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Objective: ADHD is a common comorbid condition with substance use disorder. This study seeks to examine the discrepancy in the prevalence rate between those previously diagnosed with ADHD and those diagnosed while in treatment. It is hypothesized that clients with ADHD would have earlier unsuccessful terminations from treatment than non-ADHD clients and that the ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS Version 1.1) would be a reliable predictor. Method: Participants (N = 87) are admitted to a publicly funded 28-day residential treatment program. All participants are screened with the ASRS and participate in a clinical assessment evaluation. Results: A significant difference is found between the clinical record rate of 3.44% and the 43.68% rate found during treatment. The ASRS significantly predicts ADHD. Conclusions: The use of the ASRS is recommended and should be incorporated into standard intake assessment protocols. Careful diagnostic interviews are urged to determine if clients in residential treatment have ADHD. (Contains 4 tables.)

Loth and Henneberg (1996, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 99:473-487) identified a single morphological feature of the mandible, the presence or absence of a distinct flexure or angulation of the posterior margin of the mandibular ramus at the level of the occlusal plane, which appears to be an extraordinarily accurate predictor of sex. Using only this feature, Loth and Henneberg were able to predict sex with 94% accuracy in a large sample of mandibles. In this article, we report the results of a blind test of mandibular ramus flexure as a predictor of sex. In our blind test, only 62.5% of the mandibles were correctly sexed, and virtually identical results were obtained when the same sample of mandibles was examined by a second observer. Overall, our results demonstrate that: 1) the association between ramus flexure and sex is weak; 2) the predictive accuracy of Loth and Henneberg's method is better than chance for only one sex, males; and 3) the method is based on a trait that cannot be reliably or consistently identified. KEY WORDS sex assessment; skeletal biology; blind test; interobserver reliability

Deaf people are one of the most disenfranchised groups with regards to their access to substance use disorder prevention and treatment services. Findings related to substance use disorder and treatment for the deaf are reviewed. E-therapy services show promise in treating this group from substance use.

The effects of habitual physical activity (PA) on the metabolic syndrome (MS) in young adult and women are evaluated. It is concluded that among adults between 18 and 40 years, PA is inversely associated with the presence of the MS in men and of individual MS components in women.

The DNA yield and quality from a novel whole-saliva collection device were compared with noninvasive methods such as cytobrush, foam swab and oral rinse tested on a sample of 17 adults. The quality and quantity of DNA obtained using whole saliva and oral-rinse methods were found to be superior to that of the cytobrush and foam swab methods.

Background: Somaliland, Africa, has the highest prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM) in the world despite its recognition as a human rights violation and decades of campaigns to eliminate it. This study establishes baseline data for FGM prevalence in Somaliland and explores changing perceptions of FGM among Somalis. Method: A descriptive study was conducted among 6,108 women at the Edna Adan University Hospital (EAUH) from 2006-2013. Data were obtained regarding FGM status and knowledge and perception toward the practice. Chi-square analysis was conducted to compare current and previous studies conducted at EAUH. Results: The prevalence rate of FGM among respondents was 98.4% and procedures occurred at an average age of 8.47 years. Most participants (82.20%) underwent the most severe Type III or Pharaonic FGM. The most commonly cited reason for practicing FGM was to maintain cultural and traditional values (82.9%). Continuation of the practice was supported among 83.17% of respondents, the majority of whom reported a preference for the milder Type I or II Sunna FGM (95.15%). Women who attended university were subjected to FGM less than were their uneducated counterparts. Younger women reported a higher prevalence of the milder Sunna FGM. Comparison of the current and previous studies reveals a shift toward the less invasive Sunna FGM (X2 = 16.81, p = 0.0). Conclusions: Prevalence of FGM remains high in Somaliland, suggesting that advocacy to abandon the act has been unsuccessful. Pharaonic FGM currently predominates; however, comparison with previous baseline data indicates a trend toward the milder Sunna FGM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chewing khat leaves is often accompanied by tobacco use. We assessed aspects of tobacco use and explored factors associated with tobacco use patterns (frequency of use per week) among khat chewers who used tobacco only when chewing khat ("simultaneous tobacco and khat users", STKU). Methods A sample of 204 male khat chewers was recruited during random visits to khat outlets. Data collected included socio-demographic items, tobacco use and khat chewing behaviours. Both psychological and physical dependence on khat were assessed using the Severity of Psychological Dependence on Khat (SDS-Khat) Scale, the Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) and adapted items from the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (chewing even when ill, and difficulty in abstaining from khat chewing for an entire week). Descriptive statistics and non-parametric analyses were conducted. Results Of the 204 khat chewers, 35% were khat chewers only, 21% were STKU, and the remainder were daily cigarette smokers. The mean age of STKU was 38.12 (±14.05) years. Fifty seven percent of STKU smoked tobacco and chewed khat for two days per week and 43% smoked and chewed more frequently (three to six days: 33%, daily: 10%). Three quarters (74%) were former daily tobacco users. Khat chewing initiated tobacco smoking among 45% of STKU and 71% reported attempts to quit tobacco smoking during khat chew. Among STKU, smoking tobacco for more than two days per week was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with psychological dependence (increased levels of SDS-Khat), physical dependence (increased levels of DSM-IV symptoms, chewing even when ill, difficulty in abstaining from chewing for an entire week and self-reported health conditions) and behavioural factors (e.g. amount of khat chewed in typical khat session). Conclusions Khat chewing may promote different patterns of tobacco smoking, initiate and sustain tobacco smoking, and trigger tobacco cessation relapses among STKU. Increased frequency of tobacco smoking among STKU was linked to psycho-physical and behavioural factors. Further investigation within large and representative samples of both sexes of STKU in different contexts should be considered for health research and policy development. Khat chewing should be considered when designing tobacco prevention uptake, cessation interventions and relapse prevention programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Elevated visceral adiposity is strongly predictive of cardiometabolic disease, but, due to the high cost of biomedical imaging, assessment of factors contributing to normal variation in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue partitioning in large cohorts of healthy individuals are few, particularly in ethnic and racial minority populations. Objective: To describe age, menopausal status, smoking and physical activity differences in VAT and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) mass in African-American (AA) and European-American (EA) women. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging measures of VAT and ASAT mass and VAT% (VAT/VAT++ASAT, %) were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of 617 EA and 111 AA non-diabetic women aged 18--80 years. Multivariate linear regression was used to test independent effects of the covariates. Results: VAT and VAT% were higher in EA than AA women ( p  <  0.01). Differences in VAT, ASAT and VAT% across age groups began in early adulthood in both ethnic groups, but the association of age with VAT% was stronger in EA women ( p for interaction  ==  0.03). Current smokers had higher VAT and VAT% ( p  <  0.01) and lower TBF than non-smokers. Frequent participation in sports activities was associated with ∼∼30% lower VAT in older (>55 years) as well as younger (  <  40 years) women ( p  <  0.0001). Conclusion: Greater allocation of abdominal adipose tissue into the visceral compartment occurs in EA than AA women and in older than younger women. Avoidance of cigarette smoking and frequent participation in sports activities may partially counteract this deleterious phenomenon of ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Anthropometric equations developed specifically for the estimation of body composition parameters in Black females are limited. Data from the Lifespan Health Research Center were used to develop a new, easy to use equation to estimate the percent body fat of post-menopausal Black females using simple and easy to collect anthropometrics. The body composition of 72 post-menopausal Black females was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Validation (N=55) and cross-validation groups (N=17) were randomly assigned. Prediction models were developed using stepwise multiple regression analyses with percent body fat as the dependent variable and various anthropometrics as the independent variables. The chosen prediction equation uses hip circumference, wrist breadth, bicep skinfold, and weight as predictors of percent body fat. The suggested prediction equation is: %BF = -214.28 + 58.58*ln (hip Circ) - 23.47*ln (wrist BB) + 7.24*ln (bicep SKF) -- 0.00108*weight² and has a model R²=0.82 and a SEE=1.0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]