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In this paper, we have combined ideas drawn from philosophy (epistemic injustice), critical theory (epistemicide) and practical approaches (engaged research design) with Indigenous knowledge to promote ‘fairness in knowing’ in a project called DETECT (IntegratedSpace Technology VectorControl for Enhancing community health and resilience against escalating climatic disruptions), an early warning system to support communities in identifying mosquito breeding sites using satellite, drone and ground-sensing technologies. DETECT used engaged research design to inform pre-award planning. We document how the project team, comprising Indigenous and other researchers, re-imagined the plans in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic to allow project participants to meet safely and equitably, and reflect on some of the key challenges in engaging across borders and cultures in the context of rapidly changing conditions characterised by vulnerability, risk, complexity and uncertainty.

Colostethus kaiei sp. nov. Figs 1–8 Material Holotype. IRSNB 1938 (field no. PK 1159), an adult male, collected by Philippe J. R. Kok, Hemchandranauth Sambhu and Indranee Roopsind, 5 December 2005, Kaieteur National Park, along Tukeit trail, Guyana, 5 ° 11 ’06” N, 59 ° 28 ’ 51 ” W, elevation ca. 400 m. Paratypes (26 specimens). IRSNB 1939 (female), collected by P. J. R. Kok and D. Arjoon, 22 June 2004, on Muri Muri trail, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1940 (female), IRSNB 1941 (male), collected by P. J. R. Kok and D. Arjoon, 22 June 2004, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1942 (juvenile) collected by P. J. R. Kok and D. Arjoon, 24 June 2004, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1943 (juvenile) collected by P. J. R. Kok and D. Arjoon, in mist forest along the Kaieteur gorge, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1944 (juvenile), collected by D. Arjoon, 28 June 2004, in Archer Simon backdam, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1945 (female), collected by D. Arjoon, 9 July 2004, on Muri Muri trail, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1946 – 47 (males), collected by P. Benjamin, 15 July 2004, on Muri Muri trail, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1948 (male), collected by D. Arjoon, 19 July 2004, next to the rangers house, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1949 (female), collected by D. Arjoon, 25 July 2004, at the savannah edge, Kaieteur plateau, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1950 (female), collected by P. J. R. Kok, H. Sambhu, F. Marco and R. Williams, 20 November 2004, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1951 (male), collected by P. J. R. Kok, H. Sambhu, F. Marco and R. Williams, 21 November 2004, on the trail across from Menzies Landing, on the right bank of the Potaro River, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1952 ­ 54 (females), collected by P. J. R. Kok, H. Sambhu and F. Marco, 4 December 2005, on the left edge of the Kaieteur gorge, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1955 (male), collected by P. J. R. Kok, H. Sambhu, I. Roopsind and F. Marco, 12 December 2005, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1956 ­ 57 (males), IRSNB 1958 (female), IRSNB 1959 ­ 60 (males), collected by P. J. R. Kok, H. Sambhu, I. Roopsind and F. Marco, 5 December 2005, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1961 ­ 62 (females), collected by H. Sambhu and I. Roopsind, 7 December 2005, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1963 (male), collected by H. Sambhu and I. Roopsind, 10 December 2005, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park; IRSNB 1964 (male) collected by F. Marco and J. L. Talley, 6 December 2005, in disturbed forest adjacent to Menzies Landing, Kaieteur National Park. Etymology The new species is named in honour of Kaie, a great Chieftain of the Patamona tribe, from whom Kaieteur Falls was named. According to the legend, Kaie, in order to save his people from being destroyed by a warrior tribe, the Caribs, sacrificed himself to the Great Spirit Makonaima by canoeing over the Falls. Adult definition and diagnosis A small species of Colostethus (males to 18.9 mm SVL, females to 19.8 mm SVL); body robust; Finger I and II equal in length when fingers appressed; Finger IV length reaching distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III when fingers appressed; distal tubercle on Finger IV; all fingers slightly swollen in adult males; moderate webbing between Toes I–IV; lateral fringes on fingers present; throat in adult males light greyish pink with discrete dark spotting to extensive stippling extending to chest and venter (however, the throat is never totally grey nor solid black), throat in females immaculate yellow; belly in males whitish with minute dark stippling, belly in females orangish yellow, free of melanophores; dorsolateral stripe present, sometimes barely visible; oblique lateral stripe absent; ventrolateral stripe absent; median lingual process present; cloacal tubercles absent; black arm­band absent in males; testis white (unpigmented) in adult males. When compared to congeners from the Guiana Shield region, Colostethus kaiei is easily distinguished from C. brunneus (fide Cope 1887), C. fuliginosus Jiménez de la Espada, 1871, C. sumtuosus Morales, “ 2000 ” [2002], and C. undulatus Myers & Donnelly, 2001 by the presence of a median lingual process (absent in C. brunneus, C. fuliginosus, C. sumtuosus, and C. undulatus). Colostethus kaiei differs from C. ayarzaguenai La Marca, “ 1996 ” [1997], C. guanayensis La Marca, “ 1996 ” [1997], C. parimae La Marca, “ 1996 ” [1997], C. parkerae Meinhardt & Parmelee, 1996, C. shrevei Rivero, 1961, C. tamacuarensis Myers & Donnelly 1997, and C. tepuyensis La Marca, “ 1996 ” [1997] by adult size (adult SVL C. kaiei versus> 20 mm in C. ayarzaguenai, C. guanayensis, C. parimae, C. parkerae C. shrevei, C. tamacuarensis, and C. tepuyensis); from C. murisipanensis La Marca, “ 1996 ” [1997], C. praderoi La Marca, “ 1996 ” [1997], C. roraima La Marca, “ 1996 ” [1997], and C. wothuja Barrio­Amorós, Fuentes & Rivas, 2004 in having dorsolateral stripes (absent in C. murisipanensis, C. praderoi, C. roraima and C. wothuja); from C. sanmartini Rivero, Langone & Prigioni, 1986 in having a smooth dorsum (granular in C. sanmartini), Fingers I and II equal in length when appressed (Finger I shorter than II in C. sanmartini), and in having fringes on fingers (absent in C. sanmartini); from C. breweri Barrio­Amorós, 2006 and C. triunfo Barrio­ Amorós, Fuentes & Rivas, 2004 in having fringes on fingers (absent in C. breweri and C. triunfo); from C. degranvillei Lescure, 1975 in having a light venter (venter dark stippled with white in C. degranvillei), from C. beebei (Noble, 1923) in having Fingers I and II equal in length when appressed (Finger I shorter than II in C. beebei), light pink throat stippled with melanophores in males (immaculate yellow in C. beebei), and in having a smooth dorsum (granular in C. beebei); and from C. baeobatrachus Boistel & de Massary, 1999 and C. stepheni Martins, 1989 in having Finger III not distinctly swollen in males (distinctly swollen in C. baeobatrachus and C. stepheni), and Fingers I and II equal in length when appressed (Finger I longer than II in C. baeobatrachus and C. stepheni). Measurements (mm) of the holotype SVL 16.5, HL 5.5, HW 5.4, SL 2.9, EN 1.7, IN 2.3, EL 2.4, IO 2.3, TYM 1.0, FAL 3.8, HAND 4.6, WFD 0.7, TL 8.8, FL 7.3, WTD 0.7. Description of the holotype An adult male 16.5 mm SVL; body robust; head slightly longer than wide, head width 98.2 % length; head length 33.3 % SVL; snout broadly rounded to nearly truncate in dorsal view, acutely rounded in lateral view, extending past lower jaw, snout 52.7 % head length. Nares located laterally, opening posterolaterally; canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region feebly concave (nearly flat); internarial distance 42.6 % head width; eye­naris distance 30.9 % head length, 70.8 % eye length. Tympanum nearly round, directed posterolaterally, 41.7 % of eye length; separated from eye by a distance equal to 30 % of tympanum diameter; supratympanic fold absent; tympanic annulus visible; posterodorsal aspect of tympanum barely visible; anteroventral margin of tympanum distinct. Tongue attached anteriorly, longer than wide, broadly rounded posteriorly, median lingual process present (Figs 1–2). Choanae circular, lateral. Vocal slits long, lateral. Small teeth present on maxillary and premaxillary, prevomerine teeth absent. Cloacal tubercles absent; vent at level of upper thighs; a small anal flap above vent. Skin on dorsum and belly smooth. Forelimb slender, skin smooth; metacarpal ridge absent; hand length 27.9 % SVL; Finger I and Finger II equal in length when fingers appressed; rudimentary webbing between Fingers II and III, lateral fringes present on pre­ and postaxial edges of all fingers; Finger III not swollen but all fingers slightly swollen when compared with those of females; Finger IV reaching distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III when fingers appressed; terminal discs expanded, wider than long, about 1.5 X width of digit; width of disc on Finger III 0.70; discs with distinct dorsal scutes. Relative lengths of appressed fingers III> IV> II = I; palmar tubercle large, ovoid, 0.85 in diameter, 15.5 % HL; thenar tubercle small, elliptic, half the size of palmar tubercle, well separated from palmar tubercle. One subarticular tubercle present on Fingers I and II; two subarticular tubercles on Finger III and IV; basal subarticular tubercles on Fingers I, II, and III largest, subequal, basal and distal subarticular tubercle on Finger IV smaller, subequal; distal tubercle on Finger III very small, inconspicuous (Fig. 3). Hindlimb robust, skin granular; tibia length 53.3 % SVL; heels touching each other but not overlapping when hindlimbs are flexed at right angles to sagittal plane of body; foot length 44.2 % SVL; relative length of appressed toes IV> III> V> II> I; Toe I very short, reaching the base of subarticular tubercle on Toe II when toes appressed; discs on toes larger than width of toes; disc on Toe I only slightly larger than width of digit. Size of disc on Toe IV 0.70. Feet moderately webbed, webbing present between toes I–IV, webbing with melanophores; lateral fringes present on all toes but very weak on the postaxial edge of Toe IV. Toe webbing formula I 1­2 ­ II 1 ½­ 3 + III 2 ¾ ­ 3 + IV. One to three subarticular tubercles on toes as follows: one on toes I and II, two on toes III and V, and three on toe IV (distal tubercle poorly defined). Inner metatarsal tubercle elliptical, 0.84 in length, outer metatarsal tubercle round, very protuberant, 0.40 in diameter, entirely pigmented. Tarsal keel well defined, tubercle­like and strongly curved at proximal end, extending distally to the fringe on preaxial edge of Toe I. Metatarsal fold strong (Fig. 3). Colour of holotype in life Dorsal ground colour medium brown. A wide black band extending from tip of snout laterally around the body and above the vent, containing most of the tympanum and tapering posteriorly from axilla; a thin, white, partly broken dorsolateral stripe above this band, extending from posterior edge of orbit to vent. Upper lip bar dirty white with a few white and light blue dots. Flank same colour as upper lip. Chin same colour as upper lip; throat and chest medium pink, belly cream stippled with melanophores; underside of thigh and shank creamy yellow. Iris metallic reddish bronze. Upper arm and forearm orange, posterior edge of the latter with a black longitudinal stripe tapering from wrist to elbow. Dark spot on upper surface of wrist. Dorsal surfaces of thigh, shank and tarsus same colour as dorsum, with ill­defined black crossbars, more crossbars on tarsus. Pale paracloacal mark. Toes and digits with small light blue dots. Palms and soles black (Fig. 4). Colour of holotype in preservative After two months in preservative, the dorsal ground colour became greyish brown; flanks and upper lips became pale grey; the orange and yellow colouration disappeared and ventral surfaces are white; all black bands and spots remain visible. Male secondary sexual characters Males are slightly smaller than females (maximum SVL in males 18.9 mm; maximum SVL in females 19.8 mm), with a cream belly (orangish yellow in females) and a light pink throat stippled with melanophores (throat immaculate orangish yellow in females). Under surface of arms and legs and posterior venter are creamy yellow in males, orange in females. Upper surface of hand is yellow in females, grey in males. In males, throat spotting varies from a few scattered tiny dots to extensive stippling extending to chest and venter, but the throat is never deep grey nor solid black (Fig. 5). Variation among type specimens Measurements (range, mean, and standard deviation) of the type series are provided in Table 1. Intraspecific variation is high and adult dorsal colouration varies from medium to reddish brown. Some specimens have small darker blotches on dorsum. Flanks can be yellow or grey. Light blue or white dots on flanks may be absent or present. The dorsolateral stripe is sometimes broken and/or very narrow, but always originates from posterior corner of eye. The width of the lateral black band is also variable; in some individuals it is twice the width found in other specimens. Additionally, overall colouration may vary with light intensity and time of day. The black crossbars on thigh, shank and tarsus may be nearly absent or broken into blotches in some individuals. The iris can be completely red (Fig. 6). In preservative, the dorsal colouration varies from brown to grey, apparently depending on the time spent in preservative. Other changes are similar than those observed in the holotype. Tadpole definition and diagnosis A Type 4 tadpole (Orton 1953), exotrophic, benthic type (Altig & Johnston 1989). Size small, up to 16.7 mm TL in stage 27. Tail length 59–64 % TL, caudal musculature robust, terminating anterior to tail tip, oral disc emarginate, LTRF 2 (2)/ 3, body dark with minute pale dots, venter transparent. In being exotrophic and in having keratinized and typical oral structures, the tadpole of C. kaiei is readily distinguished from those of C. degranvillei and C. stepheni (these tadpoles are endotrophic and lack keratinized and typical oral structures [Lescure 1984, Juncá et al. 1994]). When compared to other congeneric tadpoles from the Guiana Shield region, C. kaiei differs from C. beebei by its dark colouration, smaller size and terrestrial habitat (C. beebei tadpoles are yellow, larger and “arboreal”); from C. parkerae in position of nares (naris­snout distance 1.3 X eye­naris distance in C. kaiei, 0.5 X in C. parkerae); from C. tamacuarensis by the number and size of marginal papillae (papillae smaller and much more numerous in C. tamacuarensis); from C. undulatus by the height of tail (23 % of total length in C. undulatus, 17 % in C. kaiei), C. undulatus further differs in having smaller jaw sheaths and a less robust caudal musculature; and from C. wothuja by LTRF formula [2 (2)/ 3 in C. kaiei, 2 (2)/ 3 (1) in C. wothuja]. Tadpole description Twenty­four larvae were collected: five individuals in Stage 25, eight individuals in Stage 26 and 11 individuals in stage 27. Two stage­ 25 larvae were reared to stage 26 and 27, and two stage­ 26 larvae were reared to stage 28 before preservation. The following is a description of IRSNB 13767, a specimen collected in stage 25 and raised to stage 27: total length 16.7, body length 6.2, tail length 10.5 (63 % total length), body width 4.1, body height 2.8 (68 % body width), head width at level of eyes 3.8 (93 % body width), tail muscle height at base of tail 1.5, tail muscle width at base of tail 1.3, maximum height of tail 2.9, dorsal fin equal in height to ventral fin, greatest fin height 0.9, eye­naris distance 0.6, naris­snout 0.8, internarial distance 9.5, interorbital distance 1.1, eye diameter 0.6, vent tube length 0.95, limb bud length 0.5. Snout round in dorsal and lateral profiles, nares directed anterolaterally, eyes dorsal, directed anterolaterally. Spiracle sinistral, a short tube, directed dorsolaterally, its base located 30 % of body length from snout and 14 % of body height from venter. Vent tube distinct, dextral. Tail musculature highest at body/tail junction, tapering posteriorly, terminating anterior to tail tip. Tail tip rounded. Upper fin originates at junction of body and tail (Fig. 7). Mouth ventral, oral disc emarginate, width about 1 mm. Labial teeth short, strongly curved, each with at least 15 cusps. LTRF 2 (2)/ 3. A­ 1 slightly longer than A­ 2, P­ 3 slightly subequal to P­ 2 and P­ 1. Papillae in a single row, a wide medial gap in upper labium. Papillae tapered, blunt­tipped. Jaw sheaths large, serrate; each side of upper sheath sigmoid, lower sheath V­shaped (Fig. 8). Va r i a t i o n Variation of 15 meristic characters from tadpoles in stage 25–28 is given in Table 2. No remarkable differences are noted among larvae from our sample except that tooth row P­ 3 is usually shorter in larger tadpoles. Colour in life Body and top of head dark brown (almost black) with minute light dots. Lateral head light purple (transparent but appearing purple due to blood vessels visible through the skin), with minute darker dots. Caudal musculature grey, heavily mottled with dark brown. Fins transparent, upper fin mottled with dark brown, lower fin free of melanophores. After two months in preservative the light purple disappears and the body colouration remains dark brown, or light brown in specimens left a few days exposed to the light. No other noticeable change occurs. Vocalizations Quantitative measures of the somewhat cricket­like chirps of eight males including the holotype [IRSNB 1938; Fig. 9 (a)], paratype IRSNB 1959 and paratype IRSNB 1964 [Fig. 9 (b)] indicated low variation among individuals (mean ± 1 SE) for fundamental frequency (4.85 ± 0.40 kHz), harmonic frequency I (9.77 ± 0.30 kHz), harmonic frequency II (14.68 ± 0.07 kHz), and harmonic frequency III (19.59 ± 0.05 kHz) ­ unfortunately the harmonic frequencies while obvious in the original Canary generated sonograms, are not evident in Fig. 9 a, b — note duration (31.69 ± 1.17 ms), intranote duration (106.92 ± 2.41 ms), and internote duration (923.15 ± 34.07 ms; Fig. 9 a, b). The mean number of calls produced per 1 ­minute section was 74 and ranged from 49 to 101. Relationships Colostethus kaiei shares some phenotypic characters with most Guiana Shield Colostethus, like the median lingual process (MLP) (which is quite variable in size and shape among the species), toe webbing (extensive in some species) and robust body (Colostethus species without MLP have slender bodies). As pointed out by Barrio­Amorós (2006) we can assume that all the species having a MLP form a monophyletic group, but contrary to his assertions our recent discoveries show that not all of the species having a MLP share the oblique lateral stripe (absent in C. kaiei, but also in C. parkerae after original description) and the absence of dorsolateral stripes (present at least in C. kaiei, C. beebei and C. sp 1 from Paramakatoi, the latter having a broad dorsolateral stripe). Natural history Colostethus kaiei is a diurnal, terrestrial, cryptically coloured species mostly found in primary forest where it can be locally abundant. A few specimen

UK Research has been transformed over the past 10 years due to the staged introduction of the impact agenda; initially, as a requirement of applications to public funders, and then as an element of sector-wide research audits. We will begin this presentation with a brief review to explain these changes, drawing on selected theories of epistemology, and the findings from a recent research collaboration undertaken with a UK public funder.\ud \ud In response to the scale of these changes, UK Universities have been given opportunities by public funders to review and revise their organisational structures and cultural practices to adapt to the increased requirements to engage with ‘publics’ in ways that are meaningful to them. In the second section, we will briefly review the findings and key actions from a project undertaken at the Open University, UK to respond to these changes. These are embodied in our Senate-approved concept of ‘engaged research’, encompassing the different ways that researchers meaningfully interact with stakeholders, user communities, members of the public, facilitating engagement over any or all stages of a research process, from issue formulation, the production or co-creation of new knowledge, to knowledge evaluation and dissemination.\ud \ud The UK research landscape continues to evolve. In the final section, we will discuss how we have embedded theoretical concepts and practical approaches to promote ‘fairness in knowing’ and reduce ‘epistemic injustice’ in an ongoing project. The vehicle for this discussion is astrobiology, an emerging scientific field that encompasses 1) questions of whether life can exist beyond the Earth; 2) space governance and planetary protection; 3) inclusive innovation for international development; 4) commercially-viable microbiological solutions; and 5) educational innovation in developing nations. We will conclude by arguing that engaged research can transform research and innovation, moving science communicators beyond perennial arguments about theory vs. practice.