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Simple Summary: This paper explores the methane emissions from the livestock industry and their large impact on climate change, with a particular focus on cattle. It emphasizes how important it is to monitor and control methane accurately because it is a powerful greenhouse gas that accounts for 14–16% of world emissions. The study evaluates both conventional and AI-powered techniques for methane emission detection, emphasizing the significance of cattle in particular. It has been determined that region-specific formulations are required. The review discusses a number of topics, such as the methane emissions from livestock, the promise of AI technology, difficulties in gathering data, the use of methane in carbon credit programs, and current research and innovation. The review aims to improve knowledge and practices for climate change mitigation by highlighting the crucial role that accurate measurement and estimation methodologies play. It draws attention to the role that methane produced by livestock, particularly cattle, plays in climate change and stresses the need for precise measuring methods to be integrated into mitigation efforts. This review examines the significant role of methane emissions in the livestock industry, with a focus on cattle and their substantial impact on climate change. It highlights the importance of accurate measurement and management techniques for methane, a potent greenhouse gas accounting for 14–16% of global emissions. The study evaluates both conventional and AI-driven methods for detecting methane emissions from livestock, particularly emphasizing cattle contributions, and the need for region-specific formulas. Sections cover livestock methane emissions, the potential of AI technology, data collection issues, methane's significance in carbon credit schemes, and current research and innovation. The review emphasizes the critical role of accurate measurement and estimation methods for effective climate change mitigation and reducing methane emissions from livestock operations. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of methane emissions in the livestock industry by synthesizing existing research and literature, aiming to improve knowledge and methods for mitigating climate change. Livestock-generated methane, especially from cattle, is highlighted as a crucial factor in climate change, and the review underscores the importance of integrating precise measurement and estimation techniques for effective mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The intricate relationship between dietary intake and behavioral manifestations in ruminants, specifically sheep, constitutes the focal point of this investigation. The endeavor was embarked upon with an objective to discern the impact of dietary variations, particularly those rich in concentrates, on the behavioral and hormonal responses of sheep under stress-inducing scenarios. The findings elucidate a noteworthy propensity for escape attempts in sheep subjected to a high-concentrate diet when placed in novel environments, juxtaposed with their counterparts on a control diet. Furthermore, the dietary regimen manifested a tangible influence on the equilibrium of specific volatile fatty acids within the rumen, which ostensibly correlates with their behavioral responses. While the underlying mechanisms that govern these observations remain enshrouded in complexity, the revelations of this study underscore the imperative of meticulous dietary selection and management in livestock. Through the astute understanding and optimization of animal dietary practices, a conduit is forged towards the enhancement of animal welfare and the refinement of farming practices, thereby conferring tangible benefits upon the animals and broader society. This study investigated the relationship between rumen fermentation, stress-related hormones, and behavior in sheep with the aim of providing insights for improving animal welfare and feed management practices. Eight lambs were assigned to either a high concentration or control group. Blood samples were collected for hormone analysis, and an open field test was conducted to observe behavioral stress responses. The results showed that diet composition may affect the behavior of ruminants in response to stressors and novel situations, as evidenced by the higher number of escape attempts in the high-concentration group. In addition, analyses of individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs) showed a significant positive correlation between the acetic acid/propionic acid ratio and sniffing behavior of the novel object (p < 0.05, ρ = −0.414). These findings have important implications for animal welfare and feed management practices. Overall, this study provides insights into the potential impact of diet composition on the behavior of ruminants in response to stressors and novel situations, highlighting the importance of improving animal welfare through feed management practices. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying the complex relationship between rumen fermentation, stress-related hormones, and behavior in ruminant animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined individual differences in serum oxytocin concentrations ( OT) of calves, and assessed whether these differences were correlated with their dams' milk and serum OT. Eight Holstein ( H), nine Japanese Shorthorn ( JS), and six Japanese Black ( JB) calves were examined. Blood was collected three times during the first month in H calves, while their dams' blood was collected three times prior to parturition. Milk was collected twice after parturition from H cows. Blood from JS and JB calves were collected at 1 and 4 months old, while of their dams only once before parturition. Serum OT in H calves at 7 days old was significantly correlated with that at 30 days. Serum OT of JS calves at 1 month old was significantly correlated to that at 4 months, while of JB calves was also positively correlated ( r = 0.70). Serum OT of calves showed significant individual differences in each breed. Serum OT of calves was not correlated with the milk OT of dams, except for 3-day-old calves that fed on their dams' milk. We concluded that although serum OT differed among individuals, this difference was stable within each individual and not affected by the serum OT of the dams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review examines the significant role of methane emissions in the livestock industry, with a focus on cattle and their substantial impact on climate change. It highlights the importance of accurate measurement and management techniques for methane, a potent greenhouse gas accounting for 14-16% of global emissions. The study evaluates both conventional and AI-driven methods for detecting methane emissions from livestock, particularly emphasizing cattle contributions, and the need for region-specific formulas. Sections cover livestock methane emissions, the potential of AI technology, data collection issues, methane's significance in carbon credit schemes, and current research and innovation. The review emphasizes the critical role of accurate measurement and estimation methods for effective climate change mitigation and reducing methane emissions from livestock operations. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of methane emissions in the livestock industry by synthesizing existing research and literature, aiming to improve knowledge and methods for mitigating climate change. Livestock-generated methane, especially from cattle, is highlighted as a crucial factor in climate change, and the review underscores the importance of integrating precise measurement and estimation techniques for effective mitigation.

High grain feeding or weaning, which could compromise the rumen epithelium by increasing ruminal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations with pH reduction, is associated with high levels of ruminal toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). This study aimed to determine the role of TLR5 in the rumen epithelium. Immunohistochemistry revealed that TLR5 was localized in cells on the basal side (i.e., basal and spinous layers) rather than in the granular layer in the rumen epithelium, where tight junctions are most potent, in pre- and post-weaning calves (n = 9). Primary bovine rumen epithelial cells (BRECs) obtained from Holstein cows (n = 3) were cultured to investigate the factors that upregulate TLR5; however, SCFA, low pH (pH 5.6), BHBA, L-lactate, D-lactate, and LPS did not upregulate TLR5 gene expression in BREC. Primary BREC treated with flagellin (TLR5 ligand) had higher expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (P < 0.05) than BREC treated with vehicle. In addition, BREC treated with IL-1β had higher expression of antimicrobial peptides and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 than BREC treated with vehicle (P < 0.05). These results suggest that ruminal TLR5 may recognize epithelial disruption via flagellin and mediate the immune response via IL-1β during high-grain feeding or weaning., (© 2024 Japanese Society of Animal Science.)

Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) is expressed predominantly in the liver and plays a major role in regulating the circulating triglyceride and lipoprotein fraction concentrations by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. Given these physiological roles, ANGPTL3 may play an important role in metabolic changes related to fat accumulation during the fattening period in Japanese Black. This study aimed to reveal the physiological roles of hepatic ANGPTL3 in Japanese Black steers (Bos taurus) during the fattening period and investigate the regulatory effects of hepatic ANGPTL3. To investigate the gene expression and protein localization of ANGPTL3, 18 tissue samples were collected from tree male Holstein bull calves aged 7 wk. Biopsied liver tissues and blood samples were collected from 21 Japanese Black steers during the early (T1; 13 mo of age), middle (T2; 20 mo), and late fattening phases (T3; 28 mo). Relative mRNA expression, blood metabolite concentrations, hormone concentrations, growth, and carcass traits were analyzed. To identify the regulatory factors of hepatic ANGPTL3, primary bovine hepatocytes collected by two Holstein calves aged 7 wk were incubated with insulin, palmitate, oleate, propionate, acetate, or beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA). The ANGPTL3 gene was most highly expressed in the liver, with minor expression in the renal cortex, lungs, reticulum, and jejunum in Holstein bull calves. In Japanese Black steers, relative ANGPTL3 mRNA expressions were less as fattening progressed, and blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations increased. Relative ANGPTL8 and Liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) mRNA expressions decreased in late and middle fattening phases, respectively. Furthermore, relative ANGTPL3 mRNA expression was positively correlated with ANGPTL8 (r = 0.650; P < 0.01) and ANGPTL4 (r = 0.540; P < 0.05) in T3 and T1, respectively, and LXRα showed no correlation with ANGPTL3. Relative ANGTPL3 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with total cholesterol (r = -0.434; P < 0.05) and triglyceride (r = -0.645; P < 0.01) concentrations in T3 and T1, respectively; There was no significant correlation between ANGTPL3 and carcass traits. Relative ANGTPL3 mRNA expression in cultured bovine hepatocytes was downregulated in oleate treatment. Together, these findings suggest that ANGPTL3 downregulation in late fattening phases is associated with the changes in lipid metabolism., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The effects were observed of feeding a high-temperature-micro-time (HTMT)-treated diet of high-quality extruded soybean (ESB) on trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) incorporation in intra-muscular fat and on the lipid metabolism of twelve Holstein steers. The animals were randomly allocated to three groups, the control group being fed on a normal diet, and the other two groups being fed on a diet containing high-quality ESB with or without the HTMT treatment. The experimental period was four months. The content of total CLA in both the HTMT and non-HTMT-treated diets was higher than that in the control diet (P<0.05). The concentration of trans-10, cis-12 CLA was significantly higher in the HTMT-treated diet than in the non-treated diets at P<0.05, and the HTMT-treatment decreased the intra-muscular fat content (P<0.05). The expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and the plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level in the HTMT-treated group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA level in the adipose tissue was lower in the non-HTMT-treated group than in the control (P<0.05). These results show that the HTMT treatment increased the level of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in the intra-muscular fat. This increased level of trans-10, cis-12 CLA may inhibit lipogenesis in the intra-muscular fat of Holstein steers.