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Leg pain occurs in many people nowadays due to today's lifestyle. This leads to various treatments for leg pain with an unprecedented monitoring system. However, there are some issues regarding the existing leg pain treatments concerning a suitable monitoring procedure. The first issue is the treatment method, where most treatments for leg pain use compression. Still, they are costly, time-consuming, and cumbersome, requiring patients to visit hospitals regularly and affecting patients' compliance to continue with treatments. The second issue is the treatment period for leg pain within a short time frame, whereby it is difficult to see the major effect of a certain treatment. The third issue is the lack of a system to monitor patient's rehabilitation progress to increase patients' confidence to continue treatment consistently to cure their leg pain. Therefore, a patient monitoring system needs to be developed to cover existing research issues under the main area of health informatics. This system will apply the double-loop feedback theory that includes the agile framework to continue the process. The double-loop framework will ensure all the problems and preferred modifications will undergo a simultaneous fixation once each development segment is completed. This patient monitoring system is a computational intelligence system that focuses on fuzzy logic, producing a decision-making outcome based on collected data. This process aims to perform a valid treatment analysis as accurately as possible. Its development is significant for the national agenda as it falls under the national research priority area of health and medicine. The expected outcome would be introducing a computational intelligence inpatient monitoring system for lymphatic treatment of leg pain based on double-loop feedback theory.

This paper aims at investigating the impacts between information sources used and human attributes, namely: Attitude, Habit and Awareness of Individual in seeking for information about halal food products effectively among Malaysian Muslim consumers in Kuala Lumpur. This study was conducted to address the following research questions: 1) Are there any relationships between the use of different information sources and Attitude that might positively relate to the perception of wholesomeness, leading to effective seeking for halal food information?; 2) Are there any relationships between the use of different information sources and Habit that might positively relate to the perception of wholesomeness, leading to effective searching for halal food information?; and 3) Are there any relationships between the use of different information sources and Awareness of individuals that might positively relate to the perception of wholesomeness, leading to effective searching for halal food information? A pilot study was conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, with a sample size of 50 respondents. Most of the respondents were young Malaysian Muslims between the ages of 18 and 24 years old. The data was gathered through a fivepoint Likert scale and was analysed quantitatively using SPSS. The findings of this study suggest that linking between information sources used by consumers, and the abovementioned human attributes will ensure the perception of wholesomeness of halal food. In other words, when the consumer’s attitude, habit and awareness towards halal food are high, the consumer will use credible and trusted information sources, and hence reach an effective searching process for halal food information. Accordingly, this study provides insights into how Malaysian Muslim consumers seek information for halal food.

Rehabilitation therapy aims to enable disabled patients to maintain optimal functioning upon achieving returnto-work (RTW) approval. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is a benchmark for activity accomplishment featured in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework (ICF). The ICF is used by physiotherapist (PT) and occupational therapist (OT) to determine the functional mobility of disabled patient. Conventionally, practitioners measure, record, and analyze assessment results manually which resulting in difficulty in predicting patient progression. The large data volume involved in the RTW process requires synthesize and reasoning for decision making purposes. Thus, there is a need to identify an efficient reasoning technique to facilitate the decision making process. This study highlights the use of Horn Clause in decision tree to assist medical doctor in assessing improvement of RTW approved patient based on the BBS assessment. The Horn Clause is one of the fundamental reasoning techniques applied in various domains including healthcare. The next phase of this study is to test the efficiency of the Horn Clause reasoning based on patient’s stroke recovery and spinal cord injury.

In the new global economy, information seeking behavior of halal food products has become a central issue for Muslims. Muslims in Malaysia form two-third of the entire population who makes the significance of consuming halal food products. This paper presents a conceptual framework on the information seeking behavior of Malaysian Muslim consumers while searching for halal food products. This conceptual framework presents the potential factors that might influence the information seeking behavior for halal food products among Malaysian Muslim consumers. This paper assumes that there is a relationship among human information attributes, namely: attitude, habit and awareness of individual and sources of information as factors that may lead to an effective information searching process. This study provides insights into how Malaysian Muslim consumers seek information for a halal food product that offers an effective searching process.

Icons are widely used in mobile applications as visual displays that can assist the acquisition and understanding of information. An icon creates better visual perception with the ability to communicate meaning. Icon design is an approach of designing a graphic icon that can express a specific meaning. Icon design principles and elements are considered as major factors for mobile user interface that would lead to higher icon usability and acceptance of mobile applications. The study is undertaken to conduct a systematic review of published scientific literature on icon design elements for mobile applications. The chosen articles were published between 2014 and 2019, with full text provided and written in the English language. The electronic databases used were Google Scholar, Scopus, ProQuest, and Research Gate. Other sources include secondary data through books and web pages. The search terms used were “mobile icon design”, “mobile icon design principle”, “mobile icon design element” and “apps icon design”. The outcomes of this paper are a comparative study and proposed elements for icon design that will contribute to the field of icon design for mobile application. The proposed elements for icon design consist of recognizable, colour, simple, semantics, familiarity, shape, aesthetic, consistency, uniqueness and concreteness. These proposed elements for icon design can assist designers and researchers in designing icons for mobile application that would improve user experience by enhancing the meaning of icons to users.

An early warning system is one of the best solutions for flood management. It enhances the reservoir floodgate operation, flood proofing, flood insurance, and flood plain zoning processes. The timeline and accuracy of the decision to open the reservoir gate are critical. Any delay might damage the dam caused by the excess water, leading to flash flood to the surrounding areas. Consequently, huge losses could be incurred, such as the loss of lives, properties, and financial ruins. At this point, the reservoir floodgate operator would sometimes be hesitant to make an early decision due to inconsistency in getting heavy rainfall data readings, which are under manual control. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of an autonomous agent-based system based on the Artificial Immune Systems (AIS). This system would immediately send readings to the reservoir operator so that gradual release of water from the reservoir can be done to prevent it from bursting. This task requires a certain level of experience and expertise in decision making to ensure no water shortage due to the volume of water to be released. This proposed early warning system is based on the immune negative selection and intelligent agent to monitor the changes in the reservoir water level. This autonomous early detection mechanism can support the domain expert’s job to recognise the threats early on, which is required to improve the monitoring procedure.

Reservoir water level monitoring is an important process during heavy or light rainfall to determine the volume of reserved water. Mistakes in data recording by the dam operator can lead to disasters. Data from different gauging stations are collected to determine whether to release water in the dam or not. The decision to release water is critical because it can affect the volume of water left in the dam for both drought and flood seasons. Constant water level monitoring is difficult because of the changes in water level. To overcome this issue, intelligent agent-based architecture is proposed for reservoir water level monitoring by imitating the artificial immune system. This paper presents the agent technology where agents communicate with each other concurrently by sending online data from different gauging stations to the main reservoir. One of the techniques in the artificial immune system is known as negative selection and this technique has been chosen as a water level monitoring model.

Many traditional usability metrics were purposely created for desktop computer applications and may not be directly applicable to mobile device applications. Usability metrics refer as means of measuring or evaluating the usability factors, attributes and related measurable criteria corresponding to usability attributes. The objectives of this paper were to evaluate the usability attributes and metrics of mobile device applications by using the unsupervised usability evaluation tool. Subjective and objective measurements were used to clarify the usability metrics collected in the log file which are generated by the unsupervised usability tool. The proposed Mobile Application Usability Evaluation Metrics (MAUEM) model can provides guidance on how and what to measure for each usability attribute which could lead to a complete usability evaluation for a mobile application.

Ontology as a knowledge representation have contributed in providing the platform for sharing the common ideas and understanding among the members of similar domain. Ontology has a tree structure to ease the presentation of information for the users. This paper presents the building of Dates ontology by using the OASys approaches. The Dates ontology is focusing on the Dates' attributes, the developing stages, defect and diseases of dates, health benefits, its compositions, and the Dates chain of operation. Formation of this Dates ontology can be used to answer user queries, integrate data to other applications as well as expand the ontology.

Social network is term used to refer to the social structure that is made up of a set of social actors. The social actors in this case include organizations or individuals. Social networks allow people to interact and socialize as they get to learn and know each other. Through social networking sites, people from different parts of a country or the world also get to meet and interact. However, there have been issues with regards to social network privacy for those who use the internet to use social network sites. This paper will look at some of the factors that affect trust of the users as well as the privacy issues related to social networks (Fernandez, 2009).

Fuzzy State Space Model (FSSM) is a new modeling technique, which was developed for solving inverse problems in multivariable control systems. In this approach, the flexibility of fuzzy modeling is incorporated with the crisp state space models proposed in the modern control theory. The vagueness and uncertainty of the parameters are represented in the model construction, as a way of increasing the available information in order to achieve a more precise model of reality. Some important properties and characteristics of FSSM were also investigated. In this paper, our discussion is focused on the formulation of the FSSM that provides algorithms for optimization of input parameters directly. The effectiveness of this modeling approach is illustrated by implementing it to the state space model of a furnace system of a combined cycle power plant. The results obtained in this application demonstrate that the proposed new modeling approach is reasonable and provides an innovative tool for decision-makers.

Explores the use of an assessment instrument based on a model named library information systems security assessment model (LISSAM) to assess the 155 status in special and public libraries in Malaysia. The study aims to determine the implementation status of technological and organizational components of the LISSAM model. An implementation index as well as a scoring tool is presented to assess the IS safeguarding measures in a library. Data used was based on questionnaires distributed to a total of 50 individuals who are responsible for the information systems (IS) or IT in the special and public libraries in Malaysia. Findings revealed that over 95% of libraries have high level of technological implementation but 54% were fair poorly on organizational measures, especially on lack of security procedures, administrative tools and awareness creation activities.

Mobile applications available in anytime and from anywhere. The utilizing of mobile governmental applications is significant to reduce the efforts and time that are required to accomplish the public services by citizens. The main challenges that face the acceptance and adoption of mobile governmental applications are the privacy and security issues. The users, who do not trust the security of mobile governmental applications, may reject the use of these applications which discourages the government to adopt the mobile services. This study focuses in investigating the security and privacy requirements of mobile government applications. Many related works are reviewed and discussed to understand the important security requirements of mobile government applications. The main results indicate that effective privacy and security of mobile government applications should be assured so as to enhance the level of adopting and using these applications. The security requirements involve many considerations such as the hardware characteristics, software characteristics, and communication characteristics. This article mainly gives better understanding of security requirements of mobile government applications.