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A simplistic approach for hiding and retrieving security codes in hologram is described here. Retrieval of these codes requires encoded dual beam which are recorded in a key hologram. In the reading process, spatially separated focus spots are formed which on divergence form moiré fringes in the observation plane. The nulling of moiré fringe in repositioning security hologram is possible only in case of genuine security and key hologram pair. The retrieval of hidden codes in the security hologram further needs spatial filtering of focus spots.

At present, materials obtained from nature are adopted with high priority due to exploitation of natural resources ofthe materials. This work is focused on the use of natural fibre with nano-silica as reinforcement in epoxy resin as a matrix. The polymer composites were developed by mixing an appropriate amount of nano SiO2 with bamboo fibres. After composite fabrication, specimens of standard size were prepared, and tests related to mechanical properties were performed. 32H compositesperformed best in the tensile test. The flexural test value for 32G composite was the highest. We found that the 32H composite had better energy absorption capacity. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to find the optimum composition of composites, and the effects of fibre and nano-SiO2 on their mechanical properties were investigated. A central composite design was employed to analyse the composite properties. A second order polynomial model was used for predicting strength of the composites. It has been found that the composite was best fit by a quadratic regression model with an excessive co-efficient to determine the R2 value. Effects of bamboo fibre and nano-SiO2 were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA).Experiment found that two-layer natural bamboo fibre with 2 wt.% of silica is of high quality. Nano composites of fabricated natural fibre reinforced polymer has numerous uses in automotive, aircraft, aerospace, sporting, structural, and home appliance industries.

Medial sphenoid wing meningiomas constitute 15%-20% of all intracranial meningiomas. These lesions have a propensity to encase the vessels of the circle of Willis and the surrounding cranial nerves. Thus, radical excision is a difficult proposition.In this paper, we analyzed our series of sphenoid wing meningiomas. We describe our surgical strategy, which was based on zone-wise dissection of the tumor. We describe the complications and outcomes of surgery.This case series is a retrospective analysis of a single surgeon series of medial sphenoid wing meningiomas operated over a 13-year period. Clinical, radiographic, and outcome variables were studied. The surgical videos were analyzed in detail. The meningioma and its extensions were divided into several zones and a zone-wise strategy for tumor excision was evolved.Twenty-four patients with medial sphenoid wing meningiomas were operated. In 14 patients, Simpson grade 3 excision could be achieved; 5 patients had Simpson grade 4 and 1 patient, grade 5 excision. Four (of 24 patients, 16.7%) had vessel injuries.Medial sphenoid wing meningiomas are difficult lesions to excise radically. Close follow-up of residual lesions (especially if attached to the basal dura) is warranted. Additional modalities of treatment like radiosurgery may be required in case of any progression and for higher-grade lesions.

This video highlights the standard surgical steps of retrosigmoid craniotomy and excision of a moderately sized vestibular schwannoma with facial nerve preservation, with basic technical nuances to guide young neurosurgeons.A systematic step-by-step approach to microsurgical dissection and removal of vestibular schwannoma that achieves gross total excision with good facial nerve preservation.The video starts with a note on clinical presentation of a 45-year-old male with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and headache with MRI brain showing a 3.8 × 3.0 cm schwannoma arising from the left vestibular nerve. The surgery was performed in lateral position with neuromonitoring, using a conventional retrosigmoid craniotomy. The essential surgical steps of arachnoid opening and extra capsular dissection, identification and preservation of facial nerve, and drilling of the internal acoustic meatus (IAM) are demonstrated step by step achieving a gross total excision.A systematic and meticulous approach to microsurgical excision of vestibular schwannoma is pivotal in the preservation of facial nerve and in preventing damage to surrounding neurovascular structures.Adopting microsurgical techniques in vestibular schwannoma with intraoperative facial nerve monitoring aids in achieving good functional outcome and tumor control.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequently diagnosed malignant brain tumor in adults. GBM is usually lethal within 24 months of diagnosis, despite aggressive multimodality treatment. Although it has been established that cancer-related inflammation is associated with worse outcomes, the role of eosinophils, basophils, atopy, and allergy in glioma biology is only gradually being delineated. In this study, we aimed to examine if eosinophil-based and basophil-based indices were altered in patients with GBM compared with healthy controls. We also aimed to study if there was any correlation between these indices and patient-related and tumor-related factors and survival.This study was a retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained databases. Data pertaining to patient-related and tumor-related factors, hemograms, and survival data were obtained from the electronic medical records of selected patients. Correlations between eosinophil-based and basophil-based indices and these factors were studied, as was the association with overall survival.All the indices were altered in patients with GBM compared with normal healthy controls. The absolute eosinophil count was higher and the neutrophils/eosinophils ratio was lower in the better prognosis groups: those with better performance status; those without features of increased intracranial pressure or altered sensorium at presentation; those with ATRX-retained tumors that did not overexpress p53; and in the long-term survivors. The total lymphocyte count/basophils ratio and the absolute eosinophil count both independently predicted survival in a multivariate analysis.The absolute eosinophil count was consistently higher in the better prognosis groups and is likely to be incorporated into prognostic models for GBM.

Background Achieving hemostasis during neurosurgical procedures within deep seated tumors is of paramount importance. Chemical methods like using ORC and gel foam are preferred to bipolar cautery as bipolar cautery causes thermal injury to the normal eloquent surrounding white matter fibers, thereby causing significant morbidities. In addition to the chemical methods, we advocate a new relatively simple mechanical method by using small size Foley catheter inflated with saline can achieve hemostasis in case of deep locating brain tumor surgery with diffuse oozing from the tumor bed and surrounding white matter tissues are of concern. The balloon tamponade effect of the inflated Foley catheter helps in achieving complete hemostasis without damaging the surrounding normal white matter parenchyma. Case presentation A 52-years-old female admitted with history of progressive drowsiness and altered sensorium. Brain MRI was done showing large right-sided trigonal meningioma. Right parieto-occipital craniotomy was done, through the superior parietal lobe, corticotomy was done, and tumor was reached. Gentle retraction was done using curved blades in between the tumor and normal brain parenchyma. During surgery, following tumor removal, there was a diffuse oozing from tumor bed and the surrounding stretched white matter fibers. Hemostasis was attempted with chemical methods like ORC and gel foam. We avoided bipolar cautery to prevent thermal injury to the normal stretched eloquent white matter, as bleeding was not settled over the period of 45 min using chemical methods. Then, we placed a 10 F size Foley catheter in the tumor cavity and inflated with 6 ml of saline over the period of 10 min. Prior to Foley placement, we coated ORC over the tumor bed and the surrounding white matter. This achieved hemostasis to a significant extent and the same was repeated for another 10 min, and finally, complete hemostasis was achieved. Postoperative period went uneventful. Patient was discharged with good neurological recovery. Conclusion Inflatable Foley catheter balloon is a simple, cost-effective technique for achieving hemostasis in deep white matter tumors in addition to the routinely available hemostatic techniques.

Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in the brain's proper functioning and nervous system, in blood flow, and in reducing weakness and tiredness. In their food, most people get adequate vitamin B12, but in some health conditions (e.g. inadequate sleep, stomach/intestinal disorders, inflammation, cancer), there could be a shortage. If left unchecked, severe Vitamin B12 deficiency results in anemia and nerve damage. Vitamin B12 deficiency is typically treated using parenteral and oral dosage formulations, but absorption and compliance problems are involved with these routes of administration. Most significantly, the function of this missing intrinsic factor has been shown to assist in vitamin B12 absorption and a deficiency known as pernicious anaemia. Vitamin B12 is only partially absorbed when delivered by mouth to patients with pernicious anemia, but hematologically re-absorbed in patients with pernicious anemia. Parenteral administration of the extrinsic element will treat pernicious anaemia satisfactorily. There are several roles and advantages of vitamin B 12 in the human body with therapeutic effects also. Keywords: Water Soluble Vitamins, Methylcobalamine, Vitamin B12, Pernicious Anaemia.

Introduction: Unlike adult gliomas, the utility of combined application of awake anesthesia and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) for maximal safe resection in eloquent region gliomas (ERG) has not been established for pediatric population while it remains unexplored in preadolescents (below 11 years old). Case Presentation: We report 2 cases of awake craniotomy with IONM in an 8 and 9 year old for safe maximal resection of ERG. In both the cases, repeated preoperative visits of the operating room was performed to familiarize and educate the children about intraoperative communication, comfortable positioning, and neurological assessment. Under conscious sedation protocol, cortical and subcortical mapping, and electrocorticography, gross total resection was achieved. In both the cases, there were no postoperative neurodeficits or perioperative complications. Conclusion: Our 2 cases illustrate the first instance of successful use of awake IONM for maximal safe resection of ERG in preadolescent age-group. We believe, with proper preoperative planning and careful titration of anesthetics, it is safe and feasible. The blanket notion that preadolescent age-group should be excluded from awake mapping needs to be challenged, rather curated on a case basis.