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fuc-Pg supplementation could prevent obesity by affecting intestinal lipid metabolism, reversing the abnormal serum lipid profile, improving WAT function, and reversing systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice.

Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been widely applied in recent traffic classification. However, the problems of both discriminator bias and class imbalance decrease the accuracies of ML based traffic classifier. In this paper, we propose an accurate and extensible traffic classifier. Specifically, to address the discriminator bias issue, our classifier is built by making an optimal cascade of binary sub-classifiers, where each binary sub-classifier is trained independently with the discriminators used for identifying application specific traffic. Moreover, to balance a training dataset, we apply SMOTE algorithm in generating artificial training samples for minority classes. We evaluate our classifier on two datasets collected from different network border routers. Compared with the previous multi-class traffic classifiers built in one-time training process, our classifier achieves much higher F-Measure and AUC for each application.

Tourmaline is a borosilicate mineral commonly found in sedimentary rocks worldwide. It is chemically and mechanically stable and, as a host of boron in crustal rocks, it could be a useful indicator of rock sources. Despite this, its potential as a source indicator using the boron (B) isotope has remained largely under-explored. In this study, we propose a new integrated approach to fingerprint the origin of detrital tourmaline grains and test whether the approach is useful for identifying source rocks. Tourmaline grains in modern river sands from Southern Tibet were analyzed for optical properties, major elements, and B isotope composition. The geochemistry of detrital tourmaline in sand from the Nianchu and Pumchu rivers draining the Himalayan ranges is similar, and the B isotope values indicated they were mainly from Himalayan leucogranites. Tourmalines in the Lhasa River sand were derived from two major sources. Grains with high Al, low Mg, and strongly negative B isotope values (−12‰ to −16‰) were interpreted from the Gangdese arc batholith, whereas those with low Al, high Fe, and B isotope values of −2‰ to 2‰ were proposed most likely from Nyaingentanglha orthogneisses. We examined the relationships between tourmaline properties and found that B isotope values are useful as a source indicator. We also established a database of B isotope values for 2724 tourmaline crystals in different types of exposed rock spanning 37 countries, to promote the use of B isotope values in tourmaline in provenance studies.

The Nianchu, as the largest southern tributary of the middle Yarlung Tsangpo (upper Brahmaputra River in southern Tibet), drains mainly sedimentary rocks of the Tethys Himalaya and subordinately metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Greater Himalaya, Kangmar gneiss dome, and Indus-Yarlung ophiolitic suture zone. This study presents the first detailed compositional fingerprinting of detritus released from the Tethys Himalaya in southern Tibet. Sand carried by the Nianchu and by its major tributaries range from quartzo-lithic to litho-quartzose sedimentaclastic with a few metamorphic, volcanic, and ultramafic lithic grains, reflecting dominant erosion of Tethys Himalayan strata. Transparent heavy-mineral assemblages are moderately poor. They include a mixed recycled assemblage with amphibole, tourmaline and rounded zircon, together with first-cycle sillimanite and garnet grains from the Greater Himalaya, young titanite and monazite grains from either the Greater Himalaya or the Kangmar dome, chloritoid from the low-grade metapelites surrounding the Kangmar dome, and clinopyroxene, olivine and enstatite grains shed from forearc ophiolites. Forward mixing models indicate that ~80% of Nianchu sand is recycled from the Tethys Himalaya, which is roughly the same percentage as the corresponding exposure area. Based on previous geochronological and provenance studies, and on available suspended-load data from the Nianchu, Lhasa and Yarlung Tsangpo rivers, we assess the average erosion rate in the Nianchu catchment as ~0.10 mm a−1, about twice as that in the middle Yarlung Tsangpo catchment (0.05 mm a−1) and about five times as that of the Lhasa River catchment (0.02 mm a−1). This marked difference is principally ascribed to the higher erodibility of Tethys Himalayan sedimentary strata. Within the Nianchu basin, low precipitation in the rain shadow of the high Himalayan range may explain a lower erosion rate in the headwaters (0.07 mm a−1) than in the less steep lower reaches (0.14 mm a−1).

Detrital geochronology, generally focused on zircon only, is widely used not only to obtain qualitative information on source areas but also in quantitative provenance analysis aimed at calculating sediment yields and erosion rates under the assumption that age spectra broadly reflect the proportions of areal exposures of source rocks. The principal aim of this article is to put this assumption to test. The Tibetan Plateau and Himalayan belt, in which the age of magmatic and metamorphic events has been accurately determined through decades of geological and geochronological studies, represent an excellent natural laboratory for provenance analysis. In this study, we focus on sand carried by three major Tibetan rivers - including the largest tributaries of the Yarlung Tsangpo draining either the Lhasa block or the Himalaya exclusively - and couple classical petrographic and heavy-mineral analyses with geochronological and geochemical fingerprinting of detrital zircon, monazite, titanite, and rutile as witnesses of episodes of crustal growth in their catchment. Zircon, rutile, monazite, and titanite provide different responses to magmatic and metamorphic events and are highly to moderately durable minerals that can be preserved in ancient sandstones, thus representing precious tracers in provenance analysis. Our results show that largely euhedral zircon and titanite grains in Lhasa River sand reflect the multiple magmatic events that affected the Lhasa block through the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, and together with detrital monazite and rutile highlight post-collisional metamorphic events in the Nyainqentanglha Range. Mostly rounded detrital minerals generated in the Nianchu and Pumchu catchments are instead largely recycled from Tethys Himalayan sedimentary rocks, but young ages of monazite and titanite grains reflect the widespread Miocene thermal event associated with leucogranite intrusions both at the top of the Greater Himalayan metamorphic unit and in Northern Himalayan gneiss domes. The geochemical signature of most rutile grains in all studied samples indicates ultimate provenance from metapelites. Most important, the age spectra of different datable detrital minerals reflect poorly and in very different proportions the areal exposure of source-rock lithologies (and in the Lhasa River catchment also the areal exposure of granitoids of different age). We conclude that, although detrital geochronology does provide essential information in qualitative provenance reconstructions, the age distributions of single minerals cannot be reliably converted in terms of proportional sediment yield, and thus cannot be used to calculate sediment budgets or trace erosion rates unless fertility bias is accurately quantified and taken into due account.

The behavior of APT attack has been the hot topic in recent network security study. It is critical to understand the implementation principle of APT attack. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of APT attack in the Ngay campaign from two aspects: network traffic and code implementation. We first set up the attack chain by using network traffic analysis. Then, the vulnerability exploitation process is detailed through reverse code analysis. After that, we illustrate the process of building back door. Lastly, we introduce the obfuscation technology applied in the APT malware samples.

Route randomization is an important research focus for moving target defense which seeks to proactively and dynamically change the forwarding routes in the network. In this paper, the difficulties of implementing route randomization in traditional networks are analyzed. To solve these difficulties and achieve effective route randomization, a novel route randomization approach is proposed, which is implemented by adding a mapping layer between routers' physical interfaces and their corresponding logical addresses. The design ideas and the details of proposed approach are presented. The effectiveness and performance of proposed approach are verified and evaluated by corresponding experiments.

Nowadays, there is a big challenge on the security risk of information system with the rapid development of network. Computer viruses have brought great intimidation on information systems, which made the loss of worldwide information security moving up. Therefore, more and more people focus on the security problem of information systems, which need our appropriate protection. At first, the principle approach from security risk identification to risk management is proposed. Secondly, an information system security risk management algorithm based on probability model and security entropy is described in detail. Thirdly, a particular system is selected as the example. The whole risk of information system security is modelled and computed according to the risk management computing formula. In accordance with the example, the applicability and feasibility of the probability model is verified. The method proposed in this paper provides some use of reference in the risk management of information system security and execution of security measures.

While application feature extraction is popular in recent researches of traffic classification, only a few studies have extracted application features by synthetically analyzing packet payloads, port allocation and flow-level statistics. In this paper, we apply the techniques of both dynamic binary tracking and statistical learning in application feature extraction. Specifically, we first accurately capture the payload contents by reversely debugging an application in an automatic way, and then recursively cluster those contents to generate protocol signatures. Afterwards, we perform port statistical analysis to generate a port association rule. To identify the encrypted applications, we present a feature selection algorithm for selecting the optimal features from the time series statistics of the first ten packet sizes of each TCP flow. Compared with three typical feature selection algorithms, we validate that our proposed feature selection algorithm is more effectiveness. Additionally, we propose a scheme to synthetically apply protocol signatures, port association and flow statistics in traffic classification. By evaluating our method on the identification of Thunder flows, we show that the combination of protocol signatures, port association and flow statistics is promising in traffic classification.

Heavy minerals are generally trace components of sand or sandstone. Fast and accurate heavy mineral classification has become a necessity. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometers (EDS) integrated with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to obtain rapid heavy mineral elemental compositions. However, mineral identification is challenging since there are wide ranges of spectral datasets for natural minerals. This study aimed to find a reliable, machine learning classifier for identifying various heavy minerals based on EDS data. After selecting 22 distinct heavy minerals from modern river sands, we obtained their elemental data by SEM/EDS. The elemental data from a total of 3067 mineral grains were collected under various instrumental conditions. We compared the classification performance of four classifiers (Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Bayesian Network). Our results indicated that machine learning methods, especially Random Forest, can be used as the most effective classifier for heavy mineral classification.

The multiplicity of the eigenvalue 1 (ME1) and the weighted spectral distribution (WSD), i.e., two weakly-related metrics defined on the normalized Laplacian spectrum, capture the size-independent features of the Internet structure. In this paper, we evaluate the multicast routing protocol in the size-independent Internet structure, and numerically find that the protocol indexes tend to stable as the network size increases if the normalized Laplacian spectrum of the network topology is asymptotically independent of the network size. The real-world Internet topology evolves (i.e., the network size increases) over time, which indicates that the protocol should be evaluated in the size-independent network structure. Our studies provide a specific application of the normalized Laplacian spectrum, which verifies that the size-independent structure captured by the spectrum is useful for the evaluation of network protocols.

A logical method of ground formation target tracking, which includes formation initiation, formation separation, formation merging and formation updating, is proposed according to the kinetics of formation moving. The method addresses the problem of multi-targets tracking as a whole by using the centre -based tracking approach in the process of track updating. Therefore, it is practicable due to reducing the computational burden and saving system resources.

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to investigate the semiconductor performance of a series of phthalocyaninato zinc complexes, namely Zn[Pc(β-OCH3)8] (1), ZnPc (2), and Zn[Pc(β-COOCH3)8] (3) {[ Pc(β-OCH3)8]2- = dianion of 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octamethoxyphthalocyanine; Pc2- = dianion of phthalocyanine; [ Pc(β-COOCH3)8]2- = dianion of 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octamethoxycarbonylphthalocyanine} for organic field effect transistor (OFET). The effect of peripheral substituents on tuning the nature of phthalocyaninato zinc semiconductor has been clearly revealed. Introduction of eight weak electron-donating methoxy groups onto the peripheral positions of ZnPc (2) leads to a decrease in the hole injection barrier relative to Au electrode and an increase in the electron injection barrier, making compound 1 a better p-type semiconductor material in comparison with 2. In contrast, peripheral methoxycarbonyl substitution depresses the energy level of LUMO and thus induces an increase for the electron affinity (EA) value of ZnPc (2), resulting in the change of semiconductor nature from p-type for ZnPc (2) to n-type for Zn[Pc(β-COOCH3)8] (3) due to the improved electron injection ability. The calculated charge transfer mobility for hole is 1.05 cm2.V-1.s-1 for 1 and 5.33 cm2.V-1.s-1 for 2, while that for electron is 0.16 cm2.V-1.s-1 for 3. The present work should be helpful for designing and preparing novel phthalocyanine semiconductors in particular with good n-type OFET performance.

In this study, an unscented particle filtering method based on an interacting multiple model (IMM) frame for a Markovian switching system is presented. The method integrates the multiple model (MM) filter with an unscented particle filter (UPF) by an interaction step at the beginning. The framework (interaction/mixing, filtering, and combination) is similar to that in a standard IMM filter, but an UPF is adopted in each model. Therefore, the filtering performance and degeneracy phenomenon of particles are improved. The filtering method addresses nonlinear and/or non-Gaussian tracking problems. Simulation results show that the method has better tracking performance compared with the standard IMM-type filter and IMM particle filter.

In this paper, we proposed a reduced-reference image quality assessment method based on the statistical information of the relative phase and the mean directional information, both of which can be obtained from the complex wavelet coefficients. Dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT) that possesses more excellent properties than discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is used to produce complex wavelet coefficients. The basic idea underlying this algorithm is that the distribution of relative phase computed from a standard natural image possesses high consistence, while different distortions disturb the distribution in different ways. Combining with the directional information, it forms the reduced-reference features which are sensitive to most distortions in images. Finally the relationship between the difference of reduced-reference features and the subjective scores is established through a regression algorithm. The experiments are performed based on LIVE database, and the results show that the proposed method is in a leading position among the existent author-known reduced-reference image quality assessment methods.

The geochemistry of detrital chromian spinels is commonly used to discriminate provenance from different tectonic settings of mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks. Detrital spinels in Cenozoic foreland-basin successions fed from the Himalaya Orogen were assertively interpreted as sourced from the ophiolitic rocks of the Indus-Yarlung suture zone. This study compares the geochemistry of detrital Cr-spinels from the Tethys Himalaya passive margin and Cretaceous Xigaze forearc successions with those from the Indus-Yarlung ophiolites. Cr-spinels in the Indus-Yarlung ophiolites have low TiO2 (mostly 0.2%) and low Al2O3 (mainly 6-23%), indicating a rift-related basaltic origin. Detrital Cr-spinels from the Xigaze forearc basin have either low TiO2 (mostly 1.0%), indicating intra-plate basaltic origin. Compositional fingerprints of detrital Cr-spinels from Lower Eocene foreland-basin strata in the central-eastern Himalaya indicate provenance from the Lhasa Block without input from the Indus-Yarlung ophiolites. Only Cr-spinels from the Lower Eocene foreland-basin strata in the north-western Himalaya and the Upper Eocene-Lower Miocene remnant-ocean turbidites of the Bengal basin are mostly ophiolite-derived. The Indus-Yarlung ophiolites were thus emplaced and exposed to erosion since the Early Eocene (>50Ma) in the NW Himalaya, but only subsequently (50-38Ma) in the eastern Himalaya. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

In order to reduce costs of software testing, and make the process more efficient, a methodology for test suite optimization is presented in this paper. An example is given to demonstrate the efficiency of this methodology.

A new variable-structure IMM method for maneuvering target tracking using current statistical model is presented. The maximum acceleration - a design parameter in current statistical model, is used to design various motion models. The model set adaptation logic according to the maximum acceleration variety is also proposed in the paper. Simulation shows that the performance of new method is superior to the fixed structure IMM algorithm when target maneuver is intense.

A new method for maneuvering target tracking using "current" statistical model is presented. When tracked target maneuver occurs, "current" statistical model can detect the maneuver immediately and estimate the maneuver value accurately, and then the tracking filter will be compensated correctly and duly by estimated maneuver value. Based on this model, an interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator with Kalman filter (KF) as filter module is developed. For evaluating the performance of the estimator, a maneuvering target scenario is included. Simulation results show that the performance is superior to the traditional IMM algorithms when target maneuver is considered, and the method also yields lower computational load.

Ground maneuvering target tracking is a linear/ nonlinear and Gaussian/non-Gaussian filtering problem. The particle filter (PF), which is not restricted by assumptions of linearity and Gaussian noise, is an optimal estimator to address such problems. Based on the particle filter, a filtering method which uses an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) to generate the mean and covariance of the importance proposal distribution is developed. To reduce the computational burden, a resampling controller is designed to adjust the number of particles according to the filtering performance in the different maneuvering stages. Simulation results demonstrate that the new adaptive filtering method can obtain almost the same tracking performance with that of the UPF using fewer particles in the non-maneuvering phase and achieves more accuracy with more particles in the maneuvering phase.