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Serious and continuing research noncompliance and integrity violations undermine the quality of research and trust in science. When researchers engage in these behaviors, institutional officials (IOs) often develop corrective action plans. Ideally, such plans address the root causes so noncompliance or research integrity violations discontinue. The aim of this study was to identify what IOs perceive as causes and action plan activities typically prescribed. We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 47 IOs at research institutions across the U.S. including: institutional review board and institutional animal care and use committee chairs and directors, chief research officers, research compliance and integrity officers, and institutional conflicts of interest chairs and directors. The most common root causes identified were: 1) lack of knowledge or training, 2) failure to provide research team supervision, and 3) researcher attitudes toward compliance. The most common action plan activities include: 1) retraining in compliance or research integrity, 2) follow-up and hands-on involvement with the researcher, and 3) mandated oversight or mentoring. Because the most commonly identified action plan activities fail to adequately address the majority of root causes, our findings suggest a need for IOs to rethink existing approaches to action plan development to more effectively target root causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and the staff who support them were largely in‐person during the 2021‐2022 school year, despite their continued vulnerability to infection with SARS‐CoV‐2. This qualitative study aimed to understand continued perceptions of weekly SARS‐CoV‐2 screening testing of students and staff amidst increased availability of vaccinations. METHODS: Twenty‐three focus groups were held with school staff and parents of children with IDD to examine the perceptions of COVID‐19 during the 2021‐2022 school year. Responses were analyzed using a directed thematic content analysis approach. RESULTS: Four principal themes were identified: strengths and opportunities of school‐ and district‐level mitigation policies; experience at school with the return to in‐person learning; facilitators and barriers to participation in SARS‐CoV‐2 screening testing; and perceptions of SARS‐CoV‐2 testing in light of vaccine availability. IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY: Despite the increased availability of vaccines, school staff and families agreed that saliva‐based SARS‐CoV‐2 screening testing helped increase comfort with in‐person learning as long as the virus was present in the community. CONCLUSION: To keep children with IDD in school during the pandemic, families found SARS‐CoV‐2 screening testing important. Clearly communicating school policies and mitigation strategies facilitated peace of mind and confidence in the school district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is variability in treatment strategies for patients with brachial plexus injury (BPI). We used qualitative research methods to better understand surgeons' rationale for treatment approaches. We hypothesized that distal nerve transfers would be preferred over exploration and nerve grafting of the brachial plexus. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with BPI surgeons to discuss 3 case vignettes: pan-plexus injury, upper trunk injury, and lower trunk injury. The interview guide included questions regarding overall treatment strategy, indications and utility of brachial plexus exploration, and the role of nerve grafting and/or nerve transfers. Interview transcripts were coded by 2 researchers. We performed inductive thematic analysis to collate these codes into themes, focusing on the role of brachial plexus exploration in the treatment of BPI. Results: Most surgeons routinely explore the supraclavicular brachial plexus in situations of pan-plexus and upper trunk injuries. Reasons to explore included the importance of obtaining a definitive root level diagnosis, perceived availability of donor nerve roots, timing of anticipated recovery, plans for distal reconstruction, and the potential for neurolysis. Very few explore lower trunk injuries, citing concern with technical difficulty and unfavorable risk-benefit profile. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that supraclavicular exploration remains a foundational component of surgical management of BPI, despite increasing utilization of distal nerve transfers. Availability of abundant donor axons and establishing an accurate diagnosis were cited as primary reasons in support of exploration. This analysis of surgeon interviews characterizes contemporary practices regarding the role of brachial plexus exploration in the treatment of BPI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After traumatic brachial plexus injuries (BPI), the sudden loss of physical function is often accompanied by psychological distress. Given the complex nature and relative infrequency of the injury, BPI patients will often use online resources for information about their injury as well as emotional support. Questions/Purpose : Recognizing the influence of social media, we sought to search a popular social media platform to identify challenges faced by BPI patients and strategies used to overcome these challenges. Methods : We searched "traumatic brachial plexus injury" on Facebook and selected the 2 most popular BPI support groups. We collected posts regarding traumatic BPI from November 1, 2018 through November 1, 2019. We performed inductive and deductive thematic analysis of the posts to identify recurring topics, knowledge gaps, and peer interaction dynamics. Results : We analyzed 7694 posts from the 2 Facebook support groups. The following themes emerged: (1) BPI patients express discontent regarding the inability to use their arm and the slow or stagnant pace of recovery; (2) BPI patients are frustrated over their inability to retain their preinjury livelihood; and (3) BPI patients emphasize that acceptance and moving on are key components of adjustment to their condition. Some patients described the role of limb amputation in achieving these goals. Conclusions : Our analysis demonstrates the areas in which BPI patients are in need of emotional support. Adjustment to BPI might be facilitated through multidisciplinary care that addresses emotional aspects of recovery and emphasizes self-management skills, in addition to the traditional focus on physical function., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Christopher J. Dy, MD, MPH, was supported by grant K23AR073928 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2021.)