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This paper explains the role of metrics and their important contribution in assessing how far a system is with respect to a target. This is even more important to establish a common language and to drive an organization towards goals being sure at the same time each part of the organization itself is aligned. Measuring performances through a shared and accepted metric is even more critical as a tool to achieve the continuous improvement of traded solutions, design parameters, and processes. It allows one to quantify how much a system is currently providing in terms of outputs and to plan the next steps to achieve the expected performances if a misalignment is detected. Metrics, compared with targets, make the appraiser able to measure advances and next actions to deploy. This paper proposes a system of metrics to drive the choice of design parameters of both physical and non-physical systems (human organizations for instance) through the decomposition. In this context the quality function deployment links back the design parameters to customer needs through the found system of metrics and provides a tool for assessing the goodness of found solutions.

The main information systems design techniques focus, almost exclusively, on the functional requirements of the system to be implemented. In its standard formulation, axiomatic design has such characteristics. However, in complex operational environments, this can lead to the identication of functionally valid solutions, but do not perfectly adhere to the system's nonfunctional requirements. In specic operational contexts, particularly in information systems design, neglecting nonfunctional requirements has been identied as a major threat to projects, which can prevent their proper utilization throughout the design process. In this paper, we focus on nonfunctional requirements in axiomatic design, whose impact assessments can only be performed according to a heuristic basis, i.e., by expert judgment. However, the value assignment by experts can lead to a decisional indeterminacy or cognitive bias. To overcome these limitations, we propose the adoption of a methodological approach based on a reinterpretation of the information axiom of axiomatic design in terms of a multi-criteria decision problem. This approach allows the formal inclusion of nonfunctional requirements in the design process, which can be accomplished by setting them as evaluation attributes to achieve the robust design solution. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to evaluate alternative design solutions based on the information theory of entropy, which then comply with the nonfunctional requirements. We illustrate our approach by a case study, which implements the process of managing patients in home care and compare it with the mathematical-based analytic hierarchy process method proposed in the literature. According to our method, the robust solution is computed in just a single step saving signicant computational cost with respect to the iterative-based analytic hierarchy process method. In this perspective, the proposed approach can support information systems designers in decision making as it allows to select the most suitable solution for the context in which it must operate.

In this second part, the essay focuses on a real case about the functional decomposition of the application, already dealt in Part 1. The real case described here is about the system design process for the 2016 tax return certification compilation. The input elements of this functional decomposition process are the compilation instructions, the project constraints and the clusters of non-conformity. The proposed method enables to select, on each analysis level, the robust decomposition among the possible substantial decompositions, such as the configuration with the minimum data content. The measure of the system's data content was determined using the technique of function point. The aim is to provide software designers with a robust logical design of the system, in order to respect the fiscal deadlines, satisfying the user's requirements and guarantee a solution of the problems in the operating environment. The proposed application has a strong pro-active value, as it leads to the development of ad hoc solutions, avoiding the implementation of unnecessary data entry that does not provide any benefit neither for the taxpayer, nor to the withholding agent. This approach also allows having the necessary technical documentation at hand, to plan and monitor the implementation of the time of action, thus facilitating the system adaptation in the years to come.

I caratteri del regime giuridico dei beni culturali pubblici: assenza di riserva, specialità di disciplina, sottoposizione ai poteri ministeriali. I singoli aspetti del regime giuridico dei beni culturali pubblici: a) le regole di individuazione; b) le misure di protezione e di conservazione (ivi comprese le norme in tema di uscita dal territorio nazionale); c) le limitazioni alla circolazione giuridica; d) la destinazione alla fruizione pubblica

The game of soccer has offered matter of wide scientific analysis about the effective application of the game theory in real-life. The field observations have often detected divergent behaviors from theoretical predictions. The basic problem comes from the fact that it is difficult to build scientific models reflecting reality as closely as possible. Axiomatic Design offers us a powerful tool of rational decomposition of a real and complex issue into elementary components. Independence Axiom guarantees that game decomposition will define a set of elementary actions logically consistent and free of redundancies. At the same time, Information Axiom can allow to select among alternative strategies, those that they predict the actions with a higher probability rate of success. In this paper, it is suggested the use of the Axiomatic Design methodology in the Collectively Exhaustive and Mutually Exclusive (CEME) mode, as a tool of analysis of the penalty shoot-out in extra time. This methodology allows to define the game strategies for goalkeepers and penalty takers. It will be analyzed both, the case when the opponents' behavior is well known and the situation when the statistics about the opponents are unknown. Axiomatic Design allows the process of decomposition to be simplified, enabling the selection of optimal game strategies. These strategies correspond to Nash’s equilibrium solutions when you already know about your opponents' game behavior. On the contrary, when penalty takers whose behavior is unknown, then it is always possible to define a strategy corresponding to the Bayesian equilibrium game solutions.

We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of two alternative direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment policies in a real-life cohort of hepatitis C virus–infected patients: policy 1, “universal,” treat all patients, regardless of fibrosis stage; policy 2, treat only “prioritized” patients, delay treatment of the remaining patients until reaching stage F3. A liver disease progression Markov model, which used a lifetime horizon and health care system perspective, was applied to the PITER cohort (representative of Italian hepatitis C virus–infected patients in care). Specifically, 8,125 patients naive to DAA treatment, without clinical, sociodemographic, or insurance restrictions, were used to evaluate the policies’ cost-effectiveness. The patients’ age and fibrosis stage, assumed DAA treatment cost of €15,000/patient, and the Italian liver disease costs were used to evaluate quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) of policy 1 versus policy 2. To generalize the results, a European scenario analysis was performed, resampling the study population, using the mean European country-specific health states costs and mean treatment cost of €30,000. For the Italian base-case analysis, the cost-effective ICER obtained using policy 1 was €8,775/QALY. ICERs remained cost-effective in 94%-97% of the 10,000 probabilistic simulations. For the European treatment scenario the ICER obtained using policy 1 was €19,541.75/QALY. ICER was sensitive to variations in DAA costs, in the utility value of patients in fibrosis stages F0-F3 post–sustained virological response, and in the transition probabilities from F0 to F3. The ICERs decrease with decreasing DAA prices, becoming cost-saving for the base price (€15,000) discounts of at least 75% applied in patients with F0-F2 fibrosis. Conclusion: Extending hepatitis C virus treatment to patients in any fibrosis stage improves health outcomes and is cost-effective; cost-effectiveness significantly increases when lowering treatment prices in early fibrosis stages. (Hepatology 2017;66:1814–1825).

L’equilibrio di genere nella normativa europea costituisce una tematica di estrema importanza, sia di per sé, sia per il ruolo che essa ha svolto nell’evoluzione verso l’integrazione europea. In questo scritto sono esaminati gli sviluppi che si sono susseguiti nella normativa di genere a livello europeo e i problemi che tuttora sembrano irrisolti.

Nel contributo si affronta il tema della parità di genere nelle pubbliche amministrazioni, nelle società pubbliche e nei collegi professionali. In particolare, il contributo si concentra sul rispetto della parità di genere ai vertici delle pubbliche amministrazioni e sulla figura della consigliera/del consigliere di parità, oltre che sulla disciplina delle quote di genere nei consigli di amministrazione e nei collegi sindacali delle società pubbliche.

In recent years the Italian tax system has been affected by significant changes. Important legislative reforms have revolutionized the relationship between citizens and public administration. These changes tried to simplify the relationship between citizens and public administration, reducing the burden of bureaucracy on the lives of citizens and businesses. To simplify the completion of income statement taxpayers, the Italian Revenue Agency started to use precompiled statement from 2015. However, many manual actions are still necessary to correct or complete the statement. This paper focuses on the improvement of compilation and control of income certifications in order to reduce non-compliance poured into precompiled statements. The proposed method aims to improve the process by introducing a robust procedure based on Axiomatic Design that is able to quantify the information content of a software project by measuring the information content through the Function Point technique. The developed approach will be able to prevent the generation of non-compliances. In this way, to identify possible critical situations in a proactive way and to avoid classes of non-conformities, it will be possible to optimize the data compilation process to verify compliance with the technical specifications of the Italian Revenue Agency. The goal of the proposed approach is to simplify the collection of fiscal data and create a clearer path for taxpayers.

In the last few years, the Italian Welfare State has suffered from the effects of the serious economic crisis. The crisis has hastened the need to cut down the public expenditures. The current study focuses on the improvement of the effectiveness, the efficiency and the inexpensiveness of those processes related to the management of the tax services provided by medium/large withholding agents. The proposed method aims to improve handling Non-Conformities in a process, by introducing a project plan based on the Axiomatic Design methodology. This method aids in producing a set of robust planning solutions for a wide range of issues. Starting from the reported issues emailed to the Customer Support Service of the process, it is possible to catalogue the encountered issues through an Holistic Non Conformity Reduction approach, so that introduces such a level of abstraction necessary to define Non-Conformities of process in a basic and logical way. Then, we turn to the Axiomatic Design methodology in an iterative way and we find the set of planning solutions, which are more logically suitable to the operating context. In practice, this allows innovative and sustainable clustering approaches, making the development of proactive lessons learned possible. These can be used both in the development and in debugging of the information systems supporting the process management, ensuring an enhanced robustness against the frequent changes related to legislative measures and the forecasts adopted.