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Macrophages are one of the top players when considering immune cells involved with tissue homeostasis. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated that macrophages could also present two major subsets during tissue healing: proliferative macrophages (M1-like), which are responsible for increasing myogenic cell proliferation, and restorative macrophages (M2-like), which are involved in the end of the mature muscle myogenesis. The participation and characterization of these macrophage subsets are critical during myogenesis to understand the inflammatory role of macrophages during muscle recovery and to create supportive strategies that can improve mass muscle maintenance. Indeed, most of our knowledge about macrophage subsets comes from skeletal muscle damage protocols, and we still do not know how these subsets can contribute to skeletal muscle adaptation. Thus, this narrative review aims to collect and discuss studies demonstrating the involvement of different macrophage subsets during the skeletal muscle damage/regeneration process, showcasing an essential role of these macrophage subsets during muscle adaptation induced by acute and chronic exercise programs.

Sleep and exercise have an important role in the development of several inflammation-related diseases, including sarcopenia. Objective: To investigate the effects of 12 weeks of resistance exercise training on sleep and inflammatory status in sarcopenic patients. Methods: A randomized controlled trial comparing resistance exercise training (RET) with a control (CTL) was conducted. Outcomes were obtained by physical tests, polysomnography, questionnaires, isokinetic/isometric dynamometry tests, and biochemical analysis. Results: Time to sleep onset (sleep latency) was reduced in the RET group compared to the CTL group (16.09 ± 15.21 vs. 29.98 ± 16.09 min; p = 0.04) after the intervention. The percentage of slow-wave sleep (N3 sleep) was increased in the RET group (0.70%, CI: 7.27–16.16 vs. −4.90%, CI: 7.06–16.70; p = 0.04) in an intention to treat analysis. Apnea/hour was reduced in the RET group (16.82 ± 14.11 vs. 7.37 ± 7.55; p = 0.001) and subjective sleep quality was improved compared to the CTL (−1.50; CI: 2.76–6.14 vs. 0.00; CI: 1.67–3.84 p = 0.02) in an intention-to-treat analysis. Levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) (2.13 ± 0.80 vs. 2.51 ± 0.99; p < 0.03) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) (0.99 ± 0.10 vs. 0.99 ± 0.10 ng/mL; p < 0.04; delta variation) were increased in the RET group. Conclusions: RET improves sleep parameters linked to muscle performance, possibly due to an increase in anti-inflammatory markers in older sarcopenic patients.

Background Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) is a subjective scale to monitor overload and fatigue during exercise. Hypoxia may worsen the perception of fatigue, compromising the self-reported perception of effort and increasing RPE. The objective was to evaluate the effects of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on RPE during exercise in hypoxia simulating 4200 m. Methods Eight male physically active volunteers performed two exercises at 50% VO2peak and 1% slope: exercise in hypoxia + placebo or exercise in hypoxia + CHO (6% maltodextrin) with supplementation at 20, 40, and 60 min during exercise. Oxygen Saturation (SaO2%) was assessed at baseline and after exercise, while RPE and HR were measured each 10 min during the trial. Results SaO2% decreased after exercise in both conditions of hypoxia compared to rest. The RPE did not differ between groups. However, the RPE increased in hypoxia after 20 min of exercise in relation to 10 min. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of RPE was lower in hypoxia + CHO compared to hypoxia. The AUC of the HR/RPE ratio in the hypoxia + CHO group was higher in relation to hypoxia. Conclusions Our results indicate that CHO supplementation does not change RPE induced by 60 min of exercise at 50% VO2peak in hypoxia equivalent to 4200 m at the different times analyzed. However, in hypoxia + CHO the (AUC)-60 min of total RPE decreased during exercise, while the heart rate/RPE ratio improved, indicating lower RPE in the hypoxic environment.

Macrophages are one of the most versatile cells of the immune system that can express distinct subtypes and functions depending on the physiological challenge. After skeletal muscle damage, inflammatory macrophage subtypes aid muscles to regenerate and are implicated in physical training adaption. Based on this information, this study aimed to evaluate two classic mice macrophage subtypes and determine whether some inflammatory cytokines might be involved in the muscle adaption process after exercise. For this purpose, mice were exposed to an intermittent experimental protocol of downhill exercise (18 bouts of running, each bout 5 min with a 2-min rest interval, slope −16°) and were euthanized before [control (CTRL)] and 1, 2 (D2), and 3 (D3) days after exercise. After euthanasia, the triceps brachii was harvested and submitted to protein extraction, immunostaining, and mononuclear digestion procedures. The muscle size, macrophage accumulation, and cytokines were determined. We observed an increase in the Ly6C+macrophage subtype ( P ≤ 0.05) in D2 and D3 compared with CTRL, as well as a significant inverse correlation coefficient (−0.52; P ≤ 0.05) between Ly6C+and Ly6C−macrophage subtypes. Moreover, we also observed elevation in several cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-13) at D3, although not IL-4, which tended to decrease at this time point ( P = 0.06). Downhill exercises preferentially recruited Ly6C+macrophages with important proinflammatory cytokine elevation at D3. Moreover, despite the elevation of several cytokines involved with myogenesis, an increase in IL-6 and IL-13, which potentially involve muscle adaption training after acute exercise, was also observed.

(1) Purpose: Performing strenuous exercises negatively impacts the immune and gastrointestinal systems. These alterations cause transient immunodepression, increasing the risk of minor infections, especially in the upper respiratory tract. Recent studies have shown that supplementation of probiotics confers benefits to athletes. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to verify the effects of probiotic supplementation on cytokine production by monocytes and infections in the upper respiratory tract after an acute strenuous exercise. (2) Methods: Fourteen healthy male marathon runners received either 5 billion colony forming units (CFU) of a multi-strain probiotic, consisting of 1 billion CFU of each of Lactobacillus acidophilus LB-G80, Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110, Lactococcus subp. lactis LLL-G25, Bifidobacterium animalis subp. lactis BL-G101, and Bifidobacterium bifidum BB-G90, or a placebo for 30 days before a marathon. Plasma cytokines, salivary parameters, glucose, and glutamine were measured at baseline, 24 h before, immediately after, and 1 h after the race. Subjects self-reported upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) using the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS—21). The statistical analyses comprised the general linear model (GLM) test followed by the Tukey post hoc and Student’s t-test with p &lt, 0.05. (3) Results: URTI symptoms were significantly lower in the probiotic group compared to placebo. The IL-2 and IL-4 plasma cytokines were lower 24 h before exercise, while the other cytokines showed no significant differences. A lower level of IL-6 produced by monocytes was verified immediately after the race and higher IL-10 at 1 h post. No differences were observed in salivary parameters. Conclusion: Despite the low number of marathoners participating in the study, probiotic supplementation suggests its capability to preserve the functionality of monocytes and mitigate the incidence of URTI.

The world is experiencing a severe new pandemic, in which the elderly afflicted with chronic diseases are the most affected. The aging of the immune system (immunosenescence) reduces its efficacy against viral infections and increases its susceptibility to repeated acute infections, such as the flu. The improvement of the immune system functioning leading to a reduced incidence of infections can be achieved with regular physical exercise, besides its countless other benefits. The immunosenescence delay in master athletes, protecting them from possible viral infections, has been recently shown. Here the role of aerobic exercise training as an immune system fine-tuning regulator was discussed, focusing on lifelong athletes and specifically on the age-impaired antibody production in immunized elderly and the effects of lifelong physical exercise on the anti-inflammatory and vaccine response optimization. Moreover, the aerobic training effects on the natural killer (NK) cell activity and the underlying mechanisms responsible for a better antiviral response in active elderly and/or master athletes were addressed. It was hypothesized that lifelong exercise training delays age-related decrements in immunity by remodeling the metabolism of different cells (e.g., NK cells), creating a metabolic scenario that in turn improves the immune systemʼs viral response. Lifelong exercisers present a preserved immune response to exercise, indicating that they are better prepared to respond to new immune challenges. Thus, master athletes and lifelong exercisers are possibly protected against or could mitigate the COVID-19 disease.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:02:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Probiotic supplementation arises as playing an immune-stimulatory role. High-intensity and -volume exercise can inhibit immune cell function, which threatens athletic performance and recovery. We hypothesized that 30 days of probiotic supplementation could stabilize the immune system of athletes preventing immune suppression after a marathon race. Twenty-seven male marathonists were double-blinded randomly into probiotic (Bifidobacterium-animalis-subsp.-Lactis (10 × 109) and Lactobacillus-Acidophilus (10 × 109) + 5 g of maltodextrin) and placebo (5 g of maltodextrin) group. They received 30 sachets and supplemented 1 portion/day during 30 days before the race. Blood were collected 30 days before (rest), 1 day before (pre), 1 h after (post) and 5 days after the race (recovery). Both chronic and acute exercise modulated a different T lymphocyte population (CD3+CD4−CD8− T-cells), increasing pre-race, decreasing post and returning to rest values at the recovery. The total number of CD8 T cell and the memory subsets statistically decreased only in the placebo group post-race. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production by stimulated lymphocytes decreased in the probiotic group after the supplementation period. 30 days of probiotic supplementation maintained CD8 T cell and effector memory cell population and played an immunomodulatory role in stimulated lymphocytes. Both, training and marathon modulated a non-classical lymphocyte population regardless of probiotic supplementation. Immunometabolism Research Group Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo (USP) Programa de pós-graduação em psicobiologia Universidade Federal de São Paulo Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism School of Physical Education and Sports University of São Paulo Department of Immunology Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) School of Technology and Sciences Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Department of Bioscience Universidade Federal de São Paulo Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of São Paulo, 1524, Prof Lineu Prestes Av. Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) School of Technology and Sciences FAPESP: 2016/10561-8

Hypoxia induced by low O2 pressure is responsible for several physiological and behavioral alterations. Changes in physiological systems are frequent, including inflammation and psychobiological declines such as mood and cognition worsening, resulting in increased reaction time, difficulty solving problems, reduced memory and concentration. The paper discusses the possible relationship between glutamine supplementation and worsening cognition mediated by inflammation induced by high altitude hypoxia. The paper is a narrative literature review conducted to verify the effects of glutamine supplementation on psychobiological aspects. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science databases and gray literature by Google Scholar for English articles. Mechanistic pathways mediated by glutamine suggest potential positive effects of its supplementation on mood and cognition, mainly its potential effect on inflammation. However, clinical studies are scarce, making any conclusions impossible. Although glutamine plays an important role and seems to mitigate inflammation, clinical studies should test this hypothesis, which will contribute to a better mood and cognition state for several people who suffer from problems mediated by hypoxia.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:48:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-12-01 Background: This proposal aims to explain some of the gaps in scientific knowledge on the natural history of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), with a specific focus on immune, inflammatory, and metabolic markers, in parallel with temporal assessment of clinical and mental health in patients with COVID-19. The study will explore the temporal modulatory effects of physical activity and body composition on individual trajectories. This approach will provide a better understanding of the survival mechanisms provided by the immunomodulatory role of physical fitness. Methods: We will conduct a prospective observational cohort study including adult patients previously infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus who have expressed a mild to moderate COVID-19 infection. Procedures will be conducted for all participants at baseline, six weeks after vaccination, and again at 12 months. At each visit, a venous blood sample will be collected for immune phenotypic characterization and biochemistry assays (inflammatory and metabolic parameters). Also, body composition, physical activity level, cardiovascular and pulmonary function, peripheral and respiratory muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, and mental health will be evaluated. Using the baseline information, participants will be grouped based on physical activity levels (sedentary versus active), body composition (normal weight versus overweight or obese), and SARS-CoV-2 status (positive versus negative). A sub-study will provide mechanistic evidence using an in-vitro assay based on well-trained individuals and age-matched sedentary controls who are negative for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Whole blood will be stimulated using recombinant human coronavirus to determine the cytokine profile. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy well-trained participants will be collected and treated with homologous serum (from the main study; samples collected before and after the vaccine) and recombinant coronavirus (inactive virus). The metabolism of PBMCs will be analyzed using Respirometry (Seahorse). Data will be analyzed using multilevel repeated-measures ANOVA. Conclusions: The data generated will help us answer three main questions: (1) Does the innate immune system of physically active individuals respond better to viral infections compared with that of sedentary people? (2) which functional and metabolic mechanisms explain the differences in responses in participants with different physical fitness levels? and (3) do these mechanisms have long-term positive modulatory effects on mental and cardiovascular health? Trial registration number: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials: RBR-5dqvkv3. Registered on 21 September 2021. Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP Department of Clinical Physiology Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra Coimbra Health School, Rua 5 de Outubro-SM Bispo, Apartado 7006 Laboratory for Applied Health Research (LabinSaúde), Rua 5 de Outubro-SM Bispo, Apartado 7006 Physiotherapy Department Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), SP Centro de Investigação do Desporto e da Atividade Física Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física Universidade de Coimbra CIDAF Department of Bioscience Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP Cancer Metabolism Research Group LIM26-HC FMUSP University of São Paulo, SP Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy Institute of Sports Science Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Graduate Program in Health Sciences School of Medicine Pontificia Universidade Catolica Do Parana, PR Immunometabolism Research Group Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP

The present study aimed to verify the effects of caffeine supplementation on psychobiological parameters and its relationship with inflammatory cytokines in non-athlete subjects. We hypothesized that IL-10 may be responsible for the reduction in fatigue perception in response to caffeine supplementation. It was a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. Ten non-athlete subjects (26.9 ± 4.01 years old; 73.44 ± 9.57 kg; 15.94 ± 4.32 body fat kg) were evaluated. Sixty-min after caffeine (6 mg−1.kg−1 body mass) or placebo supplementation, high-intensity interval exercise test (1 min at 90% of Wmax and 2 min at 50% of Wmax) was performed to maximum voluntary exhaustion. Cytokine concentrations and psychobiological parameters were evaluated before (BE), immediately after (post-PE) and 1 h after exercise (1 h post-PE). We verify that IL-6 (0.35; 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.56; z = 3.24; p = 0.001; d = 1.14) and IL-10 (9.06; 95% CI 0.41 to 17.70; z = 2.05; p = 0.04; d = 1.12) increases post-PE in CAF group versus PLA group. Still, IL-10 levels were higher in CAF group 1 h post-PE (25.04; 95% CI: 8.95 to 41.31; z = 3.05; p = 0.002; d = 1.9) than PLA group. Moreover, 1 h post-PE vigor level was higher in the CAF group versus PLA group (4.53; 95% CI: 1.27 to 7.80; z = 2.72; p = 0.006; d = 0.46), and fatigue was lower in CAF group than PLA group (-5.08; 95% CI: −9.93 to −0.227; z = -2.05; p = 0.040; d = 0.67). We conclude that 1 h post-PE caffeine was able to decrease fatigue and increase vigor perception. IL-10 levels were higher 1 h post-PE in CAF group, suggesting, according to our hypothesis, that IL-10 may be associated with decrease fatigue perceptions after exercise.

Macrophages are one of the most versatile cells of the immune system that can express distinct subtypes and functions depending on the physiological challenge. After skeletal muscle damage, inflammatory macrophage subtypes aid muscles to regenerate and are implicated in physical training adaption. Based on this information, this study aimed to evaluate two classic mice macrophage subtypes and determine whether some inflammatory cytokines might be involved in the muscle adaption process after exercise. For this purpose, mice were exposed to an intermittent experimental protocol of downhill exercise (18 bouts of running, each bout 5 min with a 2-min rest interval, slope -16°) and were euthanized before [control (CTRL)] and 1, 2 (D2), and 3 (D3) days after exercise. After euthanasia, the triceps brachii was harvested and submitted to protein extraction, immunostaining, and mononuclear digestion procedures. The muscle size, macrophage accumulation, and cytokines were determined. We observed an increase in the Ly6C

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of carbohydrate (CHO) and glutamine (Gln) supplementation on cytokine production by monocytes after exercise until exhaustion performed in hypoxia. Methods Fifteen physically active men underwent three exercises until exhaustion with an intensity of 70% maximal oxygen intake at a simulated height of 4500 m under the following supplementation: placebo, CHO (maltodextrin 8%/200 mL for 20 min), and CHO + Gln (Gln 20 g/d for 6 d and maltodextrin 8%/200 mL for 20 min) during exercise and for 2 h of recovery. Analysis of variance for repeated measures followed by the Tukey's post hoc test was realized and P Results Oxygen saturation of arterial blood (SaO2%) decreased in the three trials compared with baseline. Two hours post-exercise, the SaO2% was high in CHO + Gln condition compared with placebo. Two hours after exercise, interleukin (IL)-1β decreased compared with post-exercise in placebo and was lower compared with baseline in the CHO + Gln condition. Tumor necrosis factor-α decreased 2 h after exercise compared with baseline and pre-exercise in the CHO + Gln condition. No changes were observed in myeloperoxidase or IL-6 production. Two hours after exercise, Gln decreased compared with baseline and post-exercise in placebo and decreased 2 h after exercise in relation to post-exercise in the CHO condition. Gln increased post-exercise compared with pre-exercise in the CHO + Gln condition. Although erythropoietin did not change in this condition, it was high post-exercise and 2 h after exercise in the placebo condition compared with baseline and 2 h after exercise compared with baseline and pre-exercise in the CHO condition. Conclusions Gln supplementation for 6 d before exercise, associated with CHO supplementation during exercise, was able to revert Gln reduction after exercise and after 2 h of recovery and may have contributed to reducing tumor necrosis factor-α production, suggesting a possible anti-inflammatory effect of supplementation.

Para o treinamento ser bem sucedido deve ser suficientemente intenso para provocar a quebra da homeostase, a adaptação e, por fim, a supercompensação. Todavia, condições de estresse excessivo induzido pelo exercício físico podem provocar efeitos indesejáveis. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar se o aumento na sobrecarga de treinamento altera parâmetros hormonais e bioquímicos similares ao overreaching. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos: SED (animais sedentários), MOD (animais que treinaram de forma moderada durante seis semanas) e grupo EXT (que treinaram de forma semelhante ao grupo MOD por quatro semanas, duas sessões diárias de treinamento na quinta semana e três sessões na sexta semana). Houve aumento da concentração plasmática de glutamato no grupo EXT (p < 0,05) em relação ao SED e da relação GLN/GLU em relação aos animais dos grupos SED e MOD (p < 0,05). Além disso, o grupo MOD apresentou aumento de glicogênio no músculo sóleo e fígado e de GH, enquanto a testosterona foi menor do que no grupo SED (p < 0,05). O grupo EXT apresentou comportamento semelhante ao grupo MOD com relação ao glicogênio hepático e muscular e a testosterona. Quanto ao GH, o grupo EXT apresentou concentração menor do que o grupo MOD (p < 0,05) e aumento de uréia (p < 0,05) em relação aos animais sedentários. Assim, concluímos que o protocolo do grupo EXT não foi capaz de induzir sinais de overreaching nos animais.Para que el entrenamiento tenga éxito, éste debe ser lo suficientemente intenso para provocar la quiebra de homeostasis, la adaptación y por fin la supercompensación. Sin embargo, condiciones de estrés excesivo inducidos por el ejercicio físico pueden provocar efectos indeseables. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar si el aumento en la sobrecarga de entrenamiento altera parámetros hormonales y bioquímicos similares al overreaching. Los animales fueron divididos en tres grupos: SED (animales sedentarios), MOD (animales que entrenaron de forma moderada durante 6 semanas) y EXT (que entrenaron de forma semejante al grupo MOD por 4 semanas, 2 sesiones diarias de entrenamiento en la quinta semana y 3 sesiones la sexta semana). Hubo aumento en la concentración plasmática de glutamato en el grupo EXT (p < 0,05) con relación al grupo SED y del cociente GLN/GLU respecto a los animales de los grupos SED y MOD (p < 0,05). Además, el grupo MOD presentó aumento de glicógeno en el músculo soleo e hígado y de GH, mientras que la testosterona fue menor que en el grupo SED (p < 0,05). El grupo EXT presentó comportamiento semejante al grupo MOD respecto al glicógeno hepático y muscular y a la testosterona. Con relación al GH, el grupo EXT presentó una concentración menor que el grupo MOD (p < 0,05) y un aumento de urea (p < 0,05) en los animales sedentarios. Así, concluimos que el protocolo del grupo EXT no fue capaz de inducir señales de overreaching en los animales.The training will be efficient if it is intensive enough to promote homeostasis break, adaptation and super compensation consequently. On the other hand, excessive stress conditions induced by exercise may promote undesirable effects. This paper aims to evaluate the effects of the increase in overload training upon some hormonal and biochemical parameters similar to overreaching. The animals were divided in three groups: SED (sedentary animals), MOD (moderate training during six weeks) and EXT (similar training to MOD for four weeks and increase to two and three daily training sessions in the 5th and 6th weeks, respectively). There was an increase in glutamate in EXT group (p < 0.05) in relation to SED and in GLN/GLU ratio in relation to SED and MOD groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the MOD group presented increase in soleum muscle and liver glycogen and GH plasmatic concentration (p < 0.05), whereas a testosterone decrease was found (p < 0.05) in relation to SED. The EXT group showed similar changes to MOD as to muscle and liver glycogen. The GH concentration in EXT group was smaller than in the MOD group (p < 0.05) and urea increased (p < 0.05) in relation to SED. Thus, we came to the conclusion that the EXT group protocol was not able to induce signs of overreaching in the animals.