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The article deals with the history of research on the biological productivity of forests in Republic of Karelia as a methodological basis for the modern field of research into the components of carbon balance in forests. Particular attention is paid to the review of the studies of the researchers of the Forest Institute of the Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences from the moment of its formation to the present. The studies of the structure and stocks of phytomass, organic matter and carbon in different components of forest ecosystems, as well as biological aspects of the productivity of the republic’s forests are considered. Some results and prospects of studying the carbon balance in the forests of Eastern Fennoscandia at the current stage of the Institute’s activities are discussed. The references list the main studies in this research field.

Expanded phosphorus availability possibly triggered a marine bioproduction boom after 2.3 billion years ago, but its delivery mechanisms remain unclear. Here we propose a kaolinite shuttle which efficiently adsorbs phosphorus in continental weathering settings and releases it under marine conditions.

In this Article, we outline the concepts of international law that relate to cases of individual liability as well as to contradictions in the international legal system and provide the possibility to understand the legal aspects that emerge from certain conditions. Present international law is primarily based on the notion ofindependent international duty (majorly of governments and international organisations). This definition often does not provide a substantive or institutional tool for the distribution of responsibilities between a majority of participants in circumstances where contributions to negative results can not be applied on the basis of the particular cause of each person. The main tasks of the article is firstly to identify and define the main historical background and concepts that allow us to assess the law pertaining to individual responsibility and to conceptualize the relevant practice of the International Criminal court as well as to discuss the potentials and limits of the current framework of international responsibility in dealing with situations of both collective and individual responsibility.

The present research paper analyzes national legislation of Ukraine regarding legalization of Gambling, compare the Laws of foreign countries regarding main mechanism of regulations: UK, Italy, Spain, Austria, Australia. The authors investigate the problems of legal regulation of gambling, as well as analyze the main reasons for the rapid development of the illegal gambling sector. The systematic analysis of the national and international legislation is carried out, the statistical report on a condition is analyzed of art. 203-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provides for criminal liability for gambling. The authors conducted the generalization of the practice of regulating gambling in foreign countries, the expediency of legalization with detailed regulation and control over the activities of gambling organizers. In this article, we review some principles of qualitative data collection, analysis, and strategic planning to help scientists, lawyers, and law students interested in conducting research in their practice to continue their learning in this area.

The results of sedimentological core analysis of the Achimov Formation (Upper Valanginian, Lower Cretaceous) confirm that it was formed by higher efficiency systems of submarine fans in (relatively) deep marine basin. Lithofacies models of Ach5-6 were generated, well correlation was performed based on the comprehensive analysis of core, well logging and seismic data. Distributary channels and proximal parts of depositional lobes are characterized by the best reservoir properties.

The present research paper describes the most traditional ways of today’s massmarketing financial crimes such as fraud. Digital banking is now used daily for checking account data, making purchases, paying the bills, transfer money, print statements, etc. Online fraud is a crime committed with on-line software to unlawfully allocate money from both bank' and payment systems' account and/or transfer money to another bank account. Banks are not so much targeted in today's world, there's a lot of money in cyberspace, in modern digital systems and data networks. The main task of this article is to determine the most common forms of online financial crimes, such as “Hacking” or electronic transmission unintended for the interceptor, such as passwords, credit card information, or other types of identity theft. The article discusses the features of legal regulation and the activities of the Ukraine to protect citizens form Internet frauds and to avoid Internet scams, phishing and other cybercrimes in Internet. In this article, we review some principles of qualitative data collection, analysis, and strategic planning to help scientists, lawyers, and law students interested in conducting research in their practice to continue their learning in this area.

Third-order nonlinear susceptibilities χ3−2ω;ω,ω,0 and χ3−ω;ω,−ω,ω responsible for electric-field-induced second harmonic generation and the optical Kerr effect were measured and directly compared for tellurite and chalcogenide glasses. The nonlinear coefficients were found by measuring the second harmonic radiation from samples under the action of an external field of terahertz pulses and by the classical z-scan technique, respectively. The influence of ambient air and helium gas on second harmonic generation was analyzed. It was demonstrated that both susceptibilities χ3−2ω;ω,ω,0 and χ3−ω;ω,−ω,ω have close absolute values, which shows the dominant role of nonresonant electronic nonlinearity in the studied glasses.

Recently, promising results have been achieved in improving the sensitivity to ammonia in gas sensors through the use of structures composed of heterojunctions or nanochannels. However, their sensitivity is highly dependent on the background humidity under air conditions. The sensor structures which could ensure selective ammonia detection with a low detection limit, despite interference from changing background humidity, remain highly demanded. In this work, we consider sensing units containing (i) nanochannels formed by a continuous tungsten oxide nanolayer to appear in contact between single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and a Pt sublayer and (ii) SWCNT-Pt junctions in frames of mass-scale microelectronic technologies. SWCNTs were deposited by spray-coating on a thin WO3/Pt/W sublayer formed by a photolithographic pattern to be accompanied by satellite samples with just SWCNTs for reference purposes. We elucidate the specific differences that appeared in the response of sensors based on SWCNT-Pt junctions and WO3 nanochannels relative to satellite SWCNT samples with a similar SWCNT network density. Particularly, while a similar response to NH3 vapors mixed with dry air is observed for each sensor type, the response to NH3 is reduced significantly in the presence of background humidity, of 45 rel.%, especially in the case of WO3 nanochannel structures even at room temperature. A multisensor array based on the four various sensing structures involving SWCNT-Pt junctions, WO3 nanochannels, and their satellite-only-SWCNT ones allowed us to determine a correct ammonia concentration via utilizing the linear discriminant analysis despite the presence of background air humidity. Thus, such an energy-efficient multisensor system can be used for environmental monitoring of ammonia content, health monitoring, and other applications.

The paper presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of zeolite, including enriched with amino acids, in the cultivation of millet. The study was carried out on the experimental field of Ulyanovsk State Agrarian University in 2019 by the following scheme: 1. Control, 2. Zeolite 500 kg/ha, 3. Zeolite enriched with amino acids, 500 kg/ha. In 2020, the following options were introduced into the experimental scheme. Control, 2. Zeolite 250 kg/ha, 3. Zeolite 500 kg/ha, 4. Zeolite enriched with amino acids, 250 kg/ha 5. Zeolite enriched with amino acids, 500 kg/ha. The soil was typical medium loamy chernozem. Zeolite and zeolite fertilizers have a positive effect on the agrophysical, water-physical and agrochemical properties of the soil. The content of agronomically valuable aggregates in the arable layer increased by 5.7 and 11.5 %, respectively; the reserves of productive moisture by 9-11 mm, the amount of mineral nitrogen by 0.5 and 6.5 mg/kg, available phosphorus increased by 9 and 16 mg/kg, potassium – per 6 and 8 mg/kg of soil. The use of zeolite enriched with amino acids in a dose of 500 mg/kg increased the grain yield by more than one ton per hectare with a significant increase in environmental safety. For the cultivation of millet, it is most feasible to use zeolite enriched with amino acids in a dose of 250 kg/ha.

Tropospheric chemistry of halogens and organic carbon over tropical oceans modifies ozone and atmospheric aerosols, yet atmospheric models remain largely untested for lack of vertically resolved measurements of bromine monoxide (BrO), iodine monoxide (IO) and small oxygenated hydrocarbons like glyoxal (CHOCHO) in the tropical troposphere. BrO, IO, glyoxal, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), water vapor (H2O) and O2–O2 collision complexes (O4) were measured by the University of Colorado Airborne Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (CU AMAX-DOAS) instrument, aerosol extinction by high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL), in situ aerosol size distributions by an ultra high sensitivity aerosol spectrometer (UHSAS) and in situ H2O by vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) hygrometer. Data are presented from two research flights (RF12, RF17) aboard the National Science Foundation/National Center for Atmospheric Research Gulfstream V aircraft over the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean (tEPO) as part of the "Tropical Ocean tRoposphere Exchange of Reactive halogens and Oxygenated hydrocarbons" (TORERO) project (January/February 2012). We assess the accuracy of O4 slant column density (SCD) measurements in the presence and absence of aerosols. Our O4-inferred aerosol extinction profiles at 477 nm agree within 6% with HSRL in the boundary layer and closely resemble the renormalized profile shape of Mie calculations constrained by UHSAS at low (sub-Rayleigh) aerosol extinction in the free troposphere. CU AMAX-DOAS provides a flexible choice of geometry, which we exploit to minimize the SCD in the reference spectrum (SCDREF, maximize signal-to-noise ratio) and to test the robustness of BrO, IO and glyoxal differential SCDs. The RF12 case study was conducted in pristine marine and free tropospheric air. The RF17 case study was conducted above the NOAA RV Ka'imimoana (TORERO cruise, KA-12-01) and provides independent validation data from ship-based in situ cavity-enhanced DOAS and MAX-DOAS. Inside the marine boundary layer (MBL) no BrO was detected (smaller than 0.5 pptv), and 0.2–0.55 pptv IO and 32–36 pptv glyoxal were observed. The near-surface concentrations agree within 30% (IO) and 10% (glyoxal) between ship and aircraft. The BrO concentration strongly increased with altitude to 3.0 pptv at 14.5 km (RF12, 9.1 to 8.6° N; 101.2 to 97.4° W). At 14.5 km, 5–10 pptv NO2 agree with model predictions and demonstrate good control over separating tropospheric from stratospheric absorbers (NO2 and BrO). Our profile retrievals have 12–20 degrees of freedom (DoF) and up to 500 m vertical resolution. The tropospheric BrO vertical column density (VCD) was 1.5 × 1013 molec cm−2 (RF12) and at least 0.5 × 1013 molec cm−2 (RF17, 0–10 km, lower limit). Tropospheric IO VCDs correspond to 2.1 × 1012 molec cm−2 (RF12) and 2.5 × 1012 molec cm−2 (RF17) and glyoxal VCDs of 2.6 × 1014 molec cm−2 (RF12) and 2.7 × 1014 molec cm−2 (RF17). Surprisingly, essentially all BrO as well as the dominant IO and glyoxal VCD fraction was located above 2 km (IO: 58 ± 5%, 0.1–0.2 pptv; glyoxal: 52 ± 5%, 3–20 pptv). To our knowledge there are no previous vertically resolved measurements of BrO and glyoxal from aircraft in the tropical free troposphere. The atmospheric implications are briefly discussed. Future studies are necessary to better understand the sources and impacts of free tropospheric halogens and oxygenated hydrocarbons on tropospheric ozone, aerosols, mercury oxidation and the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere.

There was studied the effects of ingot geometry changes on axial shrinkage. The investigation was carried out on the basis of 65-t ingot solidification computer simulation.

The algorithms for geometrical computer modelling of space framed structures are discussed in the paper. These algorithms are implemented by the authors in computer software. The software is based on geometrical analysis and visualization of selected types of structural systems based on unified prototypes and includes the feature of combining prototypes, thus creating complex spatial framed systems.

With support of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) and other funding organizations, the Fennoscandia Arctic Russia – Drilling Early Earth Project (FAR-DEEP) operations have been successfully completed during 2007. A total of 3650 meters of core have been recovered from fifteen holes drilled through sedimentary and volcanic formations in Fennoscandia (Fig. 1), recording several global environmental changes spanning the time interval 2500–2000 Ma, including the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) (Holland, 2002). The core was meanwhile curated and archived in Trondheim, Norway, and it has been sampled by an international team of scientists.

No abstract available. doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.9.04.2010

Because fossil fuel derived CO2 is the only source of atmospheric CO2 that is devoid of 14C, atmospheric measurements of Δ14CO2 can be used to constrain fossil fuel emission estimates at local and regional scales. However, at the continental scale, uncertainties in atmospheric transport and other sources of variability in Δ14CO2 may influence the fossil fuel detection capability. We present a set of Δ14CO2 observations from the train-based TROICA-8 expedition across Eurasia in March–April 2004. Local perturbations in Δ14CO2 are caused by easily identifiable sources from nuclear reactors and localized pollution events. The remaining data show an increase in Δ14CO2 from Western Russia (40° E) to Eastern Siberia (120° E), consistent with depletion in 14CO2 caused by fossil fuel CO2 emissions in heavily populated Europe, and gradual dispersion of the fossil fuel plume across Northern Asia. Other trace gas species which may be correlated with fossil fuel CO2 emissions, including carbon monoxide, sulphur hexafluoride, and perchloroethylene, were also measured and the results compared with the Δ14CO2 measurements. The sulphur hexafluoride longitudinal gradient is not significant relative to the measurement uncertainty. Carbon monoxide and perchloroethylene show large-scale trends of enriched values in Western Russia and decreasing values in Eastern Siberia, consistent with fossil fuel emissions, but exhibit significant spatial variability, especially near their primary sources in Western Russia. The clean air Δ14CO2 observations are compared with simulated spatial gradients from the TM5 atmospheric transport model. We show that the change in Δ14CO2 across the TROICA transect is due almost entirely to emissions of fossil fuel CO2, but that the magnitude of this Δ14CO2 gradient is relatively insensitive to modest uncertainties in the fossil fuel flux. In contrast, the Δ14CO2 gradient is more sensitive to the modeled representation of vertical mixing, suggesting that Δ14CO2 may be a useful tracer for training mixing in atmospheric transport models.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Obesity is a rising problem among adolescents in modern societies; it results in long-term cardio-metabolic problems. Possible overlooked drivers of obesity and its consequent cardio-metabolic deficits include videogame addiction and the resulting curtailed sleep; both are growing problems among adolescents. The objective of this study is to examine possible associations among these concepts in adolescents, as a means to point to plausible interventions. METHODS:Data were collected from 94 adolescents who play videogames and are enrolled in outpatient clinics, using surveys, wearable sleep monitors (FitBit), physical exams, and blood tests at three points in time. These data were subjected to structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses and bootstrapping-based mediation testing procedures. RESULTS:Videogame addiction among adolescents was negatively associated with sleep duration (β = -0.24). Sleep duration was negatively associated with obesity (β = -0.30), which in turn was associated with elevated blood pressure (β = 0.26), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = -0.18), high triglycerides (β = 0.61), and high insulin resistance (β = 0.39). The model explained 36.2% of the variation in sleep duration, 32.7% of the variation in obesity, and between 12.8% and 28.1% of the variation in cardio-metabolic indicators. Post-hoc analyses indicated that curtailed sleep is a possible full mediator of the association between videogame addiction, abdominal obesity and the associated cardio-metabolic deficits. CONCLUSION:The findings point to possible information systems use lifestyle-health links, which behooves researchers and practitioners to pay closer attention to possible adverse health outcomes of technology-related addictions. Interventions that target problematic video-gaming and sleep should be devised as a possible means for improving adolescents' long-term cardio-metabolic health.