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Peach palm has regions adjacent to the heart-of-palm that are normally neglected by the industry, and have potential to be utilized in minimally processed form. We characterized three parts of peach palm, evaluating anatomical, physicochemical and physiological parameters aiming to increase the industrial yield and evaluate shelf-life of the fresh-cut product. Harvested rods were sectioned into apical, median and basal segments, and analyzed for yield, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C, sugars and starch. Segments were sampled for anatomy and measurement of ethylene and respiration rates. After fresh-cut operations, segments were stored for 15 days at 5 °C and evaluated for surface color and carbohydrate content. The total yield based on length and fresh-mass was 85% and 70%, respectively. Hearts of palm were firmer toward the edges of apical and basal regions; the median region was the softest (14 N). The median region showed the highest SSC, 8.6 oBrix and vitamin C, 9.4 mg ascorbic acid 100 g−1 FW, and maintained the highest ethylene production, either whole or sliced. Respiration rate of all regions decreased 1 h after segmentation, the apical region showed the highest rate, 364 mL CO2 kg−1 h−1, followed by median and basal. Yellowing and pronounced color difference occurred after two weeks of storage in all the studied regions. Partially differentiated vascular bundles were present in all regions. Based on firmness and chemical parameters, all regions have potential for use as minimally processed product and can be stored up to 7 days, maintaining the original color.

Cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) quality traits such as firmness, pH, total soluble sugar (SSC), soluble solid (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/AT ratio (flavor), vitamin C (VC), total carotenoids (TC), total flavonoids (TF), total polyphenols (TP) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) are critical factors for fruit quality assessment. We are reporting here a set of results obtained with a near infrared spectrometer using the 830–2,500 nm range, showing good prediction of the quality traits cited above in the ripe early dwarf cashew clones by partial least squares (PLS) algorithm. The intact cashew apples spectra resulted in good predictions of firmness (R2 = 0.92; RMSEP = 0.71), pH (R2 = 0.84; RMSEP = 0.17), SSC (R2 = 0.86; RMSEP = 0.99), SS (R2 = 0.90; RMSEP = 0.70), TA (R2 = 0.96; RMSEP = 0.055), flavor (R2 = 0.87; RMSEP = 7.5), VC (R2 = 0.92; RMSEP = 38), TC (R2 = 0.97; RMSEP = 0.089), TF (R2 = 0.95; RMSEP = 0.86), TP (R2 = 0.94; RMSEP = 27) and TAA (R2 = 0.93; RMSEP = 34). Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) is a valid approach to study the physiology of early dwarf cashew clones, and the presented NIR methodology is expected to be an alternative for cashew germoplasm banks as a tool to support the database of images spectra for a rapid and robust phenotyping.

To control enzymatic browning in minimally processed yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), strategies combining anti-browning agents and modified atmosphere were investigated. Yacon slices were immersed in anti-browning agent solutions—sodium metabisulfite (0.5 %), L-cysteine (0.5 %), or the acids lactic (1 %), malic (1 %), succinic (1 %), ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA; 1 %), ascorbic (3 %), citric (3 %) or tartaric (3 %), or a control (0.5 % de sugar)—for 5 min, then packaged with air or modified atmosphere (N2) and stored at 5 °C. Sensory and physical-chemical (soluble solids, phenolic content, peroxidase activity, pH, color, instrumental texture, and mass variation) analyses were performed. For a given anti-browning agent, any significant difference was not found between yacon slices stored under air or N2. However, when comparing the different anti-browning agents, only ascorbic, citric, and tartaric acids were effective enzymatic browning inhibitors without significantly changing typical sensory attributes of yacon. Among them, tartaric acid is not often reported in literature for controlling enzymatic browning in vegetal products, contrarily to the two others.

The pulsed ultraviolet radiation (UVP) has been used as an alternative strategy for the control of microorganisms in food. However, its application causes the browning of minimally processed fruits and vegetables. In order to control the browning of the ‘Tommy Atkins’ minimally processed mango and treated with UVP (5.7 J cm−2) it was used 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) (0.5 μL L−1), an ethylene action blocker in separate stages, comprising five treatments: control, UVP (U), 1-MCP + UVP (M + U), UVP + 1-MCP (U + M) e 1-MCP + UVP + 1-MCP (M + U + M). At the 1st, 7th and 14th days of storage at 12 °C, we evaluated the color (L* and b*), electrolyte leakage, polyphenol oxidase, total extractable polyphenols, vitamin C and total antioxidant activity. The 1-MCP, when applied before UVP, prevented the loss of vitamin C and when applied in a double dose, retained the yellow color (b*) of the cubes. However, the 1-MCP reduced lightness (L*) of independent mango cubes whatever applied before and/or after the UVP. Thus, the application of 1-MCP did not control, but intensified the browning of minimally processed mangoes irradiated with UVP.

The aim of this work was to study the physical, chemical, physiological and microbiological changes during the flow chart of fresh-cut strawberry. Strawberry cvs. Camarosa, Dover and Tudla, derived from experimental area of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, were selected by color (red ¾) and absence of wound. Afterwards, the minimal processing was evaluated, as follows: fast cooling, water and ice, removal of the calyx followed by conservation at 5±0.5°C and 90-95% RH for 13 days, sanitation, drainage, cut in halves. Removal of the calyx did not result significant difference for fresh weight, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, pH and ratio TSS/TTA. The rapid cooling resulted in lower electrolyte leakage and respiratory rate, especially sanitized fruits. Sanitization by immersion in chlorine solution slowed the growth of fungi and yeast. Drainage for 20 minutes eliminated practically all water on the surface of the fruits. The fresh-cutting did not affect the visual and nutritional quality of strawberries like appearance, microbiot, vitamin C, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, consisting of alternative market potential economically viable.O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar mudanças físicas, químicas, fisiológicas e microbiológicas durante o fluxograma de processamento mínimo de morango. Morangos das cultivares Camarosa, Dover e Tudla oriundos de área experimental da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, foram selecionados por cor (¾ vermelho) e ausência de danos. Posteriormente, foi avaliado o fluxograma de processamento mínimo: resfriamento rápido, água e gelo; remoção do cálice acompanhado de conservação a 5±0,5ºC e 90-95% UR, por 13 dias; sanitização; drenagem; corte, em metades. A remoção do cálice não resultou diferença significativa para massa fresca, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, pH e razão SST/ATT. O resfriamento rápido ocasionou menores extravasamentos de eletrólitos e taxa respiratória, sobretudo nos frutos sanitizados. A sanitização por imersão em solução de cloro retardou o crescimento de fungos e levedura. A drenagem por 20 minutos eliminou praticamente toda a água na superfície dos frutos. O processamento mínimo não afetou a qualidade visual e nutricional dos morangos como aparência, microbiota, vitamina C, antocianinas e compostos fenólicos, consistindo em alternativa de mercado potencial economicamente viável.

The quality of baby carrots may be associated to the standard of the raw material that in turn, may be influenced by agronomic practices. Thus, the effect of planting density and harvest age were assessed on physical and morphological characteristics, yield and end quality of intact and minimally processed carrots in the form of baby carrots. A randomized block experimental design was used with the density in the plots (4 x 20 cm and 4 x 7.5 cm) and the harvest age in the subplots (50, 57, 64, 71, 78, 85, 92, 99 and 106 days), with five replications. The experimental unit consisted of 25 plants. The assessments of diameter, length, yield, secondary phloem translocation with the cambio and total carotenoids were decisive in selecting the carrot harvest age for baby carrot manufacture. Under the 4 x 20 cm and 4 x 7.5 cm adensed conditions, harvested between 85 and 92 days, carrot roots became thinner and more orange in color (with maximum carotenoid accumulation), larger and with satisfactory yields and therefore more acceptable for minimal processing in the form of baby carrots. Thus the decision of populational density associated to harvest age will depend on the market demand, on price, quality and other variables. The use of adensed cropping with early harvests may lead to obtain carrots and respective baby carrots that are more acceptable for commercialization. A qualidade final de minicenoura pode estar associada ao padrão da matéria prima, que, por sua vez, pode ser influenciada por práticas agronômicas. Por isso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da densidade de plantio e da idade de colheita em características físicas, morfológicas, no rendimento e na qualidade final de cenoura inteira e minimamente processada na forma de minicenoura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizado, tendo nas parcelas as densidades (4 x 20 cm e 4 x 7,5 cm) e nas subparcelas a idade de colheita (50, 57, 64, 71, 78, 85, 92, 99 e 106 dias), com 5 repetições onde a unidade experimental foi composta por 25 plantas. As características de diâmetro, comprimento, rendimento, descolamento do floema secundário com o câmbio e carotenóides totais foram decisivos para selecionar a idade de colheita de cenoura destinada à fabricação de minicenoura. Nos dois adensamentos estudados, as raízes colhidas entre 85 e 92 dias, tornaram-se mais finas, de cor mais laranja (com máximo acúmulo de carotenóides), maiores, com rendimentos satisfatórios e, portanto, mais aceitáveis ao processamento mínimo na forma de minicenoura. Logo, a decisão de uso de densidade populacional associado à idade para se realizar a colheita, dependerá da exigência do mercado, do preço, qualidade e de outras variáveis. O uso de adensamentos de cultivo associados com colheitas antecipadas pode proporcionar a obtenção de cenoura e respectivas minicenouras mais aceitáveis para comercialização.

The red color of the pericarp of litchi fruits is lost rapidly once harvested, which results in dark fruits, usually rejected by the consumers. The loss of color is due to degradation of anthocyanins, which is related to increase on peroxidase activity. Reducing the peroxidase action may result in the maintenance of the red color, improving the fruit shelf life. This work had the goal to evaluate the influence of pH and temperature on peroxidase activity of a partial purified preparation of pericarp, from litchi cv. Brewster fruits harvested at full red-mature stage. Peroxidase was partially purified by sequential saturation with ammonium sulfate. At 60-70% ammonium sulfate saturation, the activity of peroxidase was near 158 times higher compared to the crude extract. The enzyme showed optimum activity at pH 6.5 and no activity was detected at pH 2.5 and 9.5. Pre-incubation of the enzyme extract up to 45 minutes at pH 2.5 or 9.5 caused continuous reduction on peroxidase activity, with higher degree of efficiency at pH 2.5. The maximum activity of peroxidase was at 70°C, remaining active for a period of 120 minutes at 70 and 80°C. The enzyme was inactivated completely when heated for ten minutes at 90°C or for one minute at 100°C. The data suggest that, due to high temperature for the inactivation of peroxidase, activity maybe reduced by treating the fruits with acid or alkaline solutions.

The quality of baby carrots may be associated to the standard of the raw material that in turn, may be influenced by agronomic practices. Thus, the effect of planting density and harvest age were assessed on physical and morphological characteristics, yield and end quality of intact and minimally processed carrots in the form of baby carrots. A randomized block experimental design was used with the density in the plots (4 x 20 cm and 4 x 7.5 cm) and the harvest age in the subplots (50, 57, 64, 71, 78, 85, 92, 99 and 106 days), with five replications. The experimental unit consisted of 25 plants. The assessments of diameter, length, yield, secondary phloem translocation with the cambio and total carotenoids were decisive in selecting the carrot harvest age for baby carrot manufacture. Under the 4 x 20 cm and 4 x 7.5 cm adensed conditions, harvested between 85 and 92 days, carrot roots became thinner and more orange in color (with maximum carotenoid accumulation), larger and with satisfactory yields and therefore more acceptable for minimal processing in the form of baby carrots. Thus the decision of populational density associated to harvest age will depend on the market demand, on price, quality and other variables. The use of adensed cropping with early harvests may lead to obtain carrots and respective baby carrots that are more acceptable for commercialization.A qualidade final de minicenoura pode estar associada ao padrão da matéria prima, que, por sua vez, pode ser influenciada por práticas agronômicas. Por isso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da densidade de plantio e da idade de colheita em características físicas, morfológicas, no rendimento e na qualidade final de cenoura inteira e minimamente processada na forma de minicenoura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizado, tendo nas parcelas as densidades (4 x 20 cm e 4 x 7,5 cm) e nas subparcelas a idade de colheita (50, 57, 64, 71, 78, 85, 92, 99 e 106 dias), com 5 repetições onde a unidade experimental foi composta por 25 plantas. As características de diâmetro, comprimento, rendimento, descolamento do floema secundário com o câmbio e carotenóides totais foram decisivos para selecionar a idade de colheita de cenoura destinada à fabricação de minicenoura. Nos dois adensamentos estudados, as raízes colhidas entre 85 e 92 dias, tornaram-se mais finas, de cor mais laranja (com máximo acúmulo de carotenóides), maiores, com rendimentos satisfatórios e, portanto, mais aceitáveis ao processamento mínimo na forma de minicenoura. Logo, a decisão de uso de densidade populacional associado à idade para se realizar a colheita, dependerá da exigência do mercado, do preço, qualidade e de outras variáveis. O uso de adensamentos de cultivo associados com colheitas antecipadas pode proporcionar a obtenção de cenoura e respectivas minicenouras mais aceitáveis para comercialização.

The storage of minimally processed vegetables at low temperatures, in association with proper packaging, represents one of the available technological solutions to mitigate the variations that hinder the quality of final products during storage. We studied the physicochemical variations that occur straight after minimal processing, as well as those that occur during the storage of minimally processed and intact leaves of collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), stored in 50-µm thick polypropylene bags, with 810-μm diameter perforations. Leaves were stored for 15 and 9 days, at 5 and 10± 1ºC, respectively. There were losses of total chlorophyll, soluble sugars, starch, and soluble amino acids immediately after the minimal processing. The rates of degradation and/or use of chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, soluble sugars, and starch during storage were similar on minimally processed and intact leaves, independently of the storage temperature. On contrary, fresh mass loss was almost two fold larger in minimally processed leaves after nine days of storage, regardless of temperature. We also observed a transient increase in the content of soluble amino acids at the end of storage in minimally processed leaves. The increase in the storage temperature to 10°C enhanced the chemical variations both in minimally processed and intact leaves. As consequence, the rates of degradation and/or use of chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, sugars and starch mounted, and the accumulation of soluble amino acids was stimulated. We concluded that it is necessary to keep on searching for alternative packaging for minimally processed collard greens, and to associate it with storage at low temperatures, but mimicking distribution and commercialization conditions of the cold-chain. Thus, we can succeed in adequately reducing the physicochemical variations that induce quality losses in minimally processed vegetables.A conservação de hortaliças minimamente processadas em baixas temperaturas, em associação com o uso de embalagens adequadas, continua sendo uma das soluções tecnológicas utilizadas para minimizar ou retardar as mudanças que ocorrem durante a conservação. Foram estudadas as alterações físico-químicas causadas logo após o processamento mínimo e durante a conservação de folhas de couve-comum (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) inteiras e minimamente processadas, mantidas em sacos de polipropileno de 50 µm de espessura, com perfurações de 810 µm de diâmetro. As folhas foram conservadas por 15 e 9 dias, a 5 e 10± 1ºC, respectivamente. Logo após o processamento mínimo observou-se perda de clorofilas totais, açúcares solúveis, amido e aminoácidos solúveis. As taxas de degradação e/ou utilização da clorofila total, ácido ascórbico, açúcares solúveis e amido durante a conservação das folhas inteiras e minimamente processadas mantidas a 5 e/ou 10± 1ºC foram semelhantes, com exceção para perda de massa fresca e aminoácidos solúveis. As folhas minimamente processadas apresentaram perda de massa fresca quase duas vezes superior às folhas inteiras com nove dias de conservação, independentemente da temperatura. Um aumento transitório no teor de aminoácidos solúveis no final da conservação também foi observado em folhas minimamente processadas. O aumento da temperatura de conservação para 10ºC potencializou as alterações químicas tanto em folhas inteiras e minimamente processadas, resultando em elevadas taxas de degradação e/ou utilização de clorofilas, ácido ascórbico, açúcares e amido, além de estimular o acúmulo de aminoácidos solúveis. É necessária a contínua busca de embalagens alternativas àquelas existentes para couve minimamente processada, associado à conservação em baixas temperaturas, para simular as condições de distribuição e comercialização e, assim, minimizar as alterações físico-químicas que reduzem a qualidade do produto final.

This study characterizes dehydration and white blush processes, structural alterations and synthesis of phenolic compounds (lignin and suberin), in relation to development of white blush on baby carrot surfaces. Carrots were minimally processed as baby carrots and kept on polypropylene trays with or without polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film at 5 ± 2 °C, 90 ± 5% RH. During storage, baby carrots that were not wrapped with PVC film were rehydrated 1, 1.5, 15 and 17 h after minimal processing. Fresh-cut baby carrots were evaluated for white blush index, sensory analysis (visual scores), fresh matter loss, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and structural and histochemical changes. Increases in white blush index and subjective visual scores on the carrot surface occurred in the first hours, when the material was kept on trays without PVC film and after 3 and 6 d, when stored on trays covered with PVC film. Visual assessment of white blush resulted in a more accurate assessment than instrumental evaluation because it allowed the perception of minor differences between distinct white blush levels, especially at the tips. Hydrating baby carrot surfaces for 1 and 1.5 h after processing allowed partial absorption of water by tissues and the orange color was reestablished on the surface. Fifteen hours after processing, even after rehydration, the color did not return to the original orange standard. The rapid increase in PAL activity in the secondary phloem of baby carrots, compared to that of whole carrots, suggested a physiological response as a result of abrasion. Dehydration and structural alterations of the more superficial cell layers were the main causes of white blush in baby carrots that was not related to lignin accumulation, but rather to synthesis of non-structural phenolic compounds.

Verificou-se a taxa respiratória, a produção de etileno de folhas de couve intactas e minimamente processadas, e a influência do horário de colheita, do resfriamento rápido e da temperatura de sanitização sobre a conservação do produto minimamente processado. Folhas de couve totalmente desenvolvidas foram colhidas às sete e às 14 horas, na horta da UFV, entre 1996 e 2000. O processamento foi realizado logo após a colheita e após a refrigeração (6±1ºC por 8 h). Amostras (200 g) foram acondicionadas em embalagens de poliolefina multicamada, armazenadas a 5±2ºC por 15 dias e foram avaliadas quanto aos teores de vitamina C e atividade de polifenoloxidase (PPO). A taxa respiratória e produção de etileno foram determinadas em folhas intactas e minimamente processadas colocadas em bandejas plásticas e frascos de vidros hermeticamente fechados, e armazenadas durante 24 horas a 1; 5; 10 e 25ºC. A taxa respiratória e a evolução de etileno das folhas de couve inteira aumentaram imediatamente após destacamento da planta mãe. O fatiamento aumentou a taxa respiratória da folha em aproximadamente duas vezes. O aumento da temperatura influenciou significativamente (PThe respiratory rate and ethylene production were evaluated in whole and minimally processed kale leaves and, the influence of harvest time, of fast cooling and sanitization temperature on the conservation of the minimally processed product. Totally developed kale leaves were harvested at 7 and 14 o'clock in the field, during the years 1996 and 2000. Processing was carried out soon after harvest and subsequent refrigeration (6±1ºC for 8 h). Samples (200 g) were conditioned in multilayer poliolefina packing, stored at 5±2ºC for 15 days and evaluate for vitamin C and polifenoloxidase (PPO) activity. The respiratory rate and production of ethylene were determined in whole leaves as well as in minimally processed ones, packed in plastic trays and glass jars hermetically closed. The packs were stored during 24 hours under temperatures of 1; 5; 10 and 25ºC. The respiratory rate and the ethylene production increased immediately after the detachment of the leaves from the mother plant. Cutting increased the respiratory rate in approximately two-folds. Increasing of the temperature affected significantly (P

Packaging plays a fundamental role on consumers' intention to purchase as it may be the first contact between the consumer and the product. The present study used the “Focus Group” methodology to obtain information on consumers' attitudes, opinions, thoughts and concepts about minimally processed products. The results showed that the participants noticed the packaging color and transparency most. Green color was the most appreciated one, while heavily decorated packaging with excessive information on the front panel was least appreciated.

A microbiota contaminante de repolho minimamente processado foi avaliada durante as etapas de sanitização e estocagem sob atmosfera modificada passiva em embalagens com diferentes taxas de permeabilidade a O2 e CO2 e a 1ºC, 5ºC e 12ºC. A sanitização do repolho por 10min., à temperatura ambiente, em soluções sanitizantes de hipoclorito de sódio a 200mgL-1, de composto orgânico clorado a 200mgL-1 ou ácido acético a 1% reduziu em, no máximo, 1,8log10 UFCg-1 a população de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos. A concentração de CO2 no interior das embalagens variou significativamente (PThe microbial populations associated with minimally processed cabbage after sanitation and storage at 1ºC, 5ºC and 12ºC under modified atmosphere was analyzed. Sanitation of cabbage for ten minutes at room temperature in 200mgL-1 sodium hypochlorite and chlorinated organic compound or 1% acetic acid resulted in the reduction of up to 1.8log10CFUg-1 in the aerobic mesophilic bacteria population (P0.05) differences in concentrations of CO2 were found in the interior of the packages during fifteen days of storage. No variation was found in the mesophilic aerobic or anaerobic counts, and psycrotrophic microorganisms during storage at 1ºC and 5ºC for the three packaging materials used. The minimally processed cabbage was in good sensorial conditions for up to 20 days of storage at 1ºC and 5ºC in the packaging materials of high O2 permeability. The samples packed in transparent plastic trays sealed with thermal-shrinking PVC presented undesirable sensorial characteristics on the twentieth day of storage at 5ºC. After five days of storage at 12ºC the fresh-cut cabbage presented evident signs of deterioration, as dark spots, slime and off odor. There was a 3log10 CFUg-1 increase in the aerobic and anaerobic mesophiles and psycrotrophic populations in these samples.

Objetivou-se avaliar, em duas cultivares de mandioca, o efeito do processamento mínimo no formato palito sobre características bioquímicas, em duas idades de colheita. Os palitos de mandioca minimamente processados foram acondicionados em embalagens de polipropileno, a 5±1ºC, 90±5% de umidade relativa, por 12 dias. O teor de carotenoides, e de compostos fenólicos solúveis foram significativamente maiores para os palitos da cultivar 'Amarela' do que para a cultivar 'Cacau', assim como a atividade da fenilalanina amônia liase e a capacidade antioxidante. O teor de carotenoides totais e compostos fenólicos solúveis, assim como a atividade da fenilalanina amônia liase e a capacidade antioxidante, foram superiores quando colhidas aos 14 meses. Houve acréscimo na atividade da fenilalanina amônia liase durante os 12 dias de conservação a 5ºC, no entanto, houve decréscimo para o teor de carotenoides totais e de compostos fenólicos solúveis, assim como da capacidade antioxidante. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fresh-cut in stick form of two cassava cultivars on their biochemical and antioxidant characteristics, at two harvest times. The fresh cut cassava sticks were packaged in polypropylene, maintained at 5±1ºC, with 90±5% relative humidity for 12 days. The concentration of carotenoids, total soluble phenolic compounds and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant capacity were significantly higher for the sticks of cultivar 'Amarela' cassava than for the sticks of cultivar 'Cacau'. The concentrations of carotenoids, total soluble phenolic compounds, and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant capacity were all significantly greater when harvested at 14-month of age. There was a significant increase in the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase during the 12 days of storage at 5ºC. However, there was a decrease in total carotenoids, soluble phenolic compounds, and in the antioxidant capacity of the two cultivars.

Frutos de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), cv. Solar Set, foram colhidos no estádio verde-maduro (100% da superfície com coloração verde) e tratados com 100 µL.L-1 de etileno gasoso a 20°C. Após atingirem o estádio verde-rosado (menos de 10% da superfície do fruto com coloração vermelha ou amarelo-tanino), parte dos frutos foram submetidos a uma queda de 0,40 m sobre uma superfície plana e lisa. Posteriormente, os frutos submetidos ao impacto e os não-submetidos foram armazenados a 20°C e 85-95% de umidade relativa até estarem completamente amadurecidos. Os frutos com e sem injúrias mecânicas foram então colocados individualmente no frasco de amostragem do "nariz eletrônico" e os doze sensores iniciaram a detecção dos compostos emanados pelos frutos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise discriminante multivariada. O grau de dissimilaridade entre os tratamentos foi definido utilizando-se a distância de Mahalanobis. As diferenças encontradas nos frutos com e sem injúria mecânica foram significativas (PTomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruits, 'Solar Set', were harvested at the mature-green stage (green color in 100% of the fruit surface) and gassed with 100mL.L-1 of ethylene at 20°C. At the breaker stage (less than 10% of the fruit surface is red or tannin-yellowish), fruit were dropped from a 40 cm height onto a smooth surface. Following impact, fruits were stored at 20°C and 85-95% relative humidity until table-ripe stage. Bruised and unbruised fruit were then placed individually inside the electronic nose-sampling vessel and the twelve conducting polymer sensors were lowered into the vessel and exposed to the volatile given off by the fruit. Data were analyzed employing multivariate discriminant analysis (MVDA), which maximizes the variance between treatments. The degree of dissimilarity was defined using the Mahalanobis distance The differences found between bruised and unbruised fruit were highly significant (P

`Solar Set' tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were harvested at the mature-green stage of development and treated with 50 μL·L-1 ethylene at 20 °C. Breaker-stage fruit were dropped from 40 cm onto a solid surface to induce internal bruising and held along with undropped fruit at 20 °C. At the ripe stage, pericarp, locule, and placental tissues were analyzed for soluble sugars, vitamin C, pigments, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, pericarp electrolyte leakage, extractable polygalacturonase activity, and locule tissue consistency. Bruising significantly affected chemical composition and physical properties of pericarp and locule tissues, but not placental tissue. For bruised locule tissue, carotenoids, vitamin C, and titratable acidity were 37%, 15%, and 15%, lower, respectively, than unbruised fruit. For bruised pericarp tissue, vitamin C content was 16% lower than for unbruised tissue, whereas bruising increased electrolyte leakage and extractable polygalacturonase activity by 25% and 33%, respectively. Evidence of abnormal ripening following impact bruising was confined to locule and pericarp tissues and may be related to the disruption of cell structure and altered enzyme activity.

Determinou-se por meio da técnica de mapa de preferência, a aceitabilidade de diferentes cortes de couve minimamente processada. A separação espacial das amostras de couve sugeriu a existência de três grupos, de acordo com a aceitação das mesmas. As amostras de couve minimamente processada que obtiveram aceitação por um maior número de consumidores foram as de 1 e 2 mm de largura.The acceptability of fresh-cut collard leaves chopped in different widths was determined by employing the preference mapping technique. Spatial separation of samples suggested the existence of three groups, according to their acceptability. Fresh-cut samples showing acceptability by a large number of consumers where 1 and 2 mm wide.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar mudanças físicas, químicas, fisiológicas e microbiológicas durante o fluxograma de processamento mínimo de morango. Morangos das cultivares Camarosa, Dover e Tudla oriundos de área experimental da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, foram selecionados por cor (¾ vermelho) e ausência de danos. Posteriormente, foi avaliado o fluxograma de processamento mínimo: resfriamento rápido, água e gelo; remoção do cálice acompanhado de conservação a 5±0,5ºC e 90-95% UR, por 13 dias; sanitização; drenagem; corte, em metades. A remoção do cálice não resultou diferença significativa para massa fresca, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, pH e razão SST/ATT. O resfriamento rápido ocasionou menores extravasamentos de eletrólitos e taxa respiratória, sobretudo nos frutos sanitizados. A sanitização por imersão em solução de cloro retardou o crescimento de fungos e levedura. A drenagem por 20 minutos eliminou praticamente toda a água na superfície dos frutos. O processamento mínimo não afetou a qualidade visual e nutricional dos morangos como aparência, microbiota, vitamina C, antocianinas e compostos fenólicos, consistindo em alternativa de mercado potencial economicamente viável. The aim of this work was to study the physical, chemical, physiological and microbiological changes during the flow chart of fresh-cut strawberry. Strawberry cvs. Camarosa, Dover and Tudla, derived from experimental area of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, were selected by color (red ¾) and absence of wound. Afterwards, the minimal processing was evaluated, as follows: fast cooling, water and ice, removal of the calyx followed by conservation at 5±0.5°C and 90-95% RH for 13 days, sanitation, drainage, cut in halves. Removal of the calyx did not result significant difference for fresh weight, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, pH and ratio TSS/TTA. The rapid cooling resulted in lower electrolyte leakage and respiratory rate, especially sanitized fruits. Sanitization by immersion in chlorine solution slowed the growth of fungi and yeast. Drainage for 20 minutes eliminated practically all water on the surface of the fruits. The fresh-cutting did not affect the visual and nutritional quality of strawberries like appearance, microbiot, vitamin C, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, consisting of alternative market potential economically viable.

Baby carrot is a very perishable product mainly due to the abrasion of the cylindrical carrot root segments. The influence of four different controlled atmospheres (CA) (air, 2 kPa O2 + 15 kPa CO2, 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2 and 10 kPa O2 + 10 kPa CO2) was studied to maintain quality and prolong the shelf life of baby carrots. Respiration rate (RR), the content of vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolics by HPLC as well as the sensory quality of baby carrots during storage at 4 °C were evaluated. The lowest RR was observed in baby carrots stored under CA containing the lowest O2 concentrations. Baby carrots under low O2 atmospheres preserved the highest vitamin C content, as well as the individual carotenoids. The wound-induced phenolic compounds, mainly trans chlorogenic acid, increased two fold in baby carrots stored under 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2. In general, CA maintained the overall visual quality of baby carrots up to 8 days. Controlled atmosphere of 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2 can be recommended as an optimum atmosphere to maintain quality of baby carrots, increasing bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acid and avoiding anaerobic fermentation in case of temperature abuse.

After harvesting litchi, the red color of the fruit pericarp is rapidly lost resulting in discoloration and browning during storage and marketing. The loss of the red color is caused by the degradation or loss of stability of anthocyanins. The action of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase is usually related to the browning and discoloration of fruits of various species. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of pH and temperature on peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities, in a partially purified preparation of pericarp of the litchi cultivar Bengal. Fruits were harvested at the ripe stage and polyphenoloxidase was partially purified by sequential saturation in 80% ammonium sulfate. At concentrations of 40-50% and 60-70% ammonium sulfate the activities of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase were, respectively, 124 times and 158 times higher than in the crude extract. The activity of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase was maximum at pH 6.5 and 7.0, respectively, and no activity was detected at pH 2.5 and 9.5. Pre-incubation of the enzyme extract for 45 min at pH 2.5 or 9.5 completely inactivated the enzymes, with the highest degree of efficiency at pH 2.5. Peroxidase activity was highest at 70ºC and remained active for a period of 120 min at 70 and 80ºC. Peroxidase became completely inactive when maintained at 90ºC for 10 min or 1 min at 100ºC. Polyphenoloxidase activity was highest at 20ºC and remained active for a period of 120 min at 40 and 50ºC and was inactivated after 10 min at 60ºC. Due to the high temperature of inactivation of the peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities, the enzymes can be inactivated more easily in fruits using acid or alkaline solutions. Após a colheita do fruto, a cor vermelha do pericarpo da lichia é rapidamente perdida, o que resulta em descoloração e escurecimento durante o armazenamento e comercialização. A perda da cor vermelha é devido à degradação de antocianinas ou à perda de sua estabilidade. Usualmente, a ação da peroxidase e polifenoloxidase está relacionada ao escurecimento e à descoloração de várias frutas. Avaliou-se a influência do pH e da temperatura na atividade da peroxidase e polifenoloxidase em uma preparação purificada parcial de pericarpo de cultivar Bengal. Os frutos foram colhidos no estádio vermelho maduro. A polifenoloxidase foi parcialmente purificada por saturação seqüencial até 80% de sulfato de amônio. Na concentração de 40-50% e de 60-70% de sulfato de amônio, a atividade da polifenoloxidase e peroxidase foi 124 e 158 vezes maior vezes maior do que a encontrada no extrato cru. A peroxidase e polifenoloxidase apresentaram ótima atividade em pH 6,5 e 7,0 e nenhuma atividade foi detectada a pH 2,5 e 9,5. A pré-incubação do extrato das enzimas até 45 min a pH 2,5 ou 9,5 inativou completamente as enzimas, sendo que o maior grau de eficiência ocorreu em pH 2,5. A peroxidase apresentou maior atividade a 70ºC, permanecendo ativa durante um período de 120 min a 70 e 80ºC. A peroxidase tornou-se completamente inativa, quando aquecida durante 10 min a 90ºC ou durante 1 min a 100ºC. A polifenoloxidase apresentou maior atividade a 20ºC, permanecendo ativa durante um período de 120 min a 40 e 50ºC e inativada aos 10 min a 60ºC. Devido à alta temperatura para inativação, a atividade da peroxidase e polifenoloxidase pode ser reduzida, imergindo os frutos em soluções ácidas ou alcalinas.

The storage of minimally processed vegetables at low temperatures, in association with proper packaging, represents one of the available technological solutions to mitigate the variations that hinder the quality of final products during storage. We studied the physicochemical variations that occur straight after minimal processing, as well as those that occur during the storage of minimally processed and intact leaves of collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), stored in 50-µm thick polypropylene bags, with 810-μm diameter perforations. Leaves were stored for 15 and 9 days, at 5 and 10± 1ºC, respectively. There were losses of total chlorophyll, soluble sugars, starch, and soluble amino acids immediately after the minimal processing. The rates of degradation and/or use of chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, soluble sugars, and starch during storage were similar on minimally processed and intact leaves, independently of the storage temperature. On contrary, fresh mass loss was almost two fold larger in minimally processed leaves after nine days of storage, regardless of temperature. We also observed a transient increase in the content of soluble amino acids at the end of storage in minimally processed leaves. The increase in the storage temperature to 10°C enhanced the chemical variations both in minimally processed and intact leaves. As consequence, the rates of degradation and/or use of chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, sugars and starch mounted, and the accumulation of soluble amino acids was stimulated. We concluded that it is necessary to keep on searching for alternative packaging for minimally processed collard greens, and to associate it with storage at low temperatures, but mimicking distribution and commercialization conditions of the cold-chain. Thus, we can succeed in adequately reducing the physicochemical variations that induce quality losses in minimally processed vegetables. A conservação de hortaliças minimamente processadas em baixas temperaturas, em associação com o uso de embalagens adequadas, continua sendo uma das soluções tecnológicas utilizadas para minimizar ou retardar as mudanças que ocorrem durante a conservação. Foram estudadas as alterações físico-químicas causadas logo após o processamento mínimo e durante a conservação de folhas de couve-comum (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) inteiras e minimamente processadas, mantidas em sacos de polipropileno de 50 µm de espessura, com perfurações de 810 µm de diâmetro. As folhas foram conservadas por 15 e 9 dias, a 5 e 10± 1ºC, respectivamente. Logo após o processamento mínimo observou-se perda de clorofilas totais, açúcares solúveis, amido e aminoácidos solúveis. As taxas de degradação e/ou utilização da clorofila total, ácido ascórbico, açúcares solúveis e amido durante a conservação das folhas inteiras e minimamente processadas mantidas a 5 e/ou 10± 1ºC foram semelhantes, com exceção para perda de massa fresca e aminoácidos solúveis. As folhas minimamente processadas apresentaram perda de massa fresca quase duas vezes superior às folhas inteiras com nove dias de conservação, independentemente da temperatura. Um aumento transitório no teor de aminoácidos solúveis no final da conservação também foi observado em folhas minimamente processadas. O aumento da temperatura de conservação para 10ºC potencializou as alterações químicas tanto em folhas inteiras e minimamente processadas, resultando em elevadas taxas de degradação e/ou utilização de clorofilas, ácido ascórbico, açúcares e amido, além de estimular o acúmulo de aminoácidos solúveis. É necessária a contínua busca de embalagens alternativas àquelas existentes para couve minimamente processada, associado à conservação em baixas temperaturas, para simular as condições de distribuição e comercialização e, assim, minimizar as alterações físico-químicas que reduzem a qualidade do produto final.

7 páginas, 6 figuras, 1 tabla., Carrot sticks are increasingly in demand as ready-to-eat products, with a major quality problem in the development of white discoloration. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and edible coating have been proposed as postharvest treatments to maintain quality and prolong shelf-life. The combined application of an edible coating containing 5 mL L−1 of chitosan under two different MAP conditions (10 kPa O2 + 10 kPa CO2 in Pack A and 2 kPa O2 + 15–25 kPa CO2 in Pack B) over 12 d at 4 °C was studied. Respiration rate, microbial and sensory qualities as well as the contents of vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolics of coated and uncoated carrot sticks were evaluated. The use of the edible coating containing chitosan preserved the overall visual quality and reduced surface whiteness during storage. Microbial populations were very low and not influenced by coating or MAP. Edible coating increased respiration rates of carrot sticks, although this was only noticeable in the package with the less permeable film (Pack B). Vitamin C and carotenoids decreased during storage particularly in coated carrot sticks. In contrast, the content of total phenolics markedly increased in coated carrot sticks stored under moderate O2 and CO2 levels, while it was controlled under low O2 and high CO2 levels. The combined application of edible coating containing chitosan and moderate O2 and CO2 levels maintained quality and enhanced phenolic content in carrot sticks., The authors are grateful to CICYT (project AGL2007-65056), CNPq, PRODETAB and FAPEMIG for financial support and Agricola Villena for providing plant material. A. Allende is holder a contract founded by CSIC (E-30-2008-0220871).

Atualmente, a maior parte da produção brasileira de banana é destinada ao mercado interno e, geralmente, é colhida, manuseada e transportada de forma deficiente e inadequada, contribuindo para perdas substanciais na fase pós-colheita. Objetivou-se identificar os tipos e a intensidade de danos mecânicos após a colheita da banana 'Prata-Anã', produzida no Município de Verdelândia (MG) e embalada em caixas de papelão, madeira e plástico. Foram amostradas quatro caixas de banana 'Prata-Anã' em cada etapa da cadeia de comercialização, a saber: antes da colheita, após a primeira lavagem e pré-seleção (1ª piscina da casa de embalagem), após embalagem, após transporte e após distribuição ao mercado varejista em Montes Claros (MG), onde os frutos permaneceram em exposição para vendas por 8 horas. A porcentagem de frutos, área da casca e porcentagem da área da casca danificados aumentou ao longo da cadeia de comercialização. O uso da caixa de papelão proporcionou redução na incidência e intensidade de dano mecânico em relação aos demais tipos de embalagem. Houve alta incidência do dano por abrasão em todas as etapas da cadeia de comercialização. O dano por compressão apresentou grande importância relativa no varejo. Currently, most of the Brazilian production of banana is destined for domestic market and, generally, it is harvested, handled and carried in a deficient and inadequate form, contributing to substantial post harvest losses. This work had the objective of identifying the types and the intensity of mechanical damages after the harvest of 'Prata Anã' banana grown in Verdelândia, MG and put in cardboard, wood and plastic boxes. So, four boxes of banana were evaluated in each stage of the commercialization chain: before harvest, after the first washing and pre-selection (1st swimming pool of the packing house), after packing, after transport and distribution to the retail market in Montes Claros, MG, where the fruits remained in exposition for sale during 8 hours. The percentage of fruits, skin area and percentage of the damaged skin area increased along of the commercialization chain. The use of the cardboard box provided reduction in the incidence and intensity of mechanical damage in relation to the other types of packing. There was high incidence of the damage caused by abrasion in all the stages of the commercialization chain. The damage by compression presented great relative importance in the retail.

Verificou-se a taxa respiratória, a produção de etileno de folhas de couve intactas e minimamente processadas, e a influência do horário de colheita, do resfriamento rápido e da temperatura de sanitização sobre a conservação do produto minimamente processado. Folhas de couve totalmente desenvolvidas foram colhidas às sete e às 14 horas, na horta da UFV, entre 1996 e 2000. O processamento foi realizado logo após a colheita e após a refrigeração (6±1ºC por 8 h). Amostras (200 g) foram acondicionadas em embalagens de poliolefina multicamada, armazenadas a 5±2ºC por 15 dias e foram avaliadas quanto aos teores de vitamina C e atividade de polifenoloxidase (PPO). A taxa respiratória e produção de etileno foram determinadas em folhas intactas e minimamente processadas colocadas em bandejas plásticas e frascos de vidros hermeticamente fechados, e armazenadas durante 24 horas a 1; 5; 10 e 25ºC. A taxa respiratória e a evolução de etileno das folhas de couve inteira aumentaram imediatamente após destacamento da planta mãe. O fatiamento aumentou a taxa respiratória da folha em aproximadamente duas vezes. O aumento da temperatura influenciou significativamente (P

A queda natural de frutos maduros da bananeira, resultado da separação individual de frutos da coroa da penca, também chamada despencamento, é uma característica indesejável, que pode limitar o lançamento de uma nova cultivar. O fruto destacado da penca tem vida de prateleira reduzida, além de não demonstrar boa aparência aos olhos do consumidor. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram quantificar a suscetibilidade à queda natural dos frutos de bananeiras de grupos genômicos e ploidias diferentes, e identificar correlações entre a queda natural e diversas características físicas dos frutos. Foram utilizados 37 genótipos de bananeiras. De acordo com análise de variância e teste de Scott-Knott, os resultados evidenciaram a alta resistência ao despencamento dos genótipos pertencentes ao grupo genômico BB (Butuhan, Piraí e BB França), Terra (AAB), Poteau Nain (tipo figo) (ABB) e Thap Maeo (AAB), enquanto Prata-Anã (AAB), Grande Naine (AAA), Ambrósia (AAAA), Ouro (AA) e FHIA 18 (AAAB) obtiveram valores intermediários de resistência ao despencamento. Com relação às bananeiras suscetíveis, destacam-se os híbridos melhorados Pioneira (AAAB), YB42-21 (AAAB), Buccaneer (AAAA) e Calypso (AAAA) e a cultivar Ouro da Mata (AAAB). Verificou-se associação de 74% entre a firmeza do fruto e a resistência ao despencamento. Os estudos de grupos genômicos e ploidias indicaram maior resistência ao despencamento das bananeiras pertencentes ao grupo BB e dos genótipos triplóides ABB e AAB. Natural fruit dropping of ripe bananas in result of individual separation of fruits from the hand crown, is called finger drop, this characteristic is undesirable and would limit the marketing of new cultivars. Fruits that stand out in the hand have a reduced shelf life, and do not present a pleasant appearance for customers. This study was carried out in order to quantify the susceptibility to natural fruit dropping in fruits from different genomic groups and ploidies, and to identify correlations between natural dropping and various physical fruit characteristics. Diploid, triploid e tetraploid banana plants from several genomic groups were used, altogether 37 genotypes. The physical characteristics were used in a variance analysis and the results compared with the Scott-Knott test. Results proved the high resistance against dropping among genotypes that belong to the genomic group BB (Butuhan, Piraí and BB França), Terra (AAB), Poteau Nain (fig type) (ABB) and Thap Maeo (AAB), while Prata-Anã (AAB), Grande Naine (AAA), Ambrósia (AAAA), Ouro (AA) and FHIA 18 (AAAB) presented intermediate values of dropping resistance. Among banana plants with low resistence, the improved hybrids Pioneira (AAAB), YB42-21 (AAAB), Buccaneer (AAAA) and Calypso (AAAA) and the cultivar Ouro da Mata (AAAB) were outstanding. A higher positive correlation between fruit firmness and resistance toward finger drop could be verified. The study of genotype and ploid groups indicated a greater resistance against dropping among banana plants belonging to the BB group and ABB and AAB triploid genotypes.

Foram determinados o acúmulo de matérias fresca e seca e dos nutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe e Mn em bananas 'Mysore', desde a antese floral da primeira penca feminina até o completo amadurecimento. O desenvolvimento dos frutos foi lento até o 42º dia após a antese, acelerando-se posteriormente. A fase de acúmulo máximo de minerais coincidiu com a de acúmulo máximo de matéria fresca, ou seja, 112 dias após a antese. A ordem de exportação de macronutrientes pelos frutos, em seu estádio de máximo acúmulo de matéria fresca, expressa em kg t-1 de fruto fresco, foi 3,61 para K; 0,98 para N; 0,27 para Mg; 0,19 para P e 0,12 para Ca. Quanto aos micronutrientes, a ordem de exportação, expressa em g t-1 de fruto fresco, foi 7,92 para Mn; 5,99 para Fe e 2,92 para Zn. Em frutos plenamente desenvolvidos, à exceção de Ca, Mn e Zn, todos os nutrientes acumularam-se mais na polpa do que na casca. It was determined fresh matter and the nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn accumulation in banana 'Mysore' fruits, from female cluster anthesis to ripening. The fruit mass increment was slower until 42nd day post-anthesis and became faster later. The maximum nutrient accumulation period coincided with that of the maximum fresh matter accumulation, that happened 112 days post-anthesis. The macronutrients exportation by fruits in the stage of fresh matter maximum accumulation, expressed in kg.t-1 of fresh fruit, was 3.61 to K, 0.98 to N, 0.27 to Mg, 0.19 to P, 0.12 to Ca. The micronutrients exportation, expressed in g.t-1 of fresh fruit, was 7.92 to Mn, 5.99 to Fe and 2.92 to Zn. In completely developed fruits, excepting for Ca, Mn and Zn, all nutrients accumulated more in the pulp than in the peel.

A microbiota contaminante de repolho minimamente processado foi avaliada durante as etapas de sanitização e estocagem sob atmosfera modificada passiva em embalagens com diferentes taxas de permeabilidade a O2 e CO2 e a 1ºC, 5ºC e 12ºC. A sanitização do repolho por 10min., à temperatura ambiente, em soluções sanitizantes de hipoclorito de sódio a 200mgL-1, de composto orgânico clorado a 200mgL-1 ou ácido acético a 1% reduziu em, no máximo, 1,8log10 UFCg-1 a população de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos. A concentração de CO2 no interior das embalagens variou significativamente (P0.05) differences in concentrations of CO2 were found in the interior of the packages during fifteen days of storage. No variation was found in the mesophilic aerobic or anaerobic counts, and psycrotrophic microorganisms during storage at 1ºC and 5ºC for the three packaging materials used. The minimally processed cabbage was in good sensorial conditions for up to 20 days of storage at 1ºC and 5ºC in the packaging materials of high O2 permeability. The samples packed in transparent plastic trays sealed with thermal-shrinking PVC presented undesirable sensorial characteristics on the twentieth day of storage at 5ºC. After five days of storage at 12ºC the fresh-cut cabbage presented evident signs of deterioration, as dark spots, slime and off odor. There was a 3log10 CFUg-1 increase in the aerobic and anaerobic mesophiles and psycrotrophic populations in these samples.

Determinou-se por meio da técnica de mapa de preferência, a aceitabilidade de diferentes cortes de couve minimamente processada. A separação espacial das amostras de couve sugeriu a existência de três grupos, de acordo com a aceitação das mesmas. As amostras de couve minimamente processada que obtiveram aceitação por um maior número de consumidores foram as de 1 e 2 mm de largura. The acceptability of fresh-cut collard leaves chopped in different widths was determined by employing the preference mapping technique. Spatial separation of samples suggested the existence of three groups, according to their acceptability. Fresh-cut samples showing acceptability by a large number of consumers where 1 and 2 mm wide.

A injúria interna de impacto causa redução significativa da qualidade de frutos de tomate. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização do armazenamento sob atmosfera controlada na redução do desenvolvimento de uma desordem de amadurecimento conhecida como injúria interna de impacto. Tomates (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), cv. Solimar, foram colhidos no estádio de amadurecimento verde-maduro e tratados com etileno, por 12 horas, a 20°C. Ao atingirem o estádio verde-rosado, sofreram uma queda de 40 cm de altura sobre uma superfície plana, lisa e maciça. Metade dos frutos foi então armazenada sobre atmosfera controlada (3% O2; 4% CO2; balanço com N2) por 8 dias a 20°C e 85-95% de umidade relativa, e então foram transferidos para atmosfera ambiente até completamente maduros. A outra metade dos frutos foi mantida continuamente em atmosfera ambiente à mesma temperatura e umidade relativa. Quando estavam completamente maduros, os frutos que sofreram injúria mecânica, armazenados sob atmosfera controlada e sob atmosfera ambiente, desenvolveram sintomas de injúria interna de impacto no tecido locular. O armazenamento sob atmosfera controlada não produziu efeitos significativos no conteúdo de vitamina C total e carotenóides totais para o pericarpo e o tecido locular injuriados. Entretanto, o tecido locular injuriado do tratamento armazenado sob atmosfera controlada possuía acidez titulável 15% superior (ao redor de 162 meq ácido cítrico. kg-1) do que o tratamento sob atmosfera ambiente (ao redor de 140 meq ácido cítrico. kg-1) e era similar ao tratamento não injuriado, armazenado em atmosfera ambiente (ao redor de 174 meq ácido cítrico. kg-1). O tecido pericárpico da região injuriada possuía atividade da poligalacturonase similar para os tratamentos armazenados sob ar ou sob atmosfera controlada. O extravasamento de eletrólitos do pericarpo injuriado foi similar para os tratamentos sob atmosfera ambiente e atmosfera controlada (ao redor de 50%) e de cerca de 40% para os tecidos não-injuriados em ambos os tratamentos de armazenamento. A utilização de armazenamento sob atmosfera controlada não retardou ou impediu as alterações de qualidade observadas, nas condições experimentais, de frutos submetidos a injurias mecânicas de impacto. The present work was carried out to evaluate the application of delayed ripening (employing controlled atmosphere (CA) storage) to minimize or alleviate the development of the ripening disorder known as internal bruising. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruits, cv. Solimar, were harvested at the mature-green stage and gassed with 100 mL.L-1 of ethylene at 20°C to screen out immature-harvested fruits. Breaker stage tomatoes were either dropped from a 40 cm height to induce internal bruising or not dropped. Half of the two treatments was stored in CA (3% O2; 4% CO2; balance N2) for 8 days at 20°C and 85-95% relative humidity, then transferred to air until completely ripe. The other tomatoes were stored continuously in air at the same temperature and RH. At the ripe stage, dropped tomatoes from CA or continuous air treatments developed visible symptoms of internal bruising in locule tissues. The ripening treatments did not have significant differences in vitamin C, or total carotenoids for bruised locule or pericarp tissues. However, bruised locule tissue from CA storage had titratable acidity 15% higher (about 162 meq citric acid. kg-1) than air storage (about 140 meq citric acid kg-1), and was similar to air-stored, unbruised locule tissue (about 174 meq citric acid kg-1). Pericarp tissue from the impacted region had similar PG activity for CA or air treatments. Electrolyte leakage of bruised, pericarp tissue was similar for CA and air storage (about 50%) and about 40% for unbruised tissues from either storage treatment. Controlled atmospehere storage was not an effective way of delaying or alleviating changes in quality observed in bruised tomato fruits.

Estudou-se o efeito da temperatura de armazenamento e do processamento mínimo sobre a atividade da fenilalanina amônia-liase (PAL), peroxidase (POD) e polifenol oxidase (PPO), em folhas de couve (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) por 15 e 9 dias, nas condições de 5 ± 1oC e de 10 ± 1oC, respectivamente. O amarelecimento e a perda de turgescência foram as principais causas para a redução da qualidade visual das folhas inteiras, enquanto nas folhas minimamente processadas apresentaram também, escurecimento, que coincidiu com o aumento na atividade da POD e PPO nas duas temperaturas estudadas. A atividade da PAL em folhas minimamente processadas mantidas a 5oC mais que dobrou até o segundo dia de conservação em relação às conservadas a 10oC. O processamento mínimo influenciou a atividade da PAL, POD e PPO. Todas as enzimas avaliadas, aumentaram a atividade durante a conservação, seja no início, no caso da PAL, ou no final, para a PPO e POD, indicando que as mudanças no metabolismo fenólico desempenha um papel importante no declínio da qualidade de couve. A conservação a 5oC retardou as alterações no metabolismo fenólico, embora nessa temperatura, a atividade da PAL foi maior, em grandeza numérica, em relação às folhas armazenadas à 10oC. We studied the effects of storage temperature on the activities of phenylalanine ammonia- lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in minimally processed kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) that was stored for 15 and 9 days at 5 ± 1oC and 10 ± 1oC, respectively. The main visual evidence for quality loss in whole leaves was yellowing and loss of turgescence. Minimally processed leaves presented significant browning, indicating increased POD and PPO activities. The PAL activity in minimally processed leaves stored at 5oC was fourfold higher than that of whole leaves after two days of storage. We showed that minimal processing influenced PAL, POD and PPO activities. The activity of all enzymes studied increased during storage, indicating that changes in phenolic metabolism play an important role in the decline of kale quality. PAL activity increased rapidly at the beginning of storage and exhibited a reduced rate of increase over time, while the PPO and POD activities increased continuously over time. The storage at 5 ° C was a great ally in delaying changes in phenolic metabolism; however, the absolute PAL activity was higher at 5 than at 10oC.

Frutos de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), cv. Solar Set, foram colhidos no estádio verde-maduro (100% da superfície com coloração verde) e tratados com 100 µL.L-1 de etileno gasoso a 20°C. Após atingirem o estádio verde-rosado (menos de 10% da superfície do fruto com coloração vermelha ou amarelo-tanino), parte dos frutos foram submetidos a uma queda de 0,40 m sobre uma superfície plana e lisa. Posteriormente, os frutos submetidos ao impacto e os não-submetidos foram armazenados a 20°C e 85-95% de umidade relativa até estarem completamente amadurecidos. Os frutos com e sem injúrias mecânicas foram então colocados individualmente no frasco de amostragem do "nariz eletrônico" e os doze sensores iniciaram a detecção dos compostos emanados pelos frutos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise discriminante multivariada. O grau de dissimilaridade entre os tratamentos foi definido utilizando-se a distância de Mahalanobis. As diferenças encontradas nos frutos com e sem injúria mecânica foram significativas (P

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruit, cv. Solar Set, were harvested at the mature-green stage and gassed with 100 mg·kg–1 of ethylene at 20 °C. At the breaker stage, fruit were held by vacuum to avoid fruit rotation and dropped from a 40 cm height on a metallic, solid, smooth surface. Following impact, fruit were stored at 20 °C and 85% to 95% relative humidity until table-ripe stage. Bruised and unbruised fruit were then placed individually inside the electronic nose-sampling vessel and the 12 conducting polymer sensors were lowered into the vessel and exposed to the volatile given off by the fruit. Data were analyzed employing multivariate discriminant analysis (MVDA), which maximizes the variance between treatments. The degree of dissimilarity was defined using the Mahalanobis distance and posterior probabilities were calculated to accurate re-classification of cases. The differences found between bruised and unbruised fruit were highly significant (P < 0.0041). The Mahalanobis distance between groupings (28.19 units) was a dramatic indicative of the differences between the two treatments. The re-classification of bruised and unbruised fruit using a single linear discriminant function was highly accurate, being 1.0 for both bruised and unbruised fruit. The electronic nose proved to be a useful tool to nondestructively identify and classify tomato fruit exposed to harmful postharvest practices such as mechanical injuries. However, there are still some factors that must be investigated, including system stability and the development of specific sensors for specific commodities.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruits, cv. Solarset, were harvested at the mature-green stage and treated with 50 μL/L ethylene at 20C. Breaker fruits (

Suspension-cultured pear fruit cells produce low levels of ethylene during growth and division in auxin containing medium. When deprived of auxin, division gradually ceases and ethylene production falls to barely discernible levels. However, notable ethylene production can now be induced by indoleacetic acid, CuCl 2 , or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. If the auxin-deprived cells are transferred to `aging9 medium that lacks auxin but contains 0.4 molar mannitol, inducible ethylene production increases several-fold reaching levels of 40 to 60 nanoliters/10 6 cells per hour. Maximum inducible ethylene productivity is attained at varying times (1-6 days) after transfer to aging medium and appears to be temporally related to cell survival, i.e. the time of subsequent cell death. It is argued that auxin depletion initiates senescence which, in turn, leads to a transient increase in inducible ethylene production and eventual death. The limitations and potentials of the suspension-cultured pear cells as a system for the study of cellular senescence are discussed.

Auxin-deprived, mannitol-supplemented, suspension-cultured pear (Pyrus communis L. Passe Crassane) fruit cells produce large quantities (20-40 nanoliters ethylene per 10(6) cells per hour) of ethylene in response to auxins, CuCl(2) or 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Maximum rates of production are achieved about 12 hours after the addition of optimal amounts of indoleacetic acid (IAA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4 to 5 hours after the addition of CuCl(2) and 1 to 2 hours after the addition of ACC. Supraoptimal concentrations of IAA result in a lag phase followed by a normal response. High concentrations of NAA and 2,4-D result in an early (4-5 hours) stress response and injury.Continuous protein and RNA synthesis are essential for elaboration of the full IAA response; only protein synthesis is necessary for the response to CuCl(2) and ACC. Based on polysomal states and rates of amino acid incorporation, CuCl(2) partially inhibits protein synthesis while nonetheless stimulating ethylene production. In general, ethylene production by the pear cells resembles that of other plant systems. Some differences may reflect the sensitivity of the cells and are discussed. The relatively high levels of ethylene produced and the experimental convenience of the cultured cells should make them especially suitable for further investigations of ethylene production and physiology.

Application of 400 ppm aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) to pear trees 6 and 2 weeks before harvest resulted in marked but variable inhibition of postharvest ripening at 20°C. AVG amplified the usual nonuniformity in the initiation of ripening exhibited by freshly harvested fruit. Prolonged storage of the fruit at 0 to 2°c counteracted the inhibitory effects with resultant rapid and uniform ripening upon transfer to 20°c. However, a physiological nonuniformity as reflected by wide differences in internal C2H4 concentration persisted well beyond the time when threshold levels for the initiation of ripening had been reached by all fruit. Probable relationships between AVG effects, cold storage, and C2H4 are illustrated diagrammatically.