We identified 21 differentially expressed proteins, including those involved in secretion, quorum sensing, oxidative response and metabolism.

In Arabidopsis thaliana, efficient microRNA (miRNA) production requires DICER-LIKE1 (DCL1) with the assistance of a partnering protein, DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA BINDING1 (DRB1) or DRB2. The presence of either of these DRB proteins is crucial to determine the mode of action of a miRNA; i.e. cleavage or translation inhibition. Here we studied the structural determinants for the role of DRB1 and DRB2 in the miRNA pathway. We developed a series of chimeric vectors encoding different functional domains of DRB1 and DRB2, and expressed these in the drb1 mutant background in Arabidopsis under the control of the native DRB1 promoter. Complementation of the drb1 developmental phenotype was used to assess the biological role that each functional domain of DRB1 and DRB2 mediates in the miRNA-guided transcript cleavage pathway. The DRB1 amino acid sequence differs considerably to that of DRB2, and analysis of drb1 transgenic lines revealed that the first dsRNA-binding domains (dsRBD1) of DRB1 and DRB2 are functionally similar; in contrast, the dsRBD2 of DRB1 and DRB2 appear functionally distinct. Our bioinformatic analysis further suggests that the C-terminal domain of DRB2 mediates a functional role in the miRNA pathway, whereas its counterpart in DRB1 is known to be dispensable. Our results provide evidence for the differences between DRB1 and DRB2 proteins in vivo, which may be essential for the selection of the miRNA regulatory mechanisms, and suggest that these features are conserved among land plants.

Purpose: This study tested the null hypothesis that different classes of direct restorative dental materials (silorane-based resin, low-shrinkage and conventional (non-flowable and flowable) resin-based composite (RBC)) do not differ from each other with regard to polymerization shrinkage, depth of cure, or microhardness. Methods: 140 RBC samples were fabricated and tested by one calibrated operator. Polymerization shrinkage was measured using a gas pycnometer both before and immediately after curing with 36 J/cm2 light energy density. Depth of cure was determined, using a penetrometer and the Knoop microhardness was tested from the top surface to a depth of 5 mm. Results: Considering polymerization shrinkage, the authors found significant differences (pin vitro evaluation of volumetric shrinkage, depth of cure and microhardness – reveals that although filler content is an important determinant of polymerization shrinkage, it is not the only variable that affects properties of materials that were tested in this study.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs produced by Dicer proteins that regulate gene expression in development and adaptive responses to the environment(1-4). In animals, the degree of base pairing between a miRNA and its target messenger RNA seems to determine whether the regulation occurs through cleavage or translation inhibition(1). In contrast, the selection of regulatory mechanisms is independent of the degree of mismatch between a plant miRNA and its target transcript(5). However, the components and mechanism(s) that determine whether a plant miRNA ultimately regulates its targets by guiding cleavage or translational inhibition are unknown(6). Here we show that the form of regulatory action directed by a plant miRNA is determined by DRB2, a DICER-LIKE1 (DCL1) partnering protein. The dependence of DCL1 on DRB1 for miRNA biogenesis is well characterized(7-9), but we show that it is only required for miRNA-guided transcript cleavage. We found that DRB2 determines miRNA-guided translational inhibition and represses DRB1 expression, thereby allowing the active selection of miRNA regulatory action. Furthermore, our results reveal that the core silencing proteins ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) and SERRATE (SE) are highly regulated by miRNA-guided translational inhibition. DRB2 has been remarkably conserved throughout plant evolution, raising the possibility that translational repression is the ancient form of miRNA-directed gene regulation in plants, and that Dicer partnering proteins, such as human TRBP, might play a similar role in other eukaryotic systems.

Great emphasis has recently been given to the environmental impacts caused by chemical surfactants due to their toxicity and difficulty in being degraded in the environment [1]. Increasing environmental concerns, the advance in biotechnology and the emergence of more stringent laws have led to biosurfactants being a potential alternative to the chemical surfac‐ tants available on the market [2, 3]. Although biosurfactants have promising use in bioreme‐ diation processes, their industrial scale production is currently difficult due to high rawmaterial costs, high processing costs and low manufacturing output [3]. As a result, the current research challenges are to increase the yield and to reduce the cost of raw materials [4].

Purpose We attempted to detect, for the first time in a Brazilian cohort, differences in protein expression between clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and their normal adjacent tissues, aiming to identify biomarkers and/or therapeutic target candidates for this disease. Material and Methods Twenty-four ccRCC and adjacent normal tissues were collected after surgery and their protein extracts were quantified, pooled and separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2DE), followed by statistical analysis of the stained gels. Spots of interest were excised from the gels, digested with trypsin and identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. Results Twenty-six differential spots were detected between the two classes of tissues, among which twenty were identified by mass spectrometry and sixteen were found to be non-redundant. Eleven proteins were either underexpressed or undetected in the ccRCC extracts, such as prohibitin and peroxiredoxin-3, whereas five were found to be overexpressed or exclusively detected in the ccRCC extract, including αβ crystalin and heat shock protein 27. CONCLUSIONS Several proteins were detected at differential levels when compared to normal adjacent tissues, and, moreover, many have been previously described by their relationship with RCC. Therefore, this work corroborates previous reports on the search for biomarkers for ccRCC, as well as it points out new candidates that may be validated in future studies.

Context Systematic reviews of public health interventions are useful for identifying effective strategies for informing policy and practice. The goals of this review were to (1) update a previous systematic review of physical activity interventions in Latin America which found that only school-based physical education had sufficient evidence to recommend widespread adoption; (2) assess the reporting of external validity elements; and (3) develop and apply an evidence typology for classifying interventions. Evidence acquisition In 2010–2011, community-level, physical activity intervention studies from Latin America were identified, categorized, and screened based on the peer-reviewed literature or Brazilian theses published between 2006 and 2010. Articles meeting inclusion criteria were evaluated using U.S. Community Guide methods. External validity reporting was assessed among a subset of articles reviewed to date. An evidence rating typology was developed and applied to classify interventions along a continuum based on evidence about their effectiveness in the U.S. context, reach, adoption, implementation, institutionalization, and benefits and costs. Evidence synthesis Thirteen articles published between 2006 and 2010 met inclusion criteria and were abstracted systematically, yet when combined with evidence from articles from the previous systematic review, no additional interventions could be recommended for practice. Moreover, the reporting of external validity elements was low among a subset of 19 studies published to date (median=21% of elements reported). By applying the expanded evidence rating typology, one intervention was classified as evidence-based, seven as promising, and one as emerging. Conclusions Several physical activity interventions have been identified as promising for future research and implementation in Latin America. Enhanced reporting of external validity elements will inform the translation of research into practice.

To examine time trends in physical activity (PA) in Brazilian state capitals from 2006 to 2009.This analysis is based on data from the Telephone-based Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases (VIGITEL) accounting for an annual sample of approximately 54,000 individuals. PA indicators were analyzed in free time (leisure), work, home and transportation, time spent in front of the television and inactivity considering all PA domains. Poisson regression models were used to measure the variation of indicators over time. We considered the changes corresponding to a regression coefficient different from zero as being statistically significant (p0.05).The percentage of active commuters increased from 11.7 to 14.4% (p0.001) whereas the proportion of physically inactive individuals in the four domains decreased from 11.7 to 8.7% (p0.001). There were no significant changes in the other indicators. Women were less active than men in all indicators, except for household chores. However, in this indicator the percentage of active women decreased from 71.4 to 67.1% (p0.001). Between 2006 and 2009, PA levels in the Brazilian population were stable during free time and household chores, but increased in transportation, resulting in a decrease in the percentage of inactive individuals.The continued monitoring and strengthening of VIGITEL are public health priorities, and PA is a key part of it. In the long run, PA evolution may be re-evaluated.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces abundant levels of rhamnolipid biosurfactants which exhibit remarkable chemical and physical characteristics, making these compounds attractive targets for biotechnology research. The complex gene regulation network involved in rhamnolipids’ biosynthesis represents a challenge to industrial production, which has been the object of a growing number of studies. This article provides a comprehensive review of the known gene regulatory factors involved in rhamnolipid production within P. aeruginosa. The regulatory factors include quorum sensing systems proteins and environmental response, and global regulatory systems within basal bacterial physiology, acting either at transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. The multilayer gene regulation responds to a wide variety of environmental and physiologic signals, and is capable of combining different signals in unique and specific responses.

Purpose This study evaluated the color stability of four stains of a light-cured porcelain stain system between the light-cured and fired stages. Materials and Methods Thirty-six ceramometal discs 20 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were cast to provide the substrate on which Ceramco II porcelain was applied. The porcelain was polished to a uniform thickness of 2 mm, and the samples were divided into four groups and assigned a color (yellow, orange, green, or blue). Orbit LC stain was applied in a thin layer and light-cured for 40 seconds. After light-curing, three color readings were made with a Minolta Chroma Meter II. The porcelain discs were then fired in a porcelain oven and three color measurements were again made. The pre- and postfired Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage L*a*b* values were recorded and the color difference (ΔDLE) was calculated for each specimen. The clinical significance for the computed ΔDLE ratings was completed according to previously modified criteria. Results The results show that the mean ΔDLE between the light-cured and fired stages of Orbit LC are clinically acceptable. No statistically significant differences (p < .05) were observed between any of the four groups. Conclusions A light-cured porcelain stain system was evaluated for color stability between light-cured and fired stages. Within the conditions of this study, the following conclusions can be made: (1) There was no clinically significant color difference between light-cured and fired stages for the stain colors evaluated; and (2) the final color of the restorations altered with light-cured stains can be predicted before firing.