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1. Amniotic Membrane Patching to Assist Closure of Recalcitrant Macular Holes

Author

Jessica Lee, Michael Chua, Michael Jansen, Jerome Giovinazzo, Brittany Powell, Avnish Deobhakta, Amanda Wong, Daniel Zhu, Philip J. Ferrone, Ronald Gentile, Gennady Landa, Alan Dayan, Aryeh Pollack, and Richard Rosen

Abstract

Background and Objective: This study reports a case series of patients with persistent macular holes (MHs) who underwent human amniotic membrane subretinal placement to achieve successful anatomic MH closure. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective case series of patients with persistently open full-thickness MHs who underwent human amniotic membrane placement. Patients were observed up to 6 months postoperatively. Results: Ten patients were included. The mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 1.6 logMAR (20/800). Postoperatively, mean best-corrected visual acuity improved to 1.3 logMAR (20/400) at 1 month and 1.1 logMAR (20/250) by the 3- and 6-month visits. In all cases, the MH appeared closed at the 1-week visit and remained closed at their last follow-up. Optical coherence tomography showed closure in all cases. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Human amniotic membrane sub-retinal placement may serve as a useful surgical technique to assist in the closure of recalcitrant macular holes. [ Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2023;54:218–222.]

Published
2023
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2. Learning from Video Games (and Everything Else)

Author

Douglas A. Gentile and J. Ronald Gentile

Abstract

Video games can have many effects on players, some of which could be intentional effects (e.g., games designed to train health compliance behaviors), and most of which are unintentional (e.g., violent games, stereotypes, gaming disorder). Some of these areas of research have been seen as controversial, but many of the controversies can be at least partially resolved by considering the learning mechanisms underlying the effects. We describe the General Learning Model in greater detail than has been provided elsewhere, including short-term and long-term mechanisms, processes of learning and forgetting, and moderators of learning. Video games use many of the best practices to train for both mastery and for transfer of learning. The implications for re-interpreting the literature on violent video games and gaming disorder, as well as for applied social psychology broadly defined, are discussed.

Published
2021
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3. Natural History of Drusenoid Pigment Epithelial Detachment Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Author

Jeannette J. Yu, Elvira Agrón, Traci E. Clemons, Amitha Domalpally, Freekje van Asten, Tiarnan D. Keenan, Catherine Cukras, Emily Y. Chew, Frederick L. Ferris, John Paul SanGiovanni, Traci Clemons, Anne Lindblad, Robert Lindblad, Nilay Shah, Robert Sperduto, Wendy McBee, Gary Gensler, Molly Harrington, Alice Henning, Katrina Jones, Kumar Thotapally, Diana Tull, Valerie Watson, Kayla Williams, Christina Gentry, Francine Kaufman, Chris Morrison, Elizabeth Saverino, Sherrie Schenning, Barbara Blodi, Ronald P. Danis, Matthew Davis, Kathy Glander, Gregory Guilfoil, Larry D. Hubbard, Kristine Johnson, Ronald Klein, Barbara Nardi, Michael Neider, Nancy Robinson, Eileen Rosensteel, Hugh Wabers, Grace Zhang, Alan J. Ruby, Antonio Capone, Bawa Dass, Kimberly Drenser, Bruce R. Garretson, Tarek S. Hassan, Michael Trese, George A. Williams, Jeremy Wolfe, Tina Bell, Mary Zajechowski, Dennis Bezaire, Fran McIver, Anthony Medina, Jackie Pagett, Stephanie Hatch Smith, Lynn Swartz, Tom Treuter, Andrew Antoszyk, Justin Brown, David J. Browning, Walter Holland, Angella Karow, Kelly Stalford, Angela Price, Sarah Ennis, Sherry Fredenberg, Jenna Herby, Uma Balasubramaniam, Loraine Clark, Donna McClain, Michael McOwen, Lynn Watson, Michael Klein, Steven T. Bailey, Thomas J. Hwang, Andreas Lauer, J. Timothy Stout, Patty McCollum, Milt Johnson, Patrick B. Rice, Ivana Kim, John Loewenstein, Joan Miller, Lucia Sobrin, Lucy Young, Jacqueline Sullivan, Patricia Houlihan, Linda Merry, Ann Marie Lane, Ursula Lord Bator, Claudia Evans, Sarah Brett, Charleen Callahan, Marcia Grillo, David Walsh, Kamella Lau Zimmerman, Gary Edd Fish, Rajiv Anand, Lori E. Coors, Dwain G. Fuller, Rand Spencer, Robert C. Wang, Karen Duignan, Sally Arceneaux, Hank Aguado, Nicholas Hesse, Michael Mackens, Brian Swan, Wai T. Wong, Monica Dalal, Naima Jacobs-El, Catherine Meyerle, Benjamin Nicholson, Henry Wiley, Katherine Hall Shimel, Angel Garced, Janice Oparah, Greg Short, Alana Temple, Babilonia Ayukawa, Guy Foster, Darryl Hayes, Dessie Koutsandreas, Roula Nashwinter, John Rowan, Michael Bono, Denise Cunningham, Marilois Palmer, Alicia Zetina, David H. Orth, Kourous Rezaei, Joseph Civantos, Sohail Hasan, Kirk Packo, Celeste Figliulo, Pam Stanberry, Tara Farmer, Kiersten Nelson, Shannya Townsend-Patrick, Philip Rosenfeld, Royce Chen, Rishi Doshi, Sander Dubovy, Brian T. Kim, Matthew Lowrance, Andrew Moshfeghi, Zayna Nahas, Gary Schienbaum, John Vishak, Christina Weng, Zohar Yehoshua, Belen Rodriguez, Jose Rebimbas, Jane Gleichauf, Mike Kicak, Jason Mena, Tim Odem, Elizabeth Sferza-Camp, Alicia Disgdiertt, Jim Oramas, Isabel Rams, Stephanie Thatcher, Susan B. Bressler, Neil M. Bressler, Daniel Finkelstein, Steven H. Sherman, Sharon Solomon, Howard S. Ying, Rita Denbow, Deborah Phillips, Elizabeth Radcliffe, Judy Belt, Dennis Cain, David Emmert, Mark Herring, Jacquelyn McDonald, G. Baker Hubbard, Chris S. Bergstrom, Blaine Cribbs, Andrew Hendrick, Brandon Johnson, Philip Laird, Sonia Mehta, Timothy Olsen, Justin Townsend, Jion Yan, Steven Yeh, Linda Curtis, Judy Brower, Hannah Yi, Jannah Rutter Dobbs, Debbie Jordan, Michael J. Elman, Robert A. Liss, JoAnn Starr, Jennifer Belz, Charlene Putzulo, Teresa Coffey, Ashley Davis, Pamela Singletary, Giorya Shabi Andreani, Theresa Cain, Daniel Ketner, Peter Sotirakos, Suresh Chandra, Barbara A. Blodi, Michael M. Altaweel, Justin L. Gottlieb, Michael Ip, T. Michael Nork, Thomas S. Stevens, Kathryn Burke, Shelly Olson, Kristine Dietzman, Barbara Soderling, Guy Somers, Angie Wealti, Denise Krolnik, John Peterson, Sandra Reed, Thomas Friberg, Andrew Eller, Denise Gallagher, Leanne Labriola, Melissa Pokrifka, Aron Gedansky, Natalie Anthony, Cassandra Grzybowski, Dawn Matthews, Sharon Murajda-Jumba, Jessica Toro, David G. Callanan, Wayne A. Solley, Patrick Williams, Sandy Lash, Bob Boleman, Chris Dock, Michel Shami, Brenda Arrington, Ashaki Meeks, Alan R. Margherio, Paul Raphaelian, Debra Markus, Justin Langdon, Elizabeth Truax, Sandy Lewis, Brad Terry, Amy Noffke, Kean Oh, Ramin Sarrafizadeh, Scott Sneed, Julie Hammersley, Serena Neal, Mary Doran, Nan Jones, Lisa Preston, Heather Jessick, Tanya Tracy Marsh, Michael Tolentino, Adam Berger, Richard Hamilton, David Misch, Suk Jin Moon, Dawn Sutherland, Vera Dilts, Sara Henderson, Esmeralda Medina, Donald Trueman, Laura Holm, Jason Strickland, Darmakusuma Ie, Jeffrey L. Lipkowitz, Kekul B. Shah, Susan Geraghty, Beverly Sannazzaro, Morgan Harper, Krista Bayer, Mary B. Lansing, Lauren B. Fox, Rebecca Lee, Jay B. Stallman, Michael Jacobson, Sean Koh, Scott Lampert, John Miller, Mark Rivellese, Atul Sharma, Robert A. Stoltz, Stephanie Vanderveldt, Leslie Marcus, Starr Hendricks, Ryan Hollman, Grethel Betanzos, Leslie Ellorin, Shelly Fulbright, Debbie McCormick, Paul A. Edwards, Julianne Hall, Mary Monk, Melanie Gutkowski, Melina Mazurek, Janet Murphy, Katherine Gusas, Crystal Moffett, David Burley, Nicole Chesney, Katie Kilgo, Brian Rusinek, Bradley Stern, Tracy Troszak, Rhonda Baker-Levingston, Carl W. Baker, Tracey Caldwell, Tammy Walker, Lynnette F. Lambert, Tracey Martin, Mary Jill Palmer, Tana Williams, Michael A. Novak, Joseph Coney, David G. Miller, Scott Pendergast, Lawrence Singerman, Nicholas Zakov, Hernando Zegarra, Kim DuBois, Susan Rath, Lori Revella, Tammy Brink, Kim Drury, Lisa Hogue, Mary Ilc, Connie Keller, Elizabeth McNamara, Vivian Tanner, Tamara Cunningham, John DuBois, Gregg Greanoff, Trina Nitzsche, Sheila Smith-Brewer, Ricky D. Isernhagen, John W. Kitchens, Thomas W. Stone, William J. Wood, Diana Holcomb, Virginia Therrien, Michelle Buck, Jeanne Van Arsdall, Edward Slade, Todd E. Schneiderman, David J. Spinak, Jackie Gaedke, Heather Davis Brown, Dan Helgren, Jenifer Garrison Pangelinan, Lawrence Halperin, Scott Anagnoste, Mandeep Dhalla, Krista Rosenberg, Barry Taney, W. Scott Thompson, Jaclyn Lopez, Monica Hamlin, Monica Lopez, Jamie Mariano, Evelyn Quinchia, Patricia Aramayo, Rita Veksler, Michael Lee, Richard Dreyer, Irvin Handelman, Colin Ma, Mark Peters, Stephen Hobbs, Amanda Milliron, Marcia Kopfer, Michele Connaughton, A. Christine Hoerner, R. Joseph Logan, Harry J. Wohlsein, David Boyer, Thomas G. Chu, Pouya Dayani, David Liao, Roger L. Novack, Firas M. Rahhal, Richard Roe, Homayoun Tabandeh, Janet Bayramyan, Tammy Gasparyan, Connie Hoang, Janet Kurokouchi, Tammy Eileen Lo, Richard Ngo, Mary Ann Nguyen, Michael Peyton, Charles Yoon, Julio Sierra, Adam Zamboni, Jeff Kessinger, Eric Protacio, Adam Smucker, Pamela Rath, Robert Bergren, Bernard Doft, Judy Liu, Karl Olsen, Lori Merlotti, Willia Ingram, Kellianne Marfisi, Kimberly Yeckel, Heather Schultz Carmelo, Amanda Fec, Keith McBroom, David Steinberg, Marc Levy, Jody Abrams, Melvin Chen, Waldemar Torres, Peggy Jelemensky, Mark Prybylski, Tara Raphael, Diana Appleby, Charlotte Rodman, Mark Sneath, Robert H. Rosa, Vanessa Hoelscher, Adelia Castano, Jocelyn Parker, John Hoskins, Nicholas Anderson, Joseph Googe, Tod A. McMillan, James Miller, Stephen Perkins, Kristina Oliver, Jennifer Beerbower, Bruce Gilliland, Cecile Hunt, Mike Jacobus, Raul Lince, Christopher Morris, Sarah Oelrich, Jerry Whetstone, Clement K. Chan, Steven Lin, Kim Walther, Tiana Gonzales, Lenise Myers, Kenneth Huff, David M. Brown, Eric Chen, Matthew S. Benz, Richard H. Fish, Rosa Y. Kim, James Major, Tien Pei Wong, Charles Wycoff, Cassandra Cone, Debbie Goates Gilaspia, Nubia Landaverde, Robert Smith, Deneva Zamora, Veronica Sneed, Melina Vela, Eric Kegley, Craig Greven, Shree Kurup, Charles Richards, Madison Slusher, Cara Everhart, Joan Fish, Mark Clark, David Miller, Marshall Tyler, J. Michael Jumper, Arthur D. Fu, Robert N. Johnson, Brandon Lujan, H. Richard McDonald, Rosa Rodriguez, Nina Ansari, Jeanifer Joaquin, Silvia Linares, Lizette Lopez, Jessica Sabio, Sean Grout, Chad Indermill, Yesmin Urias, Roberto Zimmerman, Linda Margulies, Sara J. Schmidt, Joy L. Meier, Sherry L. Hadley, William Rosenthal, Barbara Johnson, Lois Swafford, Richard Shields, R. Scott Varner, Richard Rosen, Ronald Gentile, Melissa Rivas, Katy W. Tai, Wanda Carrasquillo-Boyd, Robert Masini, Glenn Stoller, Ken Carnevale, Diane M. LaRosa, Barbara Burger, Tereza Conway, Carla Del Castillo, Julissa Diaz, Susan Jones, Nina Mondoc, Charlene Balfour, C.H. Vitha, Jennifer Lutz, Barbara McGinley, Fadi El Baba, Ann Marie Lavorna, Renee Jones, Jean Lewis, Ruth Tenzler, Mary Salvas-Mladek, Diane Van Kesteren, W. Copley McLean, W. Zachery Bridges, Cameron Stone, Denise Ammons, Mary Lamy, Andrea Menzel, Lea Doll Raymer, Barbara Campbell, Lisa Hawkins, Leslie Rickman, Lorraine Sherlin, Paula Price, Albert Sinyai, Ronald Kingsley, Reagan H. Bradford, Robert E. Leonard, Sonny Icks, Vanessa Bergman, Brittany Ross, Russ Burris, Amanda Butt, Rob Richmond, Alice Lyon, Manjot Gill, Lee Jampol, Rukhsana Mizra, Zuzanna Rozenbajgier, Jeremy Chapman, Lori Kaminski, Andrea Degillio, Evica Simjanoski, Jeffrey Heier, Hyung Cho, Tina Scheufele Cleary, Darin Goldman, Chirag Shah, Trexler Topping, Marissa Weber, Torsten Wiegand, Jeremy Schindelheim, Joy Bankert, Jennifer Stone, Alison Nowak, Sandy Chong, Lindsay Williams, Steven Bennett, Dennis Donovan, Margaret Graham, Cullen Jones, Anne Fung, Jan-Kristine Bayabo, Razelda Bosch, Esperanza Cruz, Ashley Emerson, Alycia Fleming, Denice Barsness, Jorge Rodriguez, Marina Soboleva, Ingrid U. Scott, Esther Bowie, Kimberly A. Neely, David A. Quillen, Laura Walter, Timothy Bennett, James Strong, John Wells, Lloyd Clark, David Johnson, Peggy Miller, Mallie Taylor, Tiffany Swinford, Robbin Spivey, Michael Banach, Lawrence Ho, Richard Lanning, Thomas R. Pheasant, Jay G. Prensky, Steven Truong, Julia Teatsworth, Michelle Dietrich, Ann Wasilus, Ann Miller, Megan Rakes, Teresa Slagle, Michelle Richards, Patricia Schuessler, Lacy Stover, Paul Beer, Naomi S. Falk, Mary Beth Shannon, Jeannie Olmeda, Don Berdeen, Joseph F. Fisher, James Folk, Stephen Russell, Barbara Taylor, Connie Hinz, Jean Walshire, Heather Stockman, Bruce Critser, Stefani Karakas, Cindy Montague, Randy Verdick, Omesh Gupta, Joseph Maguire, Christopher Brady, Francis Char DeCroos, Michael Dollin, Sunir Garg, Adam Gerstenblith, Julia Haller, Allen C. Ho, Jason Hsu, Richard Kaiser, John Pitcher, Carl Regillo, Rajiv Shah, Marc Spirn, William Tasman, James Vander, Noga Senderowitsch, Michele Formoso, Michelle Markun, Cedric George, Christina Centinaro, Lisa Grande, Stefanie Carey, Elaine Liebenbaum, SriniVas Sadda, Mark Humayun, Rachel Sierra, Elizabeth Corona, Margaret Padilla, Moonseok Nu, Sylvia Ramos, Cullen Barnett, Glenn Currie, Cornelia Gottlieb, Richard Garfinkel, Daniel Berinstein, Marcus Colyer, William Deegan, Michael Min-Shyue Lai, Robert Murphy, Michael Osman, Michael Rivers, Reginald Sanders, Manfred A. von Fricken, Debbie Oliver, Jeanne Kirshon, Tanya Alexander Snowden, Thomas Blondo, Alysia Cronise, Vanessa Denny, Kylie Mendez, Janine Newgen, Justin Davis, Mike Flory, Robert Frantz, Bryan Murphy, Steve Rauch, Judy E. Kim, Jane Bachman, Thomas B. Connor, Dennis P. Han, Kimberly Stepian, David V. Weinberg, William J. Wirostko, Krissa Packard, Tracy Kaczanowski, Vesper Williams, Vicki Barwick, Judy Flanders, Dennis Backes, Joe Beringer, Kristy Keller, Kathy Selchert, Paul Bernstein, Michael Teske, Albert Vitale, Susan Allman, Bonnie Carlstrom, Kimberley Wegner, Anne Haroldsen, Deborah Harrison, Cyrie Fry, James Gilman, Glen Jenkins, Paula Morris, Michael Rauser, Joseph Fan, Mukesh Suthar, Gisela Santiago, Kara Rollins Halsey, Christy Quesada, William Kiernan, Jesse Knabb, Richard Alan Lewis, Cindy Dorenbach, Steven Spencer, Dana Barnett, Joseph Morales, Barron C. Fishburne, Jeffrey G. Gross, Michael A. Magee, Amy Flowers, Angie McDowell, Randall Price, Suber Huang, Johnny Tang, Shawn Wilker, Cherie Hornsby, Lisa Ferguson, Kirk Krogstad, Riva Adamovsky, Peggy Allchin, Kathleen Carlton, Claudia Clow, Kelly Sholtis, Stephanie Burke, Mark Harrod, Stacie Hrvatin, Geoffrey Pankhurst, Nelson R. Sabates, Michael Cassell, Komal Desai, Abraham Poulose, Felix Sabates, Yin Chen, Gary Gallimore, Yolanda Konior, Nicola Kim, Sami Uwaydat, Deborah Troillett, Karen Aletter, Robert N. Frank, Gary Abrams, James Puklin, Asheesh Tewari, Cheryl Milanovic, Melanie Bailey, David Griffith, Dena McDonald, Kit Morehead, Zlatan Sadikovic, Lisa Schillace, Elizabeth Silvis, Brian Joondeph, Nancy Christmas, Alan Kimura, Mimi Liu, Stephen Petty, John Zilis, Jenny Benitez, Cassandra Berryman Catlett, Eric Fluegel, Shane Mowry, Hoang Nguyen, David Reflow, Odette M. Houghton, Seema Garg, Maurice B. Landers, Travis Meredith, Sandy Barnhart, Megha Karmalkar, Debra Cantrell, Rona Lyn Esquejo-Leon, Linda Manor, Sue Pope, David Stines, Amelia Stokely, Dean Hainsworth, Dyann Helming, Debbie Eichelberger, Mary Paige Leaton, Chuck Hamm, Edward Chaum, Alessandro Iannaccone, Barbara Jennings, Tracy Murray, Joe Mastellone, Robert Millay, Brian Kim, Theresa Goddard, Liza Jarrett Beaudette, Nina Changelian-Aitken, Fernando Corrada, Jason Dubuque, Raymond Iezzi, Sophie J. Bakri, Jose S. Pulido, Diane Vogen, Rebecca Nielsen, Karin Berg, Jean Burrington, Shannon Howard, Joan Overend, Zbigniew Krason, Denise Lewison, Thomas Link, Kevin J. Blinder, Nicholas E. Engelbrecht, M. Gilbert Grand, Daniel P. Joseph, Gaurav K. Shah, Bradley Smith, Matthew Thomas, Rhonda Weeks, Lynda Boyd, Dana Gabel, Ron Adelman, John Huang, James Kempton, Aaron Parnes, Jennifer Dupont, Elizabeth Perotti, Victoria Donaldson, Kenneth Fong, Pamela Ossorio, Anita Agarwal, Paul Sternberg, Sandy Owings, Tony Adkins, Elaine Lok, Garvin Munn, Buddy Skellie, Neelakshi Bhagat, Monique S. Roy, Marco Zarbin, Catherine Fay, Michael Lazar, Beth Malpica, Tatiana Mikheyav, Lawrence Ulanski, Jennifer Lim, Marcia Niec, Tametha Johnson, Yesenia Ovando, Catherine Nail Carroll, Mark Janowicz, Steven Schwartz, David Cupp, Michael Gorin, Gad Heilweil, Hamid Hosseini, Jean-Pierre Hubschman, Allan Kreiger, Tara Young McCannel, Carolyn Pan, David Sarraf, Irena Tsui, Joshua Udoetek, Vinad Voleti, Logan Hitchcock, Rosaleen Ostrick, Melissa Chun, Jennie Kageyama, Nilo Davila, Kristin Lipka, Christina Shin, Cynthia Owsley, Michael Albert, Richard Feist, John Mason, Martin Thomley, Angelia Johnson, Tracy Emond, Joanna Hamela, Angela Marsh, Karen Searcey, Kia Rookard, Yu-Guang He, Rafael L. Ufret-Vincenty, Mike Molai, William Anderson, John Horna, Alan Letson, Colleen Cebulla, Susie Chang, Fred Davidorf, Jill Salerno, Laura Sladoje, Christina Stetson, Jeri Perry, Scott Savage, Cynthia Toth, Glenn Jaffe, Stefanie Schuman, Neeru Sarin, Jim Crowell, Tiffanie Keaton, Michael Kelly, Brian Lutman, Marriner Skelly, Lauren Welch, Lawrence Morse, Allan Hunter, Susanna Soon-Chun Park, Cynthia Wallace, Ember Dhillon, Marisa Salvador, Barbara Holderreed, Karishma Chandra, Sashi Kaur, Ellen Redenbo, Smiley Hom, Michael Cooney, Irene Barbazetto, James M. Klancnik, John A. Sorenson, Lawrence Yannuzzi, Maria Scolaro, Eugene Agresta, Nancy Gonzalez, Sandeep Grover, K.V. Chalam, Shailesh Gupta, Christopher Lyons, Wenhua Li, Chirag Patel, Jose Carrion, Henry Ferreyra, Amberly Rodriguez, Iliana Molina, Gabriel Balea, Pam Emory, Marlene Rico, Giorgio Siqueiros, Alexander J. Brucker, Joshua Dunaief, Juan Grunwald, Benjamin Kim, Albert M. Maguire, Brian VanderBeek, Sheri Drossner, Joan DuPont, Rebecca Salvo, Jim Berger, Cheryl Devine, Bill Nyberg, Laurel Weeney, David DiLoreto, Mina Chung, Valerie Davis, Peter MacDowell, George O. Gara, Daniel Castillo, Andrea Czubinski, Melissa Keim, Brandi Hardy, Rachel Grunhaus Hollar, Lynn Schueckler, Alice T. Lyon, Aaron Weinberg, Mira Shiloach, Nicole Pelkofer, Qin Zhou, Laura McPoland, Rajendra Apte, P. Kumar Rao, Sam Pistorius, Jamie Kambarian, Eve Adcock, Sarah Gould, Melanie Quinn, Rhonda Curtis, Amy Frost, Charla Meyer, and Greg Rathert

Subjects
0303 health sciences, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, genetic structures, business.industry, Eye disease, Hazard ratio, Age-Related Eye Disease Study, Retrospective cohort study, Fundus (eye), Macular degeneration, medicine.disease, eye diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Ophthalmology, 0302 clinical medicine, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, medicine, sense organs, medicine.symptom, Prospective cohort study, business, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Purpose To investigate the natural history and genetic associations of drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment (DPED) associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort study. Participants Of the 4203 Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) participants, 391 eyes (325 participants) had DPED without late AMD at the time of DPED detection. Genetic analyses included 120 white AREDS2 participants and 145 Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) participants with DPED. Methods Baseline and annual stereoscopic fundus photographs were graded centrally to detect DPED, a well-defined yellow elevated mound of confluent drusen ≥433 μm in diameter, and to evaluate progression rates to late AMD: geographic atrophy (GA) and neovascular (NV)-AMD. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (CFH [rs10611670], C3 [rs2230199], CFI [rs10033900], C2/CFB [rs114254831], ARMS2 [rs10490924]) and genetic risk score (GRS) group were investigated for association with DPED development. Kaplan–Meier analyses and multivariable proportional hazard regressions were performed. Main Outcome Measures Progression rates to late AMD and decrease of ≥3 lines in visual acuity (VA) from the time of DPED detection; association of rate of DPED development with genotype. Results Mean (standard deviation [SD]) follow-up time from DPED detection was 4.7 (0.9) years. DPED was associated with increased risk of progression to late AMD (hazard ratio [HR], 2.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.98–2.82; P Conclusions This study replicates the results of previous natural history studies of eyes with DPED including the high rates of progression to late AMD and vision loss (regardless of progression to late AMD). The genetic associations are consistent with genes associated with AMD progression.

Published
2019
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4. Progression of Geographic Atrophy in Age-related Macular Degeneration

Author

Tiarnan D. Keenan, Elvira Agrón, Amitha Domalpally, Traci E. Clemons, Freekje van Asten, Wai T. Wong, Ronald G. Danis, SriniVas Sadda, Philip J. Rosenfeld, Michael L. Klein, Rinki Ratnapriya, Anand Swaroop, Frederick L. Ferris, Emily Y. Chew, John Paul SanGiovanni, Traci Clemons, Anne Lindblad, Robert Lindblad, Nilay Shah, Robert Sperduto, Wendy McBee, Gary Gensler, Molly Harrington, Alice Henning, Katrina Jones, Kumar Thotapally, Diana Tull, Valerie Watson, Kayla Williams, Christina Gentry, Francine Kaufman, Chris Morrison, Elizabeth Saverino, Sherrie Schenning, Barbara Blodi, Ronald P. Danis, Matthew Davis, Kathy Glander, Gregory Guilfoil, Larry D. Hubbard, Kristine Johnson, Ronald Klein, Barbara Nardi, Michael Neider, Nancy Robinson, Eileen Rosensteel, Hugh Wabers, Grace Zhang, Alan J. Ruby, Antonio Capone, Bawa Dass, Kimberly Drenser, Bruce R. Garretson, Tarek S. Hassan, Michael Trese, George A. Williams, Jeremy Wolfe, Tina Bell, Mary Zajechowski, Dennis Bezaire, Fran McIver, Anthony Medina, Jackie Pagett, Stephanie Hatch Smith, Lynn Swartz, Tom Treuter, Andrew Antoszyk, Justin Brown, David J. Browning, Walter Holland, Angella Karow, Kelly Stalford, Angela Price, Sarah Ennis, Sherry Fredenberg, Jenna Herby, Uma Balasubramaniam, Loraine Clark, Donna McClain, Michael McOwen, Lynn Watson, Michael Klein, Steven T. Bailey, Thomas J. Hwang, Andreas Lauer, J. Timothy Stout, Patty McCollum, Milt Johnson, Patrick B. Rice, Ivana Kim, John Loewenstein, Joan Miller, Lucia Sobrin, Lucy Young, Jacqueline Sullivan, Patricia Houlihan, Linda Merry, Ann Marie Lane, Ursula Lord Bator, Claudia Evans, Sarah Brett, Charleen Callahan, Marcia Grillo, David Walsh, Kamella Lau Zimmerman, Gary Edd Fish, Rajiv Anand, Lori E. Coors, Dwain G. Fuller, Rand Spencer, Robert C. Wang, Karen Duignan, Sally Arceneaux, Hank Aguado, Nicholas Hesse, Michael Mackens, Brian Swan, Catherine Cukras, Monica Dalal, Naima Jacobs-El, Catherine Meyerle, Benjamin Nicholson, Henry Wiley, Katherine Hall Shimel, Angel Garced, Janice Oparah, Greg Short, Alana Temple, Babilonia Ayukawa, Guy Foster, Darryl Hayes, Dessie Koutsandreas, Roula Nashwinter, John Rowan, Michael Bono, Denise Cunningham, Marilois Palmer, Alicia Zetina, David H. Orth, Kourous Rezaei, Joseph Civantos, Sohail Hasan, Kirk Packo, Celeste Figliulo, Pam Stanberry, Tara Farmer, Kiersten Nelson, Shannya Townsend-Patrick, Philip Rosenfeld, Royce Chen, Rishi Doshi, Sander Dubovy, Brian T. Kim, Matthew Lowrance, Andrew Moshfeghi, Zayna Nahas, Gary Schienbaum, John Vishak, Christina Weng, Zohar Yehoshua, Belen Rodriguez, Jose Rebimbas, Jane Gleichauf, Mike Kicak, Jason Mena, Tim Odem, Elizabeth Sferza-Camp, Alicia Disgdiertt, Jim Oramas, Isabel Rams, Stephanie Thatcher, Susan B. Bressler, Neil M. Bressler, Daniel Finkelstein, Steven H. Sherman, Sharon Solomon, Howard S. Ying, Rita Denbow, Deborah Phillips, Elizabeth Radcliffe, Judy Belt, Dennis Cain, David Emmert, Mark Herring, Jacquelyn McDonald, G. Baker Hubbard, Chris S. Bergstrom, Blaine Cribbs, Andrew Hendrick, Brandon Johnson, Philip Laird, Sonia Mehta, Timothy Olsen, Justin Townsend, Jion Yan, Steven Yeh, Linda Curtis, Judy Brower, Hannah Yi, Jannah Rutter Dobbs, Debbie Jordan, Michael J. Elman, Robert A. Liss, JoAnn Starr, Jennifer Belz, Charlene Putzulo, Teresa Coffey, Ashley Davis, Pamela Singletary, Giorya Shabi Andreani, Theresa Cain, Daniel Ketner, Peter Sotirakos, Suresh Chandra, Barbara A. Blodi, Michael M. Altaweel, Justin L. Gottlieb, Michael Ip, T. Michael Nork, Thomas S. Stevens, Kathryn Burke, Shelly Olson, Kristine Dietzman, Barbara Soderling, Guy Somers, Angie Wealti, Denise Krolnik, John Peterson, Sandra Reed, Thomas Friberg, Andrew Eller, Denise Gallagher, Leanne Labriola, Melissa Pokrifka, Aron Gedansky, Natalie Anthony, Cassandra Grzybowski, Dawn Matthews, Sharon Murajda-Jumba, Jessica Toro, David G. Callanan, Wayne A. Solley, Patrick Williams, Sandy Lash, Bob Boleman, Chris Dock, Michel Shami, Brenda Arrington, Ashaki Meeks, Alan R. Margherio, Paul Raphaelian, Debra Markus, Justin Langdon, Elizabeth Truax, Sandy Lewis, Brad Terry, Amy Noffke, Kean Oh, Ramin Sarrafizadeh, Scott Sneed, Julie Hammersley, Serena Neal, Mary Doran, Nan Jones, Lisa Preston, Heather Jessick, Tanya Tracy Marsh, Michael Tolentino, Adam Berger, Richard Hamilton, David Misch, Suk Jin Moon, Dawn Sutherland, Vera Dilts, Sara Henderson, Esmeralda Medina, Donald Trueman, Laura Holm, Jason Strickland, Darmakusuma Ie, Jeffrey L. Lipkowitz, Kekul B. Shah, Susan Geraghty, Beverly Sannazzaro, Morgan Harper, Krista Bayer, Mary B. Lansing, Lauren B. Fox, Rebecca Lee, Jay B. Stallman, Michael Jacobson, Sean Koh, Scott Lampert, John Miller, Mark Rivellese, Atul Sharma, Robert A. Stoltz, Stephanie Vanderveldt, Leslie Marcus, Starr Hendricks, Ryan Hollman, Grethel Betanzos, Leslie Ellorin, Shelly Fulbright, Debbie McCormick, Paul A. Edwards, Julianne Hall, Mary Monk, Melanie Gutkowski, Melina Mazurek, Janet Murphy, Katherine Gusas, Crystal Moffett, David Burley, Nicole Chesney, Katie Kilgo, Brian Rusinek, Bradley Stern, Tracy Troszak, Rhonda Baker-Levingston, Carl W. Baker, Tracey Caldwell, Tammy Walker, Lynnette F. Lambert, Tracey Martin, Mary Jill Palmer, Tana Williams, Michael A. Novak, Joseph Coney, David G. Miller, Scott Pendergast, Lawrence Singerman, Nicholas Zakov, Hernando Zegarra, Kim DuBois, Susan Rath, Lori Revella, Tammy Brink, Kim Drury, Lisa Hogue, Mary Ilc, Connie Keller, Elizabeth McNamara, Vivian Tanner, Tamara Cunningham, John DuBois, Gregg Greanoff, Trina Nitzsche, Sheila Smith-Brewer, Ricky D. Isernhagen, John W. Kitchens, Thomas W. Stone, William J. Wood, Diana Holcomb, Virginia Therrien, Michelle Buck, Jeanne Van Arsdall, Edward Slade, Todd E. Schneiderman, David J. Spinak, Jackie Gaedke, Heather Davis Brown, Dan Helgren, Jenifer Garrison Pangelinan, Lawrence Halperin, Scott Anagnoste, Mandeep Dhalla, Krista Rosenberg, Barry Taney, W. Scott Thompson, Jaclyn Lopez, Monica Hamlin, Monica Lopez, Jamie Mariano, Evelyn Quinchia, Patricia Aramayo, Rita Veksler, Michael Lee, Richard Dreyer, Irvin Handelman, Colin Ma, Mark Peters, Stephen Hobbs, Amanda Milliron, Marcia Kopfer, Michele Connaughton, A. Christine Hoerner, R. Joseph Logan, Harry J. Wohlsein, David Boyer, Thomas G. Chu, Pouya Dayani, David Liao, Roger L. Novack, Firas M. Rahhal, Richard Roe, Homayoun Tabandeh, Janet Bayramyan, Tammy Gasparyan, Connie Hoang, Janet Kurokouchi, Tammy Eileen Lo, Richard Ngo, Mary Ann Nguyen, Michael Peyton, Charles Yoon, Julio Sierra, Adam Zamboni, Jeff Kessinger, Eric Protacio, Adam Smucker, Pamela Rath, Robert Bergren, Bernard Doft, Judy Liu, Karl Olsen, Lori Merlotti, Willia Ingram, Kellianne Marfisi, Kimberly Yeckel, Heather Schultz Carmelo, Amanda Fec, Keith McBroom, David Steinberg, Marc Levy, Jody Abrams, Melvin Chen, Waldemar Torres, Peggy Jelemensky, Mark Prybylski, Tara Raphael, Diana Appleby, Charlotte Rodman, Mark Sneath, Robert H. Rosa, Vanessa Hoelscher, Adelia Castano, Jocelyn Parker, John Hoskins, Nicholas Anderson, Joseph Googe, Tod A. McMillan, James Miller, Stephen Perkins, Kristina Oliver, Jennifer Beerbower, Bruce Gilliland, Cecile Hunt, Mike Jacobus, Raul Lince, Christopher Morris, Sarah Oelrich, Jerry Whetstone, Clement K. Chan, Steven Lin, Kim Walther, Tiana Gonzales, Lenise Myers, Kenneth Huff, David M. Brown, Eric Chen, Matthew S. Benz, Richard H. Fish, Rosa Y. Kim, James Major, Tien Pei Wong, Charles Wycoff, Cassandra Cone, Debbie Goates Gilaspia, Nubia Landaverde, Robert Smith, Deneva Zamora, Veronica Sneed, Melina Vela, Eric Kegley, Craig Greven, Shree Kurup, Charles Richards, Madison Slusher, Cara Everhart, Joan Fish, Mark Clark, David Miller, Marshall Tyler, J. Michael Jumper, Arthur D. Fu, Robert N. Johnson, Brandon Lujan, H. Richard McDonald, Rosa Rodriguez, Nina Ansari, Jeanifer Joaquin, Silvia Linares, Lizette Lopez, Jessica Sabio, Sean Grout, Chad Indermill, Yesmin Urias, Roberto Zimmerman, Linda Margulies, Sara J. Schmidt, Joy L. Meier, Sherry L. Hadley, William Rosenthal, Barbara Johnson, Lois Swafford, Richard Shields, R. Scott Varner, Richard Rosen, Ronald Gentile, Melissa Rivas, Katy W. Tai, Wanda Carrasquillo-Boyd, Robert Masini, Glenn Stoller, Ken Carnevale, Diane M. LaRosa, Barbara Burger, Tereza Conway, Carla Del Castillo, Julissa Diaz, Susan Jones, Nina Mondoc, Charlene Balfour, C.H. Vitha, Jennifer Lutz, Barbara McGinley, Fadi El Baba, Ann Marie Lavorna, Renee Jones, Jean Lewis, Ruth Tenzler, Mary Salvas-Mladek, Diane Van Kesteren, W. Copley McLean, W. Zachery Bridges, Cameron Stone, Denise Ammons, Mary Lamy, Andrea Menzel, Lea Doll Raymer, Barbara Campbell, Lisa Hawkins, Leslie Rickman, Lorraine Sherlin, Paula Price, Albert Sinyai, Ronald Kingsley, Reagan H. Bradford, Robert E. Leonard, Sonny Icks, Vanessa Bergman, Brittany Ross, Russ Burris, Amanda Butt, Rob Richmond, Alice Lyon, Manjot Gill, Lee Jampol, Rukhsana Mizra, Zuzanna Rozenbajgier, Jeremy Chapman, Lori Kaminski, Andrea Degillio, Evica Simjanoski, Jeffrey Heier, Hyung Cho, Tina Scheufele Cleary, Darin Goldman, Chirag Shah, Trexler Topping, Marissa Weber, Torsten Wiegand, Jeremy Schindelheim, Joy Bankert, Jennifer Stone, Alison Nowak, Sandy Chong, Lindsay Williams, Steven Bennett, Dennis Donovan, Margaret Graham, Cullen Jones, Anne Fung, Jan-Kristine Bayabo, Razelda Bosch, Esperanza Cruz, Ashley Emerson, Alycia Fleming, Denice Barsness, Jorge Rodriguez, Marina Soboleva, Ingrid U. Scott, Esther Bowie, Kimberly A. Neely, David A. Quillen, Laura Walter, Timothy Bennett, James Strong, John Wells, Lloyd Clark, David Johnson, Peggy Miller, Mallie Taylor, Tiffany Swinford, Robbin Spivey, Michael Banach, Lawrence Ho, Richard Lanning, Thomas R. Pheasant, Jay G. Prensky, Steven Truong, Julia Teatsworth, Michelle Dietrich, Ann Wasilus, Ann Miller, Megan Rakes, Teresa Slagle, Michelle Richards, Patricia Schuessler, Lacy Stover, Paul Beer, Naomi S. Falk, Mary Beth Shannon, Jeannie Olmeda, Don Berdeen, Joseph F. Fisher, James Folk, Stephen Russell, Barbara Taylor, Connie Hinz, Jean Walshire, Heather Stockman, Bruce Critser, Stefani Karakas, Cindy Montague, Randy Verdick, Omesh Gupta, Joseph Maguire, Christopher Brady, Francis Char DeCroos, Michael Dollin, Sunir Garg, Adam Gerstenblith, Julia Haller, Allen C. Ho, Jason Hsu, Richard Kaiser, John Pitcher, Carl Regillo, Rajiv Shah, Marc Spirn, William Tasman, James Vander, Noga Senderowitsch, Michele Formoso, Michelle Markun, Cedric George, Christina Centinaro, Lisa Grande, Stefanie Carey, Elaine Liebenbaum, Mark Humayun, Rachel Sierra, Elizabeth Corona, Margaret Padilla, Moonseok Nu, Sylvia Ramos, Cullen Barnett, Glenn Currie, Cornelia Gottlieb, Richard Garfinkel, Daniel Berinstein, Marcus Colyer, William Deegan, Michael Min-Shyue Lai, Robert Murphy, Michael Osman, Michael Rivers, Reginald Sanders, Manfred A. von Fricken, Debbie Oliver, Jeanne Kirshon, Tanya Alexander Snowden, Thomas Blondo, Alysia Cronise, Vanessa Denny, Kylie Mendez, Janine Newgen, Justin Davis, Mike Flory, Robert Frantz, Bryan Murphy, Steve Rauch, Judy E. Kim, Jane Bachman, Thomas B. Connor, Dennis P. Han, Kimberly Stepian, David V. Weinberg, William J. Wirostko, Krissa Packard, Tracy Kaczanowski, Vesper Williams, Vicki Barwick, Judy Flanders, Dennis Backes, Joe Beringer, Kristy Keller, Kathy Selchert, Paul Bernstein, Michael Teske, Albert Vitale, Susan Allman, Bonnie Carlstrom, Kimberley Wegner, Anne Haroldsen, Deborah Harrison, Cyrie Fry, James Gilman, Glen Jenkins, Paula Morris, Michael Rauser, Joseph Fan, Mukesh Suthar, Gisela Santiago, Kara Rollins Halsey, Christy Quesada, William Kiernan, Jesse Knabb, Richard Alan Lewis, Cindy Dorenbach, Steven Spencer, Dana Barnett, Joseph Morales, Barron C. Fishburne, Jeffrey G. Gross, Michael A. Magee, Amy Flowers, Angie McDowell, Randall Price, Suber Huang, Johnny Tang, Shawn Wilker, Cherie Hornsby, Lisa Ferguson, Kirk Krogstad, Riva Adamovsky, Peggy Allchin, Kathleen Carlton, Claudia Clow, Kelly Sholtis, Stephanie Burke, Mark Harrod, Stacie Hrvatin, Geoffrey Pankhurst, Nelson R. Sabates, Michael Cassell, Komal Desai, Abraham Poulose, Felix Sabates, Yin Chen, Gary Gallimore, Yolanda Konior, Nicola Kim, Sami Uwaydat, Deborah Troillett, Karen Aletter, Robert N. Frank, Gary Abrams, James Puklin, Asheesh Tewari, Cheryl Milanovic, Melanie Bailey, David Griffith, Dena McDonald, Kit Morehead, Zlatan Sadikovic, Lisa Schillace, Elizabeth Silvis, Brian Joondeph, Nancy Christmas, Alan Kimura, Mimi Liu, Stephen Petty, John Zilis, Jenny Benitez, Cassandra Berryman Catlett, Eric Fluegel, Shane Mowry, Hoang Nguyen, David Reflow, Odette M. Houghton, Seema Garg, Maurice B. Landers, Travis Meredith, Sandy Barnhart, Megha Karmalkar, Debra Cantrell, Rona Lyn Esquejo-Leon, Linda Manor, Sue Pope, David Stines, Amelia Stokely, Dean Hainsworth, Dyann Helming, Debbie Eichelberger, Mary Paige Leaton, Chuck Hamm, Edward Chaum, Alessandro Iannaccone, Barbara Jennings, Tracy Murray, Joe Mastellone, Robert Millay, Brian Kim, Theresa Goddard, Liza Jarrett Beaudette, Nina Changelian-Aitken, Fernando Corrada, Jason Dubuque, Raymond Iezzi, Sophie J. Bakri, Jose S. Pulido, Diane Vogen, Rebecca Nielsen, Karin Berg, Jean Burrington, Shannon Howard, Joan Overend, Zbigniew Krason, Denise Lewison, Thomas Link, Kevin J. Blinder, Nicholas E. Engelbrecht, M. Gilbert Grand, Daniel P. Joseph, Gaurav K. Shah, Bradley Smith, Matthew Thomas, Rhonda Weeks, Lynda Boyd, Dana Gabel, Ron Adelman, John Huang, James Kempton, Aaron Parnes, Jennifer Dupont, Elizabeth Perotti, Victoria Donaldson, Kenneth Fong, Pamela Ossorio, Anita Agarwal, Paul Sternberg, Sandy Owings, Tony Adkins, Elaine Lok, Garvin Munn, Buddy Skellie, Neelakshi Bhagat, Monique S. Roy, Marco Zarbin, Catherine Fay, Michael Lazar, Beth Malpica, Tatiana Mikheyav, Lawrence Ulanski, Jennifer Lim, Marcia Niec, Tametha Johnson, Yesenia Ovando, Catherine Nail Carroll, Mark Janowicz, Steven Schwartz, David Cupp, Michael Gorin, Gad Heilweil, Hamid Hosseini, Jean-Pierre Hubschman, Allan Kreiger, Tara Young McCannel, Carolyn Pan, David Sarraf, Irena Tsui, Joshua Udoetek, Vinad Voleti, Logan Hitchcock, Rosaleen Ostrick, Melissa Chun, Jennie Kageyama, Nilo Davila, Kristin Lipka, Christina Shin, Cynthia Owsley, Michael Albert, Richard Feist, John Mason, Martin Thomley, Angelia Johnson, Tracy Emond, Joanna Hamela, Angela Marsh, Karen Searcey, Kia Rookard, Yu-Guang He, Rafael L. Ufret-Vincenty, Mike Molai, William Anderson, John Horna, Alan Letson, Colleen Cebulla, Susie Chang, Fred Davidorf, Jill Salerno, Laura Sladoje, Christina Stetson, Jeri Perry, Scott Savage, Cynthia Toth, Glenn Jaffe, Stefanie Schuman, Neeru Sarin, Jim Crowell, Tiffanie Keaton, Michael Kelly, Brian Lutman, Marriner Skelly, Lauren Welch, Lawrence Morse, Allan Hunter, Susanna Soon-Chun Park, Cynthia Wallace, Ember Dhillon, Marisa Salvador, Barbara Holderreed, Karishma Chandra, Sashi Kaur, Ellen Redenbo, Smiley Hom, Michael Cooney, Irene Barbazetto, James M. Klancnik, John A. Sorenson, Lawrence Yannuzzi, Maria Scolaro, Eugene Agresta, Nancy Gonzalez, Sandeep Grover, K.V. Chalam, Shailesh Gupta, Christopher Lyons, Wenhua Li, Chirag Patel, Jose Carrion, Henry Ferreyra, Amberly Rodriguez, Iliana Molina, Gabriel Balea, Pam Emory, Marlene Rico, Giorgio Siqueiros, Alexander J. Brucker, Joshua Dunaief, Juan Grunwald, Benjamin Kim, Albert M. Maguire, Brian VanderBeek, Sheri Drossner, Joan DuPont, Rebecca Salvo, Jim Berger, Cheryl Devine, Bill Nyberg, Laurel Weeney, David DiLoreto, Mina Chung, Valerie Davis, Peter MacDowell, George O. Gara, Daniel Castillo, Andrea Czubinski, Melissa Keim, Brandi Hardy, Rachel Grunhaus Hollar, Lynn Schueckler, Alice T. Lyon, Aaron Weinberg, Mira Shiloach, Nicole Pelkofer, Qin Zhou, Laura McPoland, Rajendra Apte, P. Kumar Rao, Sam Pistorius, Jamie Kambarian, Eve Adcock, Sarah Gould, Melanie Quinn, Rhonda Curtis, Amy Frost, Charla Meyer, and Greg Rathert

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, business.industry, Eye disease, Incidence (epidemiology), Fundus (eye), Macular degeneration, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Confidence interval, Geographic atrophy, 03 medical and health sciences, Ophthalmology, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Age related, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, medicine, sense organs, Prospective cohort study, business
Abstract

Purpose To analyze the prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics of eyes with geographic atrophy (GA) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), including clinical and genetic factors affecting enlargement. Design Prospective cohort study within a controlled clinical trial. Participants Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) participants, aged 50–85 years. Methods Baseline and annual stereoscopic color fundus photographs were evaluated for GA presence and area. Analyses included GA prevalence and incidence rates, Kaplan-Meier rates, mixed-model regression, and multivariable analysis of the square root of GA, area adjusted for covariates, including clinical/imaging characteristics and genotype. Main Outcome Measures (1) Presence or development of GA; (2) change in the square root of GA area over time. Results At baseline, 517 eyes (6.2%) of 411 participants (9.8%) had pre-existing GA (without neovascular AMD), with the following characteristics: 33% central, 67% noncentral; and the following configurations: 36% small, 26% solid/unifocal, 24% multifocal, 9% horseshoe/ring, and 6% indeterminate. Of the remaining 6530 eyes at risk, 1099 eyes (17.3%) of 883 participants developed incident GA without prior neovascular disease during mean follow-up of 4.4 years. The Kaplan-Meier rate of incident GA was 19% of eyes at 5 years. In eyes with incident GA, 4-year risk of subsequent neovascular AMD was 29%. In eyes with incident noncentral GA, 4-year risk of central involvement was 57%. GA enlargement rate (following square root transformation) was similar in eyes with pre-existing GA (0.29 mm/year; 95% confidence interval 0.27–0.30) and incident GA (0.28 mm/year; 0.27–0.30). In the combined group, GA enlargement was significantly faster with noncentrality, multifocality, intermediate baseline size, and bilateral GA (P Conclusions Analyses of AREDS2 data on natural history of GA provide representative data on GA evolution and enlargement. GA enlargement, which was influenced by lesion features, was relentless, resulting in rapid central vision loss. The genetic variants associated with faster enlargement were partially distinct from those associated with risk of incident GA. These findings are relevant to further investigations of GA pathogenesis and clinical trial planning.

Published
2018
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5. Classroom Assessment and Grading to Assure Mastery

Author

James P. Lalley and J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Formative assessment, Educational assessment, Learning standards, Mathematics education, Criterion-referenced test, Mastery learning, Philosophy of education, Grading (education), computer.software_genre, Psychology, computer, Standards-based assessment, Education
Abstract

Achieving learning standards is at the forefront of current educational philosophy, and is the goal of sound educational practice. That “all children can learn” and there will be “no child left behind” presume that teaching and assessment practices must benefit all children. Agreement in principle is nearly universal. Practical implementation, however, is another matter. One philosophy of learning and instruction that has a long history of targeting instruction and achievement for all students is mastery learning. This article examines (a) fundamental tenets that mastery learning is built upon, (b) the clear connection between learning standards and mastery learning, and (c) how mastery is often erroneously implemented. It then outlines the defining features of mastery and how to implement them. These defining features include developing clear objectives, setting a mastery standard, using criterion-referenced assessments, and grading incentives for students to learn beyond initial mastery.

Published
2009
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6. Violent Video Games as Exemplary Teachers: A Conceptual Analysis

Author

Douglas A. Gentile and J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Social Psychology, Instructional design, Teaching method, ComputingMilieux_PERSONALCOMPUTING, Educational psychology, Education, Developmental psychology, Social cognition, Transfer of training, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Mathematics education, Psychology, Attribution, Curriculum, Video game, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract

This article presents conceptual and empirical analyses of several of the “best practices” of learning and instruction, and demonstrates how violent video games use them effectively to motivate learners to persevere in acquiring and mastering a number of skills, to navigate through complex problems and changing environments, and to experiment with different identities until success is achieved. These educational principles allow for the generation of several testable hypotheses, two of which are tested with samples of 430 elementary school children (mean age 10 years), 607 young adolescents (mean age 14 years), and 1,441 older adolescents (mean age 19 years). Participants were surveyed about their video game habits and their aggressive cognitions and behaviors. The first hypothesis is based on the principle that curricula that teach the same underlying concepts across contexts should have the highest transfer. Therefore, students who play multiple violent video games should be more likely to learn aggressive cognitions and behaviors than those who play fewer. The second hypothesis is based on the principle that long-term learning is improved the more practice is distributed across time. Therefore, students who play violent video games more frequently across time should be more likely to learn aggressive cognitions and behaviors than those who play the same types of games for equivalent amounts of time but less frequently. Both hypotheses were supported. We conclude by describing what educators can learn from the successful instructional and curriculum design features of video games.

Published
2007
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8. Assessing fundamentals in every course through mastery learning

Author

J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Formative assessment, Class (computer programming), Summative assessment, Higher education, business.industry, Mathematics education, Criterion-referenced test, Mastery learning, business, Psychology, Knowledge survey, Baseline (configuration management), Education
Abstract

We are all accustomed to periodic summative testing for achievement, but in this chapter the importance of requiring mastery of fundamentals as the baseline for evaluation, regardless of the level of the class involved, is discussed.

Published
2004
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9. Changes in Teaching Philosophies among In-Service Teachers after Experiencing Mastery Learning

Author

Susana Verdinelli and J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Equity (economics), Literacy skill, Student achievement, Pedagogy, Mathematics education, Mastery learning, Psychology, Empirical evidence, Grading (education), Social studies, Education
Abstract

Central to the new standards being adopted in each discipline of education is a principle of equity: that each student can and must learn math, science, social studies, and literacy skills to a high level. This principle is also central to the philosophy and methods of mastery learning, which as a field has accumulated empirical evidence from hundreds of studies showing its efficacy for student achievement and positive affect. Since few teachers have had exposure to mastery learning's philosophy or testing/grading techniques, this study examined how in-service teachers, among others, were influenced cognitively and affectively by a graduate course that taught and used mastery learning and its assessment and grading procedures. Results indicated that as students gained knowledge about mastery learning and criterion-referenced assessment, their beliefs changed positively toward the fundamental tenets of mastery learning, including their willingness to try to incorporate these procedures in their ow...

Published
2003
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10. The General Learning Model

Author

Douglas A. Gentile, J. Ronald Gentile, and Christopher L. Groves

Subjects
business.industry, Human–computer interaction, Algorithmic learning theory, Leabra, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Cognition, Artificial intelligence, business, Psychology, Machine learning, computer.software_genre, computer
Published
2014
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11. Mastery Learning and the Decreasing Variability Hypothesis

Author

J. Ronald Gentile and Jennifer A. Livingston

Subjects
Change over time, Graduate students, media_common.quotation_subject, Statistics, Mathematics education, Aptitude, Academic achievement, Mastery learning, Psychology, Education, Statistical hypothesis testing, media_common
Abstract

Performance on successive units of achievement in graduate classrooms using mastery learning procedures was used to test two variations of Bloom's decreasing variability hypothesis—namely, that under the favorable conditions of mastery learning, differences in faster and slower learners will decrease over successive units, leading to (a) smaller variances on successive units and (b) smaller correlations between an initial measure of aptitude and achievement on successive units. The data from the four classrooms studied do not support the decreasing variability hypothesis; rather, they show no change over time.

Published
1996
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12. Integrating Music into the Elementary Classroom Curriculum

Author

Kay Johnson-Gentile and J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Pedagogy, Curriculum mapping, Mathematics education, Sociology, Curriculum, Education
Abstract

(1996). Integrating Music into the Elementary Classroom Curriculum. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 66-69.

Published
1996
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13. Recall After Relearning by Fast and Slow Learners

Author

Nanci M. Monaco, Joni Mt. Pleasant, Kristin E. Voelkl, and J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Forgetting, Recall, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Primary education, Cognition, Psychology, Memorization, Education, Developmental psychology, Task (project management), Cognitive psychology
Abstract

Rates of forgetting among fast and slow learners have been shown to be equivalent if learners are equated for amount of original learning on a memorization task. This finding is quite robust across a variety of learning tasks, materials, and experimental procedures. The authors of the present study replicated these findings with fourth and fifth graders, showing that, once they learned a poem to the same criterion level (75–90% correct), the fast and slow learners recalled approximately the same amount of the poem after 7 days. The experiment was extended by having the students relearn the poem to the same criterion level and testing their retention. After students were re-equated on relearning the poem, however, fast learners recalled significantly more than slow learners at both 14-day and 28-day intervals. Thus, the forgetting curves for fast and slow learners were the same after original learning, but different after relearning. Possible causes of this difference are discussed in terms of the...

Published
1995
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16. Marfan Syndrome, Lens Subluxation, and Open-Angle Glaucoma

Author

Theodore Krupin, Ronald Gentile, Shlomo Melamed, and Raymond LeBlanc

Subjects
Marfan syndrome, Cataract extraction, Ophthalmology, medicine.medical_specialty, Open angle glaucoma, business.industry, medicine, Glaucoma, Lens subluxation, business, medicine.disease
Published
1999
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17. Standards and Mastery Learning : Aligning Teaching and Assessment So All Children Can Learn

Author

J. Ronald Gentile, James P. Lalley, J. Ronald Gentile, and James P. Lalley

Subjects
Education--Standards--United States, Mastery learning--United States
Abstract

'I am quite enthusiastic about this book. As far as I know, no one has brought the perspective of mastery learning to the considerable dialogue about standards even though the connection is an obvious one. These authors clearly know mastery learning and will add greatly to the standards movement.'Robert Marzano, Adjunct Associate Professor Cardinal Stritch University, Milwaukee, WI'The book makes a distinct contribution to the field. The integration of standards and mastery learning is important if standards, once established, are to be achieved by large numbers of students. I think it is timely, well organized, contains real-life examples, and is well written.'Lorin Anderson, Carolina Distinguished Professor of Education University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC'This is one of the best books I have read on this topic. I can′t wait for it to be published so that I can give copies to each of the teachers at my school.'RoseAnne Vojtek, Principal Ivy Drive Elementary School, Bristol, CT How to really mean it when we say,'all children can learn!'The adage that practice, or rather the right kind of practice, makes perfect is quite apparent in this new definitive book by J. Ronald Gentile and James P. Lalley, describing the concept of mastery learning in the classroom. Educators can instruct all students, regardless of their individual scholastic aptitudes, using the principles and philosophies of mastery learning. The key to this process is reinforcing and expanding initial learning through additional practice and higher-level exercises, enabling all students to reach high standards. Other key elements of this practical resource include: Usable ideas for educators and administrators on how to implement mastery learning in math, science, social studies, language arts, and other subject areas How to achieve mastery learning from a theoretical perspective How to assess effectiveness in achieving high standards Research evidence, details, features, and examples of good programs and lessons The cure for a student′s helplessness is competence, which increases both the feeling of self-efficacy, and the ability to achieve new learnings. Standards and Mastery Learning is the ideal book to enable educators to help students attain these goals. It examines national and state standards and shows how to attain them through mastery learning.

Published
2003

20. Cognitive developmental level, gender, and the development of learned helplessness on mathematical calculation and reasoning tasks

Author

J. Ronald Gentile and Nanci M. Monaco

Subjects
Variables, media_common.quotation_subject, Learned helplessness, Mathematical reasoning, Formal reasoning, Education, Task (project management), Developmental psychology, Locus of control, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Cognitive development, Aptitude, Psychology, media_common
Abstract

The purposes of the study were, theoretically, to extend learned helplessness findings along the cognitive developmental dimension and, practically, to assess the extent to which learned helplessness in a mathematical calculation task transfers to a mathematical reasoning task. One hundred twenty-eight adolescents were assigned to appropriate treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (formal vs concrete operational level; male vs female; strategy training vs no training; helplessness treatment vs controls), with percentage correct and incorrect on a calculation and a reasoning task, respectively, as dependent variables. Large and significant main effects occurred for all factors; however, none of the interaction effects was significant. There was thus no differential advantage to persons of either gender, nor to those of the formal reasoning stage of development, in either resisting the effects of learned helplessness or in benefiting from strategy training.

Published
1987
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21. Book Review Section 6

Author

MARGARET GILLETT, ROBERT J. STAHL, JOHN F. JACOBS, R. HUNT RIEGEL, RICHARD GAMBINO, MAX E. JERMAN, J. RONALD GENTILE, DAVID L. HENDERSON, JAMES R. ROBARTS, ROBERT H. KOFF, JOHN SVINICKI, BETTY E. HILL, GLADYS H. MEANS, N. KENNETH LAFLEUR, PEGGY J. BLACKWELL, and STEPHEN G. JURS

Subjects
Social Psychology, General Psychology
Published
1975
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22. Inter- and Intra-Lingual Interference Effects In Learning a Third Language

Author

J. Ronald Gentile, Nancy J. Lund, and Joshua G. W. Ahukanna

Subjects
Linguistics and Language, Language group, Point (typography), Computer science, First language, Factor (programming language), Random error, Interference (wave propagation), Second-language acquisition, computer, Language and Linguistics, Cognitive psychology, computer.programming_language
Abstract

second language acquisition revolves around the role of interference from the first language in explaining errors in the target language.1 The point at issue is whether interference has explanatory adequacy for errors, or whether other factors, such as the structural complexity of the target language, are more critical causes of errors. While this has been extensively researched, the issue is not resolved since the work of some researchers negates interference as a significant learning-factor,2 while that of others finds evidence for interference-caused errors.3 A few studies have been designed with speakers of different mother tongues learning English to determine the relative interference from structures that are similar in English and the speaker's first language.4 The structures investigated were selected because of particular difficulties they were expected to present to each language group. A pattern of random errors, or errors that are common for all language groups, would argue against interference as a significant factor. Results of these studies were mixed, and these differences are not easily explained by methodological differences.5

Published
1981
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24. Measuring growth in education

Author

J. Ronald Gentile and Carl H. Reynolds

Subjects
Educational testing, Ranking, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Mathematics education, Psychology, Social psychology, Legitimacy, Education
Abstract

The authors argue that the usefulness and legitimacy of measuring student growth depend upon the purpose for which the scores will be used. The investigator or instructor should not attempt to discriminate among individual students on the basis of gain scores because of the unreliability of such scores. The ranking of students in terms of gains is almost always too unreliable to be useful or defensible. On the other hand, the problem of unreliability creates much less difficulty when one is interested in measuring overall treatment effectiveness or in discriminating among situations rather than individuals. The authors conclude that there are many situations in education in which the measurement of student growth is possible, justifiable, and informative.

Published
1978
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25. Associative responding versus analogical reasoning by children

Author

Lisa Tedesco-Stratton, Nancy J. Lund, Elaine L. Davis, J. Ronald Gentile, and Boniface C. Agunanne

Subjects
Analogical reasoning, Associative priming, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Subject (grammar), Developmental and Educational Psychology, Analogy, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Sample (statistics), Affect (psychology), Psychology, Social psychology, Associative property, Test (assessment)
Abstract

Following upon work which showed that college and high school students' analogy solutions were predictable from ratings of the relatedness of the words comprising the analogy choices, this study extended those results to children's analogy solutions. Achenbach's Children's Associative Responding Test was used as the criterion to determine (1) whether analogy solutions by children were as related to word relatedness ratings as analogy solutions were in previous subject samples, (2) whether individual differences in using associative responding versus analogical reasoning processes could enhance the predictability estimates, and (3) whether associative priming can affect analogy solutions. Two correlational studies were done, one on an American and another on a Nigerian sample. A third study was an experimental manipulation of choices on analogy items on an American sample. The results suggest that the answer to questions (1) and (3) is yes, but the answer to question (2) is no.

Published
1977
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26. Retention by 'fast' and 'slow' learners

Author

J. Ronald Gentile, Alice N. Ndu, Ishmael E. Iheozor-Ejiofor, Nanci M. Monaco, and Peter K. Ogbonaya

Subjects
Forgetting, Poetry, Higher education, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Memorization, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Developmental and Educational Psychology, Mathematics education, Aptitude, Student learning, business, Psychology, Cognitive psychology, media_common
Abstract

Four experiments were conducted to replicate and extend the findings by Shuell and Keppel (1970) as well as others, that when properly equated for original learning, “fast” and “slow” learners have parallel forgetting curves. In Experiments I and II, the Shuell-Keppel findings, originally demonstrated on American students learning lists of words, were replicated on samples of Nigerian students. In Experiments III and IV, Nigerian and American students, respectively, learned poems to a criterion of 75–90% correct and were tested for retention. In all studies, “fast” and “slow” learners were brought to a similar learning criterion, with the result that their forgetting curves were parallel.

Published
1982
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27. Pupil Preferences and the Premack Principle

Author

Thomas W. Hosie, Jill Downing Carroll, and J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Reinterpretation, Frequency of occurrence, 05 social sciences, 050301 education, Pupil, Education, Test (assessment), Premack's principle, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, Reinforcement, Psychology, Contingency, 0503 education, Preference (economics), Social psychology
Abstract

In his now classic paper of 1959, David Premack reinterpreted the positive reinforcement effect as follows: "Reinforcement results when an R of a lower independent rate coincides, within temporal limits, with the stimuli governing the occurrence of an R of a higher independent rate [p. 219]" (italics original). Among other implications of this reinterpretation is the following which has direct applicability to educational problems: of two behaviors performed by an individual, the more preferred (operationally defined as the one with the higher independent frequency of occurrence) can reinforce the less preferred, but not vice versa. Premack demonstrated this effect, now often referred to as the Premack Principle, on several species (e.g., Premack, 1959, 1962, 1965, 1971). In his study on humans (Premack, 1959) each of the 33 first graders was exposed to a candy dispenser and a pinball machine and told that he could play with either or both games as much as he liked. This first exposure to the games established' 'empirical independent rates (as measures of preference) for the two behaviors. The second trial provided a test of the principle by establishing the following contingency relationships. Half the Ss found that the availability of their preferred behavior (either manipulating the pinball machine or eating candy) was not contingent upon performance of their nonpreferred behavior (eating or manipulating, respectively). This was ac

Published
1974
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28. Significance of single‐subject studies (and repeated‐measures designs)

Author

J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Developmental and Educational Psychology, Subject (philosophy), Repeated measures design, Contrast (statistics), Context (language use), Research questions, Psychology, Control (linguistics), Social psychology, Field (computer science), Cognitive psychology
Abstract

A case is made for repeated‐measures experiments, and particularly single‐subject designs, over randomized group studies. The former are argued to be more powerful than the latter, in that they take advantage of psychological “context” or “contrast” effects. Moreover, they provide functional relationships that best answer the kinds of research questions in which educational researchers are interested. Finally, they require the development of experimental, rather than statistical, control — an advantage that should help the field advance.

Published
1982
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29. Retroactive Interference of Similar Methods to Teach Translation of Base Systems in Mathematics

Author

Edward L. Barszcz and J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Mathematics (miscellaneous), Secondary education, Mathematical problem, media_common.quotation_subject, Interference theory, Mathematics education, Flexibility (personality), Base (topology), Translation (geometry), Psychology, Function (engineering), Education, media_common
Abstract

be pleased with the progress of a student who can invent new solutions to mathematical problems, while at the same time being concerned about a student who can use only one method. However, even though we take the capability of using alternative solutions as evidence of greater understanding, this does not necessarily imply that a new concept should be taught originally by more than one method. It is entirely possible that the flexibility of using alternative solutions is a function of the number of success experiences with a single solution, or occurs only in specific tasks that have unique commonalities among the alternative solutions. Other possible explanations are also viable, but we mention these only to show the difficulty of assuming a facilitative effect of learning alternative solutions when a new concept is being learned. It is indeed possible that learning alternative solutions may interfere with performance on the problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate one aspect of this hypothesis by standard procedures in the psychology of transfer. More specifically, we were concerned with the effects of learning a second solution to a problem

Published
1976
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30. A test of dual coding theory for bilingual memory

Author

J. Ronald Gentile and C. Suzanne Arnedt

Subjects
Pictorial stimuli, Dual-coding theory, language, French, General Medicine, Psychology, Humanities, language.human_language, Linguistics, Bilingual memory
Abstract

Mise a l'epreuve de la theorie de double codage en bilinguisme de Paivio et Desrochers (1980) a partir d'une experience de rappel chez des sujets confrontes a la designation d'images en anglais, a la traduction de mots francais en anglais et a la copie de noms anglais

Published
1986
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31. Is Conservation of Number a Necessary Condition for Mathematical Understanding?

Author

J. Ronald Gentile and Benayame Dinzau Mpiangu

Subjects
Structure (mathematical logic), Mathematics (miscellaneous), education, Cognitive development, Mathematics education, A priori and a posteriori, Arithmetic function, Set (psychology), Word (computer architecture), Education, Universe (mathematics), Mathematics
Abstract

This study investigated the importance of conservation of number as a prerequisite skill for arithmetic instruction. Piaget's theory maintains that the child's ability to conserve number constitutes a prerequisite to arithmetic understanding. 116 Ss (ages 4 to 6) were homogeneously grouped on the basis of a conservation of number pretest and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in arithmetic concepts, while the controls played a game under similar conditions. The 2 groups were posttested on arithmetic and number conservation tasks. The regression of arithmetic posttest scores on the conservation dimension was plotted separately for the experimental group and for the control group. The homogeneity of regression analysis showed that the 2 regression lines were separated but essentially parallel. In other words, although training had an effect, it did not have a differential (interaction) effect on nonconservers and conservers. Thus, the results failed to confirm the hypothesis that conservation of number is necessary for the understanding of arithmetic.

Published
1975
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32. Book Review Section 6

Author

John Svinicki, J. Ronald Gentile, Robert H. Koff, Gladys H. Means, Max E. Jerman, Margaret Gillett, Stephen G. Jurs, Peggy J. Blackwell, N. Kenneth Lafleur, David L. Henderson, R. Hunt Riegel, Robert J. Stahl, Richard Gambino, James R. Robarts, John F. Jacobs, and Betty E. Hill

Subjects
Sociology and Political Science, Section (archaeology), Classics, Geology, Education
Published
1975
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33. The first generation of computer-assisted instructional systems: An evaluative review

Author

J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Drill, Human–computer interaction, Computer science, Argument, Communication, Principles of learning, Reinforcement schedules, Mathematics education, Educational technology, Teaching machine, Reinforcement, First generation, Education
Abstract

INTRODUCTION After developing machines which could automatically teach drill material and administer and score tests, Pressey (81, 82, 83) argued that the advance of a science is dependent upon the technological improvements made in that science. His contributions to the "educational revolution" were not to be realized, however, until Skinner (98) cogently argued that mechanical means were necessary to arrange the "contingencies of reinforcement" which would allow a student to learn more rapidly and effectively than he could if he were under the unsystematic-and often aversive -reinforcement schedules of the classroom. This argument was attractive to psychologists and experimental educators because it offered the opportunity to apply the psychological principles of learning, derived from the laboratory, to the classroom.

Published
1967
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34. Sociocultural Level and Knowledge of Definitions in the Solution of Analogy Items

Author

J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
education.field_of_study, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, Compensatory education, Population, Ethnic group, 050401 social sciences methods, 050301 education, Social class, Education, Disadvantaged, 0504 sociology, Achievement test, Aptitude, Sociocultural evolution, education, 0503 education, Social psychology, Mathematics, media_common
Abstract

It has long been recognized that subgroups of the population differ markedly in their performance on standardized aptitude and achievement tests. Documentation of this fact can be found for various categorizations of the population. For example, differences have been noted between urban and rural students (Turnbull, 1950), between Negro and white students (Shuey, 1966), among various social class and ethnic groups (Fifer, 1965), and between the sexes (Lorge, 1953). Until recent years the questions about these differences were mainly concerned with how to eliminate them in order to create "culture-fair" or "sex-equivalent" tests (see, for example, Anastasi, 1950, or Coffman, 1965). Recent concern about "culturally disadvantaged" students, however, appears to have focused attention on the reasons for the observed differences. For example, in attempting to recommend programs of compensatory education, Bloom, Davis and Hess (1965) and Gordon and Wilkerson (1966) have stressed the necessity of

Published
1968
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36. A rating scale measure of word relatedness

Author

Robert Seibel and J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Rating scale, Concurrent validity, Statistics, Ordinal Scale, General Medicine, Word relatedness, Social psychology, Degree (music), Measure (mathematics), Mathematics
Abstract

The development of a rating scale measure of the relatedness of words is described. The procedure (a) yields relatedness measures on an ordinal scale for individuals as well as groups, (b) forces a measure on each group of words, (c) is easily administered and scored, (d) has shown a high degree of replicability and concurrent validity, and (e) is highly predictive of analogy item solutions.

Published
1969
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37. An analysis-of-variance model for the intrasubject replication design1

Author

Roger D. Klein, J. Ronald Gentile, and Aubrey H. Roden

Subjects
Philosophy, Text mining, Sociology and Political Science, business.industry, Replication (statistics), Analysis of variance, Data mining, business, computer.software_genre, Psychology, computer, Applied Psychology
Abstract

One- and two-way analysis-of-variance procedures are shown logically to be appropriate for testing hypotheses in successive treatment reversal designs for one-subject and N-subject experiments, respectively. The applicability of these designs is demonstrated through analyses of typical data.

Published
1972
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38. Personality Variables in Probability-Learning, Decision-Making, and Risk-Taking

Author

J. Ronald Gentile and Lowell M. Schipper

Subjects
Factorial, Probability learning, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, 050301 education, 050109 social psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Expected value, Sensory Systems, Developmental psychology, medicine, Personality, Anxiety, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, medicine.symptom, Risk taking, Psychology, 0503 education, Social psychology, media_common, Variable (mathematics), Event (probability theory)
Abstract

College students were preselected on the personality variables need Achievement (nAch) and manifest anxiety (Anx) to form a 3 by 3 factorial arrangement and to relate these measures to probability-learning, decisionmaking, and risk-taking behaviors. After receiving 90 training trials on each of three green lights which had probabilities of 1/6, 1/2, and 5/6 of being followed by a red event light (probability-learning), Ss were asked to make decisions about the predictive reliabilities of these lights when they occurred in combinations or singly, while the red light was covered (decision-making). Ss were then given a zero expected value gambling game and a double-or-nothing final bet. Neither personality variable showed a consistent relationship to probability-learning, decision-making, or risk-taking behavior according to various criteria.

Published
1966
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40. Time estimation by hyperactive and normal children

Author

Betty Cappella, J. Ronald Gentile, and Daniel B. Juliano

Subjects
Time perspective, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Perceptual Distortion, Time Factors, 05 social sciences, 050301 education, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Hyperkinesis, Sensory Systems, Interval (music), Time estimation, Normal children, Time Perception, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, Child, 0503 education, 050104 developmental & child psychology
Abstract

In two studies [a pilot (12 7- to 10-yr.-olds) and a main study (100 8- to 12-yr.-olds)] hyperactive and normal children were compared on the ability to estimate time intervals ranging from 7 to 60 sec. The differences between estimated and elapsed time were larger for hyperactives than for normals, with the differences between the groups increasing with the length of the interval to be estimated.

Published
1977

41. The efficacy of a mnemonic technique for learning disabled and nondisabled adolescents

Author

J. Ronald Gentile and Judith L. Elliott

Subjects
Health (social science), Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, education, Mnemonic, Retention interval, Education, Developmental psychology, Memory, medicine, Humans, Child, media_common, Recall, Rhyme, Learning Disabilities, Memoria, Paired-Associate Learning, Categorization, Education, Special, General Health Professions, Learning disability, Mental Recall, Imagination, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Learning disabled
Abstract

Sixty junior high school students, half classified as learning disabled by their school and half as non-disabled, were subjects in a replication and extension of a mnemonic study by Bugelski. Half the students were taught the peg-word rhyme, “one-bun, two-shoe, …, ten-hen,” and practiced visualizing four target lists of words interacting with the rhyme words. The other students served as controls, learning the list in whatever way they chose. Retention tests were conducted immediately after the last list was learned, one week later, and five months later. In a 2 $$ 3 analysis of variance, all main effects and interactions were significant. The peg-word mnemonic technique increased the memorability of paired-associates for both groups, by a factor of 2.3 vs. 2.4 at the immediate retention interval, with differential longer term retention slightly favoring the nondisabled.

Published
1986

43. Differential payoff-loss in probability-learning and decision-making

Author

Lowell M. Schipper and J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Factorial, Probability learning, Decision behavior, Stochastic game, Statistics, General Chemistry, Differential (infinitesimal), Psychology, Social psychology, Catalysis, Event (probability theory), Task (project management), Weighting
Abstract

Payoffs were differentially manipulated in a modified factorial arrangement to determine the effects on the probability-learning (PL) of two independent events and a subsequent decision-making (DM) task based on the PL. Results were consistent with previous studies using an “absolute” method of incentive distribution. However, differentially weighting the low-probability event appeared to effect early learning and subsequent decision behavior.

Published
1966
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44. How Shall Students Be Graded in Discipline-Based Art Education?

Author

J. Ronald Gentile and Nancy C. Murnyack

Subjects
Norm-referenced test, Visual Arts and Performing Arts, Pedagogy, Mathematics education, Criterion-referenced test, Psychology, Grading (education), Visual arts education, Education
Abstract

(1989). How Shall Students Be Graded in Discipline-Based Art Education? Art Education: Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 33-41.

Published
1989
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45. REASONING, RELATIONSHIPS, AND RELATEDNESS OF WORDS: A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF SOCIOCULTURAL LEVEL AND DEFINITIONS ON THE SOLUTION OF ANALOGY ITEMS

Author

J. Ronald Gentile

Subjects
Rank (computer programming), Repeated measures design, Analogy, Arithmetic, Sociocultural evolution, Differential effects, Word (group theory), Cognitive psychology, Mathematics
Abstract

A 3 × 2 × 2 × 10 factorial design (three levels of sociocultural standing by two definition treatments by two item formats by ten analogy items, with repeated measures over items) was used (1) to determine the effects of providing students with definitions on their solutions of analogy items, (2) to determine whether providing definitions has differential effects on students of different sociocultural levels, and (3) to determine where in the solution process of analogy items differences in reasoning occur among students of different sociocultural backgrounds. An attempt was made also to determine whether students' rank orderings of alternative choices on analogy items could be predicted from knowledge of their ranked relatedness of the word pairs contained in the analogy items.

Published
1967
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