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1. Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

Author

Abrahamsen, E Povl, Barreira, Sandra, Bitz, Cecilia M, Butler, Amy, Clem, Kyle R, Colwell, Steve, Coy, Lawrence, de Laat, Jos, du Plessis, Marcel D, Fogt, Ryan L, Fricker, Helen Amanda, Fyfe, John, Gardner, Alex S, Gille, Sarah T, Gorte, Tessa, Gregor, L, Hobbs, Will, Johnson, Bryan, Keenan, Eric, Keller, Linda M, Kramarova, Natalya A, Lazzara, Matthew A, Lenaerts, Jan TM, Lieser, Jan L, Liu, Hongxing, Long, Craig S, Maclennan, Michelle, Massom, Robert A, Massonnet, François, Mazloff, Matthew R, Mikolajczyk, David, Narayanan, A, Nash, Eric R, Newman, Paul A, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pitts, Michael, Queste, Bastien Y, Reid, Phillip, Roquet, F, Santee, Michelle L, Strahan, Susan, Swart, Sebastiann, and Wang, Lei

Subjects
Astronomical and Space Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Published
2020

4. Southern ocean carbon and heat impact on climate

Author

Sallée, J. B., Abrahamsen, E. P., Allaigre, C., Auger, M., Ayres, H., Badhe, R., Boutin, J., Brearley, J. A., de Lavergne, C., ten Doeschate, A. M. M., Droste, E. S., du Plessis, M. D., Ferreira, D., Giddy, I. S., Gülk, B., Gruber, N., Hague, M., Hoppema, M., Josey, S. A., Kanzow, T., Kimmritz, M., Lindeman, M. R., Llanillo, P. J., Lucas, N. S., Madec, G., Marshall, D. P., Meijers, A. J. S., Meredith, M. P., Mohrmann, M., Monteiro, P. M. S., Mosneron Dupin, C., Naeck, K., Narayanan, A., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Nicholson, S-A., Novellino, A., Ödalen, Malin, Østerhus, S., Park, Wonsun, Patmore, R. D., Piedagnel, E., Roquet, F., Rosenthal, H. S., Roy, T., Saurabh, R., Silvy, Y., Spira, T., Steiger, N., Styles, A. F., Swart, S., Vogt, L., Ward, B., Zhou, S., Sallée, J. B., Abrahamsen, E. P., Allaigre, C., Auger, M., Ayres, H., Badhe, R., Boutin, J., Brearley, J. A., de Lavergne, C., ten Doeschate, A. M. M., Droste, E. S., du Plessis, M. D., Ferreira, D., Giddy, I. S., Gülk, B., Gruber, N., Hague, M., Hoppema, M., Josey, S. A., Kanzow, T., Kimmritz, M., Lindeman, M. R., Llanillo, P. J., Lucas, N. S., Madec, G., Marshall, D. P., Meijers, A. J. S., Meredith, M. P., Mohrmann, M., Monteiro, P. M. S., Mosneron Dupin, C., Naeck, K., Narayanan, A., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Nicholson, S-A., Novellino, A., Ödalen, Malin, Østerhus, S., Park, Wonsun, Patmore, R. D., Piedagnel, E., Roquet, F., Rosenthal, H. S., Roy, T., Saurabh, R., Silvy, Y., Spira, T., Steiger, N., Styles, A. F., Swart, S., Vogt, L., Ward, B., and Zhou, S.

Abstract

The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on decadal timescales are therefore impacted by oceanic processes taking place in the Southern Ocean, yet too little is known about these processes. Limitations come both from the lack of observations in this extreme environment and its inherent sensitivity to intermittent processes at scales that are not well captured in current Earth system models. The Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate programme was launched to address this knowledge gap, with the overall objective to understand and quantify variability of heat and carbon budgets in the Southern Ocean through an investigation of the key physical processes controlling exchanges between the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice using a combination of observational and modelling approaches. Here, we provide a brief overview of the programme, as well as a summary of some of the scientific progress achieved during its first half. Advances range from new evidence of the importance of specific processes in Southern Ocean ventilation rate (e.g. storm-induced turbulence, sea-ice meltwater fronts, wind-induced gyre circulation, dense shelf water formation and abyssal mixing) to refined descriptions of the physical changes currently ongoing in the Southern Ocean and of their link with global climate.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'.

Published
2023
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5. Southern ocean carbon and heat impact on climate

Author

The SO-CHIC Consortium, Sallée, J.B., Abrahamsen, E.P., Allaigre, C., Auger, M., Ayres, H., Badhe, R., Boutin, J., Brearley, J.A., de Lavergne, C., ten Doeschate, A.M.M., Droste, E.S., du Plessis, M.D., Ferreira, D., Giddy, I.S., Gülk, B., Gruber, N., Hague, M., Hoppema, M., Josey, S.A., Kanzow, T., Kimmritz, M., Lindeman, M.R., Llanillo, P.J., Lucas, N.S., Madec, G., Marshall, D.P., Meijers, A.J.S, Meredith, M.P., Mohrmann, M., Monteiro, P.M.S., Mosneron Dupin, C., Naeck, K., Narayanan, A., Naveira Garabato, A.C., Nicholson, S.-A., Novellino, A., Ödalen, M., Østerhus, S., Park, W., Patmore, R.D., Piedagnel, E., Roquet, F., Rosenthal, H.S., Roy, T., Saurabh, R., Silvy, Y., Spira, T., Steiger, N., Styles, A.F., Swart, S., Vogt, L., Ward, B., Zhou, S., The SO-CHIC Consortium, Sallée, J.B., Abrahamsen, E.P., Allaigre, C., Auger, M., Ayres, H., Badhe, R., Boutin, J., Brearley, J.A., de Lavergne, C., ten Doeschate, A.M.M., Droste, E.S., du Plessis, M.D., Ferreira, D., Giddy, I.S., Gülk, B., Gruber, N., Hague, M., Hoppema, M., Josey, S.A., Kanzow, T., Kimmritz, M., Lindeman, M.R., Llanillo, P.J., Lucas, N.S., Madec, G., Marshall, D.P., Meijers, A.J.S, Meredith, M.P., Mohrmann, M., Monteiro, P.M.S., Mosneron Dupin, C., Naeck, K., Narayanan, A., Naveira Garabato, A.C., Nicholson, S.-A., Novellino, A., Ödalen, M., Østerhus, S., Park, W., Patmore, R.D., Piedagnel, E., Roquet, F., Rosenthal, H.S., Roy, T., Saurabh, R., Silvy, Y., Spira, T., Steiger, N., Styles, A.F., Swart, S., Vogt, L., Ward, B., and Zhou, S.

Abstract

The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on decadal timescales are therefore impacted by oceanic processes taking place in the Southern Ocean, yet too little is known about these processes. Limitations come both from the lack of observations in this extreme environment and its inherent sensitivity to intermittent processes at scales that are not well captured in current Earth system models. The Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate programme was launched to address this knowledge gap, with the overall objective to understand and quantify variability of heat and carbon budgets in the Southern Ocean through an investigation of the key physical processes controlling exchanges between the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice using a combination of observational and modelling approaches. Here, we provide a brief overview of the programme, as well as a summary of some of the scientific progress achieved during its first half. Advances range from new evidence of the importance of specific processes in Southern Ocean ventilation rate (e.g. storm-induced turbulence, sea–ice meltwater fronts, wind-induced gyre circulation, dense shelf water formation and abyssal mixing) to refined descriptions of the physical changes currently ongoing in the Southern Ocean and of their link with global climate. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities’.

Published
2023

8. Abyssal ocean overturning shaped by seafloor distribution

Author

de Lavergne, C., Madec, G., Roquet, F., Holmes, R. M., and McDougall, T. J.

Subjects
Ocean bottom -- Natural history, Ocean circulation -- Natural history, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

The abyssal ocean is broadly characterized by northward flow of the densest waters and southward flow of less-dense waters above them. Understanding what controls the strength and structure of these interhemispheric flowsreferred to as the abyssal overturning circulationis key to quantifying the oceans ability to store carbon and heat on timescales exceeding a century. Here we show that, north of 32 S, the depth distribution of the seafloor compels dense southern-origin waters to flow northward below a depth of about 4 kilometres and to return southward predominantly at depths greater than 2.5 kilometres. Unless ventilated from the north, the overlying mid-depths (1 to 2.5 kilometres deep) host comparatively weak mean meridional flow. Backed by analysis of historical radiocarbon measurements, the findings imply that the geometry of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic basins places a major external constraint on the overturning structure., Author(s): C. de Lavergne (corresponding author) [1, 2]; G. Madec [2]; F. Roquet [3]; R. M. Holmes [1, 4]; T. J. McDougall [1] Dense waters originating from the surface at [...]

Published
2017
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9. Observed summer to winter evolution of the ocean mixed layer over the Maud Rise in the Weddell Sea

Author

Lindeman, M., Naveira Garabato, A., Silvano, A., du Plessis, M., Swart, S., Roquet, F., and Gülk, B.

Abstract

Air-sea-ice fluxes of heat, freshwater, and carbon in the Southern Ocean are critical to global ocean circulation and climate. During the ice-free summer months, carbon-rich Warm Deep Water (WDW) around Maud Rise in the eastern Weddell Sea is insulated from the atmosphere by a surface mixed layer and residual Winter Water layer. Fluxes across the mixed layer base control exchanges between WDW and the atmosphere, as well as determining water column stability in early winter at the onset of sea ice formation. A weakly stratified winter mixed layer could be susceptible to overturning, leading to ventilation of heat from WDW and the possible formation of an open ocean polynya, as observed over Maud Rise in the 1970s and 2016-17.We use high-resolution observations from autonomous platforms deployed during the 2022 SO-CHIC campaign to analyze the summer to winter mixed layer evolution in the Maud Rise region. 6 free-drifting UpTempO buoys collected over 12,500 hourly temperature profiles of the upper 60 m of the water column between January and June 2022. In addition, a Seaglider and Sailbuoy were deployed around Maud Rise from January to April, and 4 Argo floats remained in the region through austral summer 2023. We use ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis data to model the effect of 1-D processes on upper ocean variability, in order to distinguish the influence of synoptic storm events from submesoscale dynamics and quantify the integrated impact of each of these processes on mixed layer stratification at the onset of sea ice freeze-up., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023
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10. Measurement biases in temperature profiles from marine mammal data loggers: A global analysis

Author

Gouretski, V., Cheng, L., and Roquet, F.

Abstract

The data loggers attached to marine mammals represent an instrumentation type which provided a significant amount of temperature profiles for the moderate and polar regions since the 2000s. In the World Ocean Database WOD18 marine mammal data contribute ~60% of temperature profiles south of 50oS for 2005 – 2018 and ~40% of profiles north of 40oN being a significant data source for the estimation of the global ocean warming along with the data from ship-based CTDs and Argo floats. Use of the marine mammal data for the ocean heat content estimation requires the assessment of possible instrumental biases. For the first time we assess temperature biases in marine mammal data by comparing these data with temporarily and spatially collocated reference temperature profiles from Argo floats and ship-based CTDs. For the SRDL recorders implemented mostly in the Southern Ocean our estimates indicate a prevailing time- and sensor type dependent thermal negative temperature bias within the range -0.01 to -0.04oC. The less accurate TRD recorders implemented earlier on mammals in the North Pacific are characterized by a different bias pattern, showing the predominantly positive bias of about 0.08 to 0.10oC below 100 m. The derived total TRD bias can be decomposed into a small positive thermal bias (~0.02oC) and the bias due to the systematic error in pressure (depth). Based on the results of the study we provide corrections for instrumental temperature biases both in SRDL and TRD recorders., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023
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11. Supplementary material for ‘Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate’ from Southern ocean carbon and heat impact on climate

Author

Sallée, J. B., Abrahamsen, E. P., Allaigre, C., Auger, M., Ayres, H., Badhe, R., Boutin, J., Brearley, J. A., de Lavergne, C., ten Doeschate, A. M. M., Droste, E. S., du Plessis, M. D., Ferreira, D., Giddy, I. S., Gülk, B., Gruber, N., Hague, M., Hoppema, M., Josey, S. A., Kanzow, T., Kimmritz, M., Lindeman, M. R., Llanillo, P. J., Lucas, N. S., Madec, G., Marshall, D. P., Meijers, A. J. S., Meredith, M. P., Mohrmann, M., Monteiro, P. M. S., Mosneron Dupin, C., Naeck, K., Narayanan, A., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Nicholson, S-A., Novellino, A., Ödalen, M., Østerhus, S., Park, W., Patmore, R. D., Piedagnel, E., Roquet, F., Rosenthal, H. S., Roy, T., Saurabh, R., Silvy, Y., Spira, T., Steiger, N., Styles, A. F., Swart, S., Vogt, L., Ward, B., and Zhou, S.

Abstract

The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on decadal time scales are therefore impacted by oceanic processes taking place in the Southern Ocean, yet too little is known about these processes. Limitations come both from the lack of observations in this extreme environment and its inherent sensitivity to intermittent processes at scales that are not well captured in current Earth system models. The Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate programme was launched to address this knowledge gap, with the overall objective to understand and quantify variability of heat and carbon budgets in the Southern Ocean through an investigation of the key physical processes controlling exchanges between the atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice using a combination of observational and modelling approaches. Here, we provide a brief overview of the programme, as well as a summary of some of the scientific progress achieved during its first half. Advances range from new evidence of the importance of specific processes in Southern Ocean ventilation rate (e.g. storm-induced turbulence, sea–ice meltwater fronts, wind-induced gyre circulation, dense shelf water formation and abyssal mixing) to refined descriptions of the physical changes currently ongoing in the Southern Ocean and of their link with global climate.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities’.

Published
2023
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12. Deep-reaching global ocean overturning circulation generated by surface buoyancy forcing

Author

Klocker, A., Munday, D., Gayen, B., Roquet, F., and LaCasce, J.

Abstract

In contrast with the atmosphere, which is heated from below by solar radiation, the ocean is both heated and cooled from above. To drive a deep-reaching overturning circulation in this context, it is generally assumed that either intense interior mixing by winds and internal tides, or wind-driven upwelling is required; in their absence, the circulation is thought to collapse to a shallow surface cell. We demonstrate, using a primitive equation model with an idealized domain and no wind forcing, that the surface temperature forcing can in fact drive an inter-hemisphere overturning provided that there is an open channel unblocked in the zonal direction, such as in the Southern Ocean. With this geometry, rotating horizontal convection, in combination with asymmetric surface cooling between the north and south, drives a deep-reaching two-cell overturning circulation. The resulting vertical stratification closely resembles that of the real ocean, suggesting that wind-driven pumping is not necessary to produce a deep-reaching overturning circulation contrary to common belief, and that buoyancy forcing plays a much more active role than is usually assumed., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023
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13. Investigating surface buoyancy flux and Ekman transport influence on the Southern Ocean's upper ocean pycnocline stratification

Author

Caneill, R., Roquet, F., Nycander, J., and Madec, G.

Abstract

In this study, we examine the factors that influence the stratification of the upper ocean pycnocline (UOP), focusing on the Southern Ocean. The UOP is a critical layer just below the mixed layer whose stratification controls the exchange of properties between the ocean and the atmosphere. We classify the UOP regions according to the relative contributions of temperature and salinity in stabilizing the layer, resulting in three categories: alpha (temperature-stabilized), beta (salinity-stabilized), and transition (temperature- and salinity-stabilized) zones. Our analysis uses observational profiles from the EN4.2 database and calculates annual mean buoyancy fluxes by combining existing heat and freshwater flux products. Ekman transport is taken into account as an additional term in the buoyancy flux. In the Southern Ocean, the deep mixed layers are located on the southernmost flank of the alpha region, with the exception of the southeastern Pacific sector where they are located in the polar transition zone. Regions with negative buoyancy flux exhibit mixed layer deepening along the water path, but deep mixed layers only form when the buoyancy flux is negative along the entire path. Ekman transport contributes to the formation of deeper mixed layers throughout the Southern Ocean by bringing cold water northward. Overall, our results reveal that the boundaries between alpha, transition, and beta regions are generally consistent with more traditional definitions of fronts and provide an overview of upper ocean pycnocline stratification in the Southern Ocean., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023
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18. A Parameterization of Local and Remote Tidal Mixing

Author

de Lavergne, C., primary, Vic, C., additional, Madec, G., additional, Roquet, F., additional, Waterhouse, A. F., additional, Whalen, C. B., additional, Cuypers, Y., additional, Bouruet‐Aubertot, P., additional, Ferron, B., additional, and Hibiya, T., additional

Published
2020
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20. Development and standardization of an immuno-quantified solid phase assay for HIV-1 aspartyl protease activity and its application to the evaluation of inhibitors

Author

Fournout, S., Roquet, F., Salhi, S.L., Seyer, R., Valverde, V., Masson, J.M., Jouin, P., Pau, B., Nicolas, M., and Hanin, V.

Subjects
Microbial enzymes -- Analysis, Proteases -- Analysis, Enzyme inhibitors -- Analysis, Enzymatic analysis -- Methods, Chemistry
Abstract

The catELISA technique was modified and standardized for measuring HIV-1 aspartyl protease activity and evaluating the potency of synthetic peptide inhibitors. This immuno-quantified solid phase assay combines the use of an immobilized C-terminal biotinylated peptide as substrate, a crude enzyme preparation, and a highly specific antiserum elicited against the C-terminal product of the enzyme reaction. A standard curve of this C-terminal product was constructed to determine the enzyme activity. This assay, which requires less enzyme and substrate, is more sensitive than the conventional HPLC method. The amounts of C-terminal peptide produced in solution as determined from ELISA and HPLC standard curves were comparable. Analogues of peptidomimetics designed in our laboratory were assayed for their potency to inhibit the enzyme. One of them, H4, which is a hydroxyethylamine isostere of the Phe-Pro peptide bond, was a powerful inhibitor.

Published
1997

21. A parameterization of local and remote tidal mixing

Author

Lavergne, C., Vic, Clement, Madec, G, Roquet, F., Waterhouse, A. F., Whalen, C. B., Cuypers, Y., Bouruet‐aubertot, P., Ferron, Bruno, Hibiya, T., Lavergne, C., Vic, Clement, Madec, G, Roquet, F., Waterhouse, A. F., Whalen, C. B., Cuypers, Y., Bouruet‐aubertot, P., Ferron, Bruno, and Hibiya, T.

Abstract

Vertical mixing is often regarded as the Achilles' heel of ocean models. In particular, few models include a comprehensive and energy‐constrained parameterization of mixing by internal ocean tides. Here, we present an energy‐conserving mixing scheme which accounts for the local breaking of high‐mode internal tides and the distant dissipation of low‐mode internal tides. The scheme relies on four static two‐dimensional maps of internal tide dissipation, constructed using mode‐by‐mode Lagrangian tracking of energy beams from sources to sinks. Each map is associated with a distinct dissipative process and a corresponding vertical structure. Applied to an observational climatology of stratification, the scheme produces a global three‐dimensional map of dissipation which compares well with available microstructure observations and with upper‐ocean finestructure mixing estimates. This relative agreement, both in magnitude and spatial structure across ocean basins, suggests that internal tides underpin most of observed dissipation in the ocean interior at the global scale. The proposed parameterization is therefore expected to improve understanding, mapping and modelling of ocean mixing Plain Language Summary When tidal ocean currents flow over bumpy seafloor, they generate internal tidal waves. Internal waves are the subsurface analogue of surface waves that break on beaches. Like surface waves, internal tidal waves often become unstable and break into turbulence. This turbulence is a primary cause of mixing between stacked ocean layers—a key process regulating ocean currents and biology and a key ingredient of computer models of the global ocean. In this article, a three‐dimensional global map of mixing induced by internal tidal waves is presented. This map incorporates a large variety of energy pathways from the generation of tidal waves to turbulence, accounting for the conservation of energy. The map is compared to available observations of turbulence across the globe

Published
2020
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22. Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

Author

UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Abrahamsen, E. Povl, Barreira, Sandra, Bitz, Cecilia M., Butler, Amy, Clem, Kyle R., Colwell, Steve, Coy, Lawrence, de Laat, Jos, du Plessis, Marcel D., Fogt, Ryan L., Fricker, Helen Amanda, Fyfe, John, Gardner, Alex S., Gille, Sarah T., Gorte, Tessa, Gregor, L., Hobbs, Will, Johnson, Bryan, Keenan, Eric, Keller, Linda M., Kramarova, Natalya A., Lazzara, Matthew A., Lenaerts, Jan T. M., Lieser, Jan L., Liu, Hongxing, Long, Craig S., Maclennan, Michelle, Massom, Robert A., Massonnet, François, Mazloff, Matthew R., Mikolajczyk, David, Narayanan, A., Nash, Eric R., Newman, Paul A., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pitts, Michael, Queste, Bastien Y., Reid, Phillip, Roquet, F., Santee, Michelle L., Strahan, Susan, Swart, Sebastiann, Wang, Lei, Scambos, Ted A., Stammerjohn, Sharon, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Abrahamsen, E. Povl, Barreira, Sandra, Bitz, Cecilia M., Butler, Amy, Clem, Kyle R., Colwell, Steve, Coy, Lawrence, de Laat, Jos, du Plessis, Marcel D., Fogt, Ryan L., Fricker, Helen Amanda, Fyfe, John, Gardner, Alex S., Gille, Sarah T., Gorte, Tessa, Gregor, L., Hobbs, Will, Johnson, Bryan, Keenan, Eric, Keller, Linda M., Kramarova, Natalya A., Lazzara, Matthew A., Lenaerts, Jan T. M., Lieser, Jan L., Liu, Hongxing, Long, Craig S., Maclennan, Michelle, Massom, Robert A., Massonnet, François, Mazloff, Matthew R., Mikolajczyk, David, Narayanan, A., Nash, Eric R., Newman, Paul A., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pitts, Michael, Queste, Bastien Y., Reid, Phillip, Roquet, F., Santee, Michelle L., Strahan, Susan, Swart, Sebastiann, Wang, Lei, Scambos, Ted A., and Stammerjohn, Sharon

Published
2020

25. Animal-borne telemetry: An integral component of the ocean observing toolkit

Author

Harcourt, R. (Rob), Sequeira, A.M.M. (Ana M.M.), Zhang, X. (Xuelei), Roquet, F. (Fabien), Komatsu, K. (Kosei), Heupel, M. (Michelle), McMahon, C. (Clive), Whoriskey, F. (Fred), Meekan, M. (Mark), Carroll, G. (Gemma), Brodie, S. (Stephanie), Simpfendorfer, C. (Colin), Hindell, M. (Mark), Jonsen, I. (Ian), Costa, D.P. (Daniel P.), Block, B. (Barbara), Muelbert, M. (Mônica), Woodward, B. (Bill), Weise, M. (Mike), Aarestrup, K. (Kim), Biuw, M. (Martin), Boehme, L. (Lars), Bograd, S.J. (Steven J.), Cazau, D. (Dorian), Charrassin, J.-B. (Jean-Benoit), Cooke, S.J. (Steven), Cowley, P. (Paul), de Bruyn, P.J.N. (P.J. Nico), Jeanniard du Dot, T. (Tiphaine), Duarte, C. (Carlos), Eguíluz, V.M. (Víctor M.), Ferreira, L.C. (Luciana C.), Fernández-Gracia, J. (Juan), Goetz, K. (Kimberly), Goto, Y. (Yusuke), Guinet, C. (Christophe), Hammill, M. (Mike), Hays, G.C. (Graeme C.), Hazen, E.L. (Elliott L.), Hückstädt, L.A. (Luis A.), Huveneers, C. (Charlie), Iverson, S. (Sara), Jaaman, S.A. (Saifullah Arifin), Kittiwattanawong, K. (Kongkiat), Kovacs, K.M. (Kit M.), Lydersen, C. (Christian), Moltmann, T. (Tim), Naruoka, M. (Masaru), Phillips, L. (Lachlan), Picard, B. (Baptiste), Queiroz, N. (Nuno), Reverdin, G. (Gilles), Sato, K. (Katsufumi), Sims, D.W. (David W.), Thorstad, E.B. (Eva B.), Thums, M. (Michele), Treasure, A.M. (Anne M.), Trites, A.W. (Andrew W.), Williams, G.D. (Guy D.), Yonehara, Y. (Yoshinari), Fedak, M.A. (Mike A.), Harcourt, R. (Rob), Sequeira, A.M.M. (Ana M.M.), Zhang, X. (Xuelei), Roquet, F. (Fabien), Komatsu, K. (Kosei), Heupel, M. (Michelle), McMahon, C. (Clive), Whoriskey, F. (Fred), Meekan, M. (Mark), Carroll, G. (Gemma), Brodie, S. (Stephanie), Simpfendorfer, C. (Colin), Hindell, M. (Mark), Jonsen, I. (Ian), Costa, D.P. (Daniel P.), Block, B. (Barbara), Muelbert, M. (Mônica), Woodward, B. (Bill), Weise, M. (Mike), Aarestrup, K. (Kim), Biuw, M. (Martin), Boehme, L. (Lars), Bograd, S.J. (Steven J.), Cazau, D. (Dorian), Charrassin, J.-B. (Jean-Benoit), Cooke, S.J. (Steven), Cowley, P. (Paul), de Bruyn, P.J.N. (P.J. Nico), Jeanniard du Dot, T. (Tiphaine), Duarte, C. (Carlos), Eguíluz, V.M. (Víctor M.), Ferreira, L.C. (Luciana C.), Fernández-Gracia, J. (Juan), Goetz, K. (Kimberly), Goto, Y. (Yusuke), Guinet, C. (Christophe), Hammill, M. (Mike), Hays, G.C. (Graeme C.), Hazen, E.L. (Elliott L.), Hückstädt, L.A. (Luis A.), Huveneers, C. (Charlie), Iverson, S. (Sara), Jaaman, S.A. (Saifullah Arifin), Kittiwattanawong, K. (Kongkiat), Kovacs, K.M. (Kit M.), Lydersen, C. (Christian), Moltmann, T. (Tim), Naruoka, M. (Masaru), Phillips, L. (Lachlan), Picard, B. (Baptiste), Queiroz, N. (Nuno), Reverdin, G. (Gilles), Sato, K. (Katsufumi), Sims, D.W. (David W.), Thorstad, E.B. (Eva B.), Thums, M. (Michele), Treasure, A.M. (Anne M.), Trites, A.W. (Andrew W.), Williams, G.D. (Guy D.), Yonehara, Y. (Yoshinari), and Fedak, M.A. (Mike A.)

Abstract

Animal telemetry is a powerful tool for observing marine animals and the physical environments that they inhabit, from coastal and continental shelf ecosystems to polar seas and open oceans. Satellite-linked biologgers and networks of acoustic receivers allow animals to be reliably monitored over scales of tens of meters to thousands of kilometers, giving insight into their habitat use, home range size, the phenology of migratory patterns and the biotic and abiotic factors that drive their distributions. Furthermore, physical environmental variables can be collected using animals as autonomous sampling platforms, increasing spatial and temporal coverage of global oceanographic observation systems. The use of animal telemetry, therefore, has the capacity to provide measures from a suite of essential ocean variables (EOVs) for improved monitoring of Earth's oceans. Here we outline the design features of animal telemetry systems, describe current applications and their benefits and challenges, and discuss future directions. We describe new analytical techniques that improve our ability to not only quantify animal movements but to also provide a powerful framework for comparative studies across taxa. We discuss the application of animal telemetry and its capacity to collect biotic and abiotic data, how the data collected can be incorporated into ocean observing systems, and the role these data can play in improved ocean management.

Published
2019
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32. State of the Climate in 2016

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Aaron-morrison, Arlene P., Abdallah, A., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alvarez, Luis A., Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Arce, Dayana, Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Arzhanova, N. M., Augustine, John, Awatif, E. M., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bettolli, Maria L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, Mario, Biskaborn, B., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Boudet, Dagne, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Brimelow, Julian, Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Caroff, P., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Chandler, Elise, Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Daniel, Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cutie, Virgen, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dindyal, S., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Etienne-leblanc, Sheryl, Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flannigan, Mike, Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Fonseca, C., Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Gonzalez, Idelmis T., Goto, A., Greenhough, Marianna D., Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Hare, Jon, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Huelsing, Hannah K., Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kass, David, Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Kelem, G., Keller, Linda M., Kelly, B. P., Kendon, Mike, Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Kimberlain, Todd B., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kochtubajda, Bob, Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lanckmann, J. -p., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lantz, Kathleen, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, Lewis, Stephen R., L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Loranty, M., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lu, Mong-ming, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macara, Gregor, Macdonald, Alison M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, Gerard, Mccarthy, M., Mcdonagh, Elaine L., Mcgree, Simon, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Menezes, V. V., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Minnis, Patrick, Miralles, Diego G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Morrow, Blair, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pellichero, Violaine, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Pons, M. R., Porter, Avalon O., Quintana, Juan, Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., Read, Peter, Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Renwick, James A., Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rollenbeck, Ruetger, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Roquet, F., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sarmiento, Jorge L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schemm, Jae, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schoeneich, P., Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Silov, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stennett-brown, Roxann, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Timofeev, Maxim A., Tirnanes, Joaquin A., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tweedy, Olga, Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vieira, G., Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Wahlin, Anna, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willie, Shem, Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yim, So-young, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Zilberman, Nathalie, Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Aaron-morrison, Arlene P., Abdallah, A., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alvarez, Luis A., Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Arce, Dayana, Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Arzhanova, N. M., Augustine, John, Awatif, E. M., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bettolli, Maria L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, Mario, Biskaborn, B., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Boudet, Dagne, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Brimelow, Julian, Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Caroff, P., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Chandler, Elise, Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Daniel, Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cutie, Virgen, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dindyal, S., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Etienne-leblanc, Sheryl, Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flannigan, Mike, Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Fonseca, C., Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Gonzalez, Idelmis T., Goto, A., Greenhough, Marianna D., Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Hare, Jon, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Huelsing, Hannah K., Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kass, David, Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Kelem, G., Keller, Linda M., Kelly, B. P., Kendon, Mike, Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Kimberlain, Todd B., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kochtubajda, Bob, Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lanckmann, J. -p., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lantz, Kathleen, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, Lewis, Stephen R., L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Loranty, M., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lu, Mong-ming, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macara, Gregor, Macdonald, Alison M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, Gerard, Mccarthy, M., Mcdonagh, Elaine L., Mcgree, Simon, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Menezes, V. V., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Minnis, Patrick, Miralles, Diego G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Morrow, Blair, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pellichero, Violaine, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Pons, M. R., Porter, Avalon O., Quintana, Juan, Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., Read, Peter, Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Renwick, James A., Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rollenbeck, Ruetger, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Roquet, F., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sarmiento, Jorge L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schemm, Jae, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schoeneich, P., Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Silov, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stennett-brown, Roxann, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Timofeev, Maxim A., Tirnanes, Joaquin A., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tweedy, Olga, Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vieira, G., Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Wahlin, Anna, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willie, Shem, Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yim, So-young, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., and Zilberman, Nathalie

Abstract

In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 av

Published
2017
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33. Stability of the thermohaline circulation examined with a one-dimensional fluid loop

Author

Roquet, F., Lindqvist, R., Pollmann, F., Ferreira, D., Madec, G., Roquet, F., Lindqvist, R., Pollmann, F., Ferreira, D., and Madec, G.

Abstract

The Stommel box model elegantly demonstrates that the oceanic response to mixed boundary conditions, combining a temperature relaxation with a fixed salt flux forcing, is nonlinear owing to the so-called salt advection feedback. This nonlinearity produces a parameter range of bi-stability associated with hysteresis effects characterised by a fast thermally-driven mode and a slow salinity-driven mode. Here we investigate whether a similar dynamical behaviour can be found in the thermohaline loop model, a one-dimensional analogue of the box model. A semi-analytical method to compute possible steady states of the loop model is presented, followed by a linear stability analysis carried out for a large range of loop configurations. While the salt advection feedback is found as in the box model, a major difference is obtained for the fast mode: an oscillatory instability is observed near the turning point of the fast mode branch, such that the range of bi-stability is systematically reduced, or even removed, in some cases. The oscillatory instability originates from a salinity anomaly that grows exponentially as it turns around the loop, a situation that may occur only when the salinity torque is directed against the loop flow. Factors such as mixing intensity, the relative strength of thermal and haline forcings, the nonlinearity of the equation of state or the loop geometry can strongly affect the stability properties of the loop.

Published
2017

34. In-situ observations using tagged animals

Author

Roquet, F., Boehme, L., Bester, M.N., Bornemann, H., Brasseur, S.M.J.M., Charrassin, J.B., Costa, D., Fedak, M.A., Guinet, C., Hall, A., Harcourt, R., Hindell, M.A., Kovacs, K.M., Lea, M.A., Lovell, P., Lowther, A., Lyderson, C., Mcmahon, C., Picard, B., Reverdin, G., Vincent, C., Roquet, F., Boehme, L., Bester, M.N., Bornemann, H., Brasseur, S.M.J.M., Charrassin, J.B., Costa, D., Fedak, M.A., Guinet, C., Hall, A., Harcourt, R., Hindell, M.A., Kovacs, K.M., Lea, M.A., Lovell, P., Lowther, A., Lyderson, C., Mcmahon, C., Picard, B., Reverdin, G., and Vincent, C.

Abstract

Marine mammals help gather information on some of the harshest environments on the planet, through the use of miniaturized ocean sensors glued on their fur. Since 2004, hundreds of diving marine animals, mainly Antarctic and Arctic seals, have been fitted with a new generation of Argos tags developed by the Sea Mammal Research Unit of the University of St Andrews in Scotland, UK. These tags investigate the at-sea ecology of these animals while simultaneously collecting valuable oceanographic data. Some of the study species travel thousands of kilometres continuously diving to great depths (up to 2100 m). The resulting data are now freely available to the global scientific community at http://www.meop.net. Despite great progress in their reliability and data accuracy, the current generation of loggers while approaching standard ARGO quality specifications have yet to match them. Yet, improvements are underway; they involve updating the technology, implementing a more systematic phase of calibration and taking benefit of the recently acquired knowledge on the dynamical response of sensors. Together these efforts are rapidly transforming animal tagging into one of the most important sources of oceanographic data in polar regions and in many coastal areas

Published
2017

35. Involvement of alpha-helix 2 domain in prion protein conformationally-induced diseases

Author

Ronga L., Palladino P., Pugnière M., Roquet F., Amblard M., Martinez J., Benedetti E., ROSSI, FILOMENA, H. Lankinen, Ronga, L., Palladino, P., Rossi, Filomena, Pugnière, M., Roquet, F., Amblard, M., Martinez, J., and Benedetti, E.

Subjects
Peptide, conformational diseases, synthesi
Abstract

We have highlighted the importance of the helix 2 domain as model for rational design compounds able to block or prevent prion diseases and opened interesting perspectives for the use of these constructs as therapeutic and diagnostic tools in pion protein associated diseases.

Published
2009

36. Observing the Antarctic continental shelf with CTD-instrumented elephant seals

Author

Roquet, F., Williams, G., Herraiz-Borreguero, L., Zhang, X., Thompson, A., Bornemann, Horst, Pellichero, V., Sallee, J.B., Charrassin, J.-B., Guinet, C., Picard, B., Boehme, L., Fedak, M., Roquet, F., Williams, G., Herraiz-Borreguero, L., Zhang, X., Thompson, A., Bornemann, Horst, Pellichero, V., Sallee, J.B., Charrassin, J.-B., Guinet, C., Picard, B., Boehme, L., and Fedak, M.

Abstract

Since 2004, several hundreds of diving marine animals, mainly Antarctic and Arctic seals, were fitted with a new generation of Argos-CTD tags developed by the Sea Mammal Research Unit of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. These tags can be used to investigate simultaneously the at-sea ecology of these animals while collecting valuable oceanographic data. Some of these species are able to travel thousands of kilometres, continuously diving to great depths (590 ± 200 m, with maxima around 2000m). Through the years, these animals have become an essential source of temperature and salinity profiles (MEOP-CTD database available at http://www.meop.net), especially for the polar oceans, complementing efficiently the Argo array. One region where the use of instrumented seals has been particularly successful is the Antarctic continental shelf. Recent contributions to the study of the Antarctic Bottom Water production area near Prydz Bay, the rapidly-thinning ice shelves in Amundsen Bay, or the stratification in the marginal ice zone, are demonstrating the rapidly growing value of these data for Polar Research.

Published
2016

37. The suppression of Antarctic bottom water formation by melting ice shelves in Prydz Bay

Author

Willimas, G.D., Herraiz Borreguero, Laura, Roquet, F., Tamura, Tomohiro, Ohshima, K.I., Fukamachi, Y., Fraser, A.D., Gao, L, Chen, Hui, McMahon, C.R., Harcourt, R., Hindell, Mark, Willimas, G.D., Herraiz Borreguero, Laura, Roquet, F., Tamura, Tomohiro, Ohshima, K.I., Fukamachi, Y., Fraser, A.D., Gao, L, Chen, Hui, McMahon, C.R., Harcourt, R., and Hindell, Mark

Published
2016

41. New insights into Southern Ocean physical and biological processes revealed by instrumented elephant seals

Author

Charrassin, J. B., Roquet, F., Park, Y. H., Bailleul, F., Guinet, C., Meredith, M., Nicholls, K., Thorpe, S., Tremblay, Y., Costa, D., Göbel, Miriam, Muelbert, M., Bester, M. N., Plötz, Joachim, Bornemann, Horst, Timmermann, Ralph, Hindell, M., Meijers, A., Coleman, R. C., Field, I. C., McMahon, C., Rintoul, S., Sokolov, S., Fedak, M., Lovell, P., Biuw, M., Kovacs, K., and Lydersen, C.

Published
2010

42. Participants

Author

Averbeck, D., primary, Bichet, N., additional, Bonneau, D., additional, Bost, P.E., additional, Cadet, J., additional, Caillard, L., additional, Champey, Y., additional, Chouroulinkov, I., additional, Claude, J.R., additional, Courtois, Y., additional, Cumming, R., additional, Dayan, A., additional, Dayan, J., additional, Decloitre, F., additional, Defais, M., additional, Deregnaucourt, J., additional, Detaille, J.Y., additional, Drake, J., additional, Estenne, M., additional, Firth, M., additional, Fleury, B., additional, Fournier, E., additional, Gerard, N., additional, Guinot, F., additional, Ingham, B., additional, Janiaud, P., additional, Jolles, G., additional, Julou, L., additional, Kirkland, D., additional, Kramer, P.E., additional, Lasne, C., additional, Loiseau, G., additional, Loquet, C., additional, Lorge, E., additional, Magd, P., additional, Marano, F., additional, Marzin, D., additional, Papadopoulo, D., additional, Pasquet, J., additional, Rees, R., additional, Rico, A., additional, Roba, J., additional, Roquet, F., additional, Schlatter, C., additional, Sebbag, R., additional, Shahin, M., additional, Silice, C., additional, Siou, G., additional, Teule, M., additional, Thybaud, V., additional, Tuchmann-Duplessis, H., additional, Vannier, B., additional, Weill, N., additional, Wetzig, H., additional, Woehrle, R., additional, Würgler, F., additional, and Zajdela, F., additional

Published
1989
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43. Highly conserved beta 16/beta 17 beta-hairpin structure in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 YU2 gp120 is critical for CCR5 binding

Author

Mechulam, A., Cerutti, M., Pugniere, M., Missé, Dorothée, Gajardo, J., Roquet, F., Robinson, J., and Veas, Francisco

Subjects
gp120 structure, viruses, virus diseases, HIV 1, gp120 receptor binding, CCR5, CD4
Abstract

Whereas gp120 CD4-induced structures have been largely documented and at least in part elucidated by crystallization, information about gp120 coreceptor-induced structures remains incomplete despite numerous studies. In this work, mutations were carried out in a selected internal region of HIV-1/YU2 gp120, proximal to the CD4-binding site, because of its highly conserved nature among retroviruses and its high structural stability. The targeted residues, belonging to the beta 16/beta 17 beta-hairpin, modulate gp120 binding to CD4 and gp120-CD4 complex binding to CCR5. Thus, it appears that this gp120 structure acts as a hinge between the CD4-binding site and the putative coreceptor binding structure. Substitution of amino acid residues like E381A did not affect gp120 binding to CD4 and did not induce significant structural changes in gp120, as demonstrated by epitope analysis, BIACORE analysis, and circular dichroism. Nevertheless, E381 has a critical influence on the maintenance of CCR5 coreceptor binding by forming a salt bridge with K207. Another important element of the beta-hairpin in this interaction is the probable hydrophobic link between F383 and I420. Altogether, these results suggest that the beta-hairpin structure likely governs interactions between the surface of gp120 with native CCR5 or the CCR5 amino-terminal domain (CCR5-Nt). The mutations within the beta-hairpin had a direct effect on the proximal surface of the bridging sheet, the putative CCR5 surface, and the gp120 YU2 HIV-1-CD4 binding site. These results on the gp120-CCR5-Nt binding mechanism contribute to our understanding of CCR5 and HIV-1 gp120 association and HIV-1 entry; they may also contribute to designing novel inhibitors.

Published
2005

45. Biologging in the global ocean observing system

Author

Boehme, L., Kovacs, K., Lydersen, C., Nøst, O. A., Biuw, M., Charrassin, J. B., Roquet, F., Guinet, C., Meredith, M., Nicholls, K., Thorpe, S., Costa, D., Block, B., Hammill, M., Stenson, G., Muelbert, M., Bester, M. N., Plötz, Joachim, Bornemann, Horst, Hindell, M., Rintoul, S., Fedak, M., Lovell, P., Boehme, L., Kovacs, K., Lydersen, C., Nøst, O. A., Biuw, M., Charrassin, J. B., Roquet, F., Guinet, C., Meredith, M., Nicholls, K., Thorpe, S., Costa, D., Block, B., Hammill, M., Stenson, G., Muelbert, M., Bester, M. N., Plötz, Joachim, Bornemann, Horst, Hindell, M., Rintoul, S., Fedak, M., and Lovell, P.

Published
2010

46. New insights into Southern Ocean physical and biological processes revealed by instrumented elephant seals

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Charrassin, J.-B., Roquet, F., Park, Y.-H., Bailleul, F., Guinet, C., Meredith, Michael M., Nicholls, Keith, Thorpe, Sally, McDonald, B., Costa, D.P., Tremblay, I., Goebel, M., Muelbert, M., Bester, M.N., Plötz, J., Bornemann, H., Timmermann, R., Hindell, M., Meijers, A., Coleman, R.C., Field, I.C., McMahon, C.M., Rintoul, S.R., Sokolov, S., Boehme, Lars, Lovell, P., Fedak, M.A., Biuw, Martin, Nøst, O.A., Lydersen, C., Kovacs, K.M., Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Charrassin, J.-B., Roquet, F., Park, Y.-H., Bailleul, F., Guinet, C., Meredith, Michael M., Nicholls, Keith, Thorpe, Sally, McDonald, B., Costa, D.P., Tremblay, I., Goebel, M., Muelbert, M., Bester, M.N., Plötz, J., Bornemann, H., Timmermann, R., Hindell, M., Meijers, A., Coleman, R.C., Field, I.C., McMahon, C.M., Rintoul, S.R., Sokolov, S., Boehme, Lars, Lovell, P., Fedak, M.A., Biuw, Martin, Nøst, O.A., Lydersen, C., and Kovacs, K.M.

Abstract

In recent years, the international “Southern Elephant seals as Oceanographic Samplers” (SEaOS) project has deployed miniaturized conductivity-temperature-depth satellite-relayed data loggers (CTD-SRDL) on elephant seals 1) to study their winter foraging ecology in relation to oceanographic conditions, and 2) to collect hydrographic data from polar regions, which are otherwise sparsely sampled. We summarize here the main results that have been published in both science components since 2003/2004. Instrumented southern elephant seals visit different regions within the Southern Ocean (frontal zones, continental shelf, and/or ice covered areas) and forage in a variety of different water masses (e.g. Circumpolar Deep Water upwelling regions, High Salinity Shelf Water), depending on their geographic distribution. Adult females and juvenile males from Kerguelen Is. forage pelagically in frontal zones of the Southern Indian Ocean, while adult males forage benthically over the Kerguelen Plateau and the Antarctic Continental Shelf, with the two groups feeding at different trophic levels as shown by stable isotopes analysis. Oceanographic studies using the data collected from the seals have, to date, concentrated on circumpolar and regional studies of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) circulation. The temperature and salinity profiles documented by elephant seals at high latitudes, including below sea ice, have permitted quasi-circumpolar mapping of the southernmost fronts of the ACC. By merging conventional data and the high temporal and spatial resolution data collected by seal-borne SRDLs, it has been possible to describe precisely 1) the large-scale features of the ACC in the South Atlantic and its variability; 2) the circulation pattern over the Kerguelen plateau, revealing that the poorly known Fawn Trough concentrates an important proportion of the ACC flow in that region. Seals that foraged in ice covered areas have made eulerian time series available that have a

Published
2010

47. Biologging in the global ocean observing system

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Boehme, Lars, Kovacs, K., Lydersen, C., Nøst, O.A., Biuw, Martin, Charrassin, J.-B., Roquet, F., Guinet, C., Meredith, Michael, Nicholls, Keith, Thorpe, Sally, Costa, D.P., Block, B., Hammill, M., Stenson, G., Muelbert, M., Bester, M.N., Plötz, J., Bornemann, H., Hindell, M., Rintoul, S., Lovell, P., Fedak, M.A., Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Boehme, Lars, Kovacs, K., Lydersen, C., Nøst, O.A., Biuw, Martin, Charrassin, J.-B., Roquet, F., Guinet, C., Meredith, Michael, Nicholls, Keith, Thorpe, Sally, Costa, D.P., Block, B., Hammill, M., Stenson, G., Muelbert, M., Bester, M.N., Plötz, J., Bornemann, H., Hindell, M., Rintoul, S., Lovell, P., and Fedak, M.A.

Abstract

Miniature electronic data recorders and transmitters have revolutionized the way we study animals over the past decades, particularly marine animals at sea. But, very recently, animal-borne instruments have also been designed and implemented that provide in situ hydrographic data from parts of the oceans where little or no other data are currently available (even from beneath the ice in polar regions). Ocean data is delivered from animal-borne instruments via satellites in near real-time, which would enrich the Global Ocean Observing System if animal-borne instruments were deployed systematically. In the last 10 years, studies involving more than 10 countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Greenland, Norway, South Africa, UK, USA) have demonstrated how highly accurate oceanographic sensors, integrated into standard animal, biologging instruments, can provide data of equal or better quality than XBT/XCTD data. Here, we present some of the pioneering studies and demonstrate that we now have enough information for many marine species to predict where they will go – within reasonable limits. Thus, we can direct sampling effort to particularly interesting and productive regions and maximize data return. In the future, biologging could certainly play an important part in the Global Ocean Observing System, by providing complementary data to more traditional sampling technologies - especially in the high latitudes. This paper will make a core contribution to the Plenary Sessions 4A, 4B and 5A and will be relevant to 2A, 2B and 3A.

Published
2010

48. Technical note: Animal-borne CTD-satellite relay data loggers for real-time oceanographic data collection

Author

Boehme, L., Lovell, P., Biuw, M., Roquet, F., Nicholson, J., Thorpe, Sally E., Meredith, Michael Paul, Fedak, M., Boehme, L., Lovell, P., Biuw, M., Roquet, F., Nicholson, J., Thorpe, Sally E., Meredith, Michael Paul, and Fedak, M.

Abstract

The increasing need for continuous monitoring of the world oceans has stimulated the development of a range of autonomous sampling platforms. One novel addition to these approaches is a small, relatively inexpensive data-relaying device that can be deployed on marine mammals to provide vertical oceanographic profiles throughout the upper 2000 m of the water column. When an animal dives, the CTD-Satellite Relay Data Logger (CTD-SRDL) records vertical profiles of temperature, conductivity and pressure. Data are compressed once the animal returns to the surface where it is located by, and relays data to, the Argos satellite system. The technical challenges met in the design of the CTD-SRDL are the maximising of energy efficiency and minimising size, whilst simultaneously maintaining the reliability of an instrument that cannot be recovered and is required to survive its lifetime attached to a marine mammal. The CTD-SRDLs record temperature and salinity with an accuracy of better than 0.005 degrees C and 0.02 respectively. However, due to the limited availability of reference data, real-time data from remote places are often associated with slightly higher errors. The potential to collect large numbers of profiles cost-effectively makes data collection using CTD-SRDL technology particularly beneficial in regions where traditional oceanographic measurements are scarce or even absent. Depending on the CTD-SRDL configuration, it is possible to sample and transmit hydrographic profiles on a daily basis, providing valuable and often unique information for a real-time ocean observing system.

Published
2009

49. Southern Ocean frontal structure and sea-ice formation rates revealed by elephant seals

Author

Charrassin, J., Hindell, Mark A., Rintoul, S., Roquet, F., Sokolov, S., Biuw, M., Costa, Daniel P., Boehme, L., Lovell, P., Coleman, R., Timmermann, R., Meijers, A., Meredith, M., Park, Y., Bailleul, F., Goebel, M., Tremblay, Y., Bost, C., McMahon, Clive R., Charrassin, J., Hindell, Mark A., Rintoul, S., Roquet, F., Sokolov, S., Biuw, M., Costa, Daniel P., Boehme, L., Lovell, P., Coleman, R., Timmermann, R., Meijers, A., Meredith, M., Park, Y., Bailleul, F., Goebel, M., Tremblay, Y., Bost, C., and McMahon, Clive R.

Abstract

Polar regions are particularly sensitive to climate change, with the potential for significant feedbacks between ocean circulation, sea ice, and the ocean carbon cycle. However, the difficulty in obtaining in situ data means that our ability to detect and interpret change is very limited, especially in the Southern Ocean, where the ocean beneath the sea ice remains almost entirely unobserved and the rate of sea-ice formation is poorly known. Here, we show that southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) equipped with oceanographic sensors can measure ocean structure and water mass changes in regions and seasons rarely observed with traditional oceanographic platforms. In particular, seals provided a 30-fold increase in hydrographic profiles from the sea-ice zone, allowing the major fronts to be mapped south of 60°S and sea-ice formation rates to be inferred from changes in upper ocean salinity. Sea-ice production rates peaked in early winter (April–May) during the rapid northward expansion of the pack ice and declined by a factor of 2 to 3 between May and August, in agreement with a three-dimensional coupled ocean–sea-ice model. By measuring the high-latitude ocean during winter, elephant seals fill a “blind spot” in our sampling coverage, enabling the establishment of a truly global ocean-observing system.

Published
2008

50. Elephant Seals reveal frontal structure and sea ice formation rates in the Southern Ocean

Author

Timmermann, Ralph, Charrassin, J. B., Rintoul, S. R., Hindell, M., Roquet, F., Sokolov, S., Biuw, M., Costa, D., Boehme, L., Lovell, P., Coleman, R., Meijers, A., Meredith, M., Park, Y. H., Bailleul, F., Tremblay, Y., Bost, C. A., McMahon, C. R., Field, I. C., Fedak, M. A., Guinet, C., Timmermann, Ralph, Charrassin, J. B., Rintoul, S. R., Hindell, M., Roquet, F., Sokolov, S., Biuw, M., Costa, D., Boehme, L., Lovell, P., Coleman, R., Meijers, A., Meredith, M., Park, Y. H., Bailleul, F., Tremblay, Y., Bost, C. A., McMahon, C. R., Field, I. C., Fedak, M. A., and Guinet, C.

Abstract

Due to the low accessibility of the region, most of the seasonally ice-covered Southern Ocean remains unobserved during winter. Here we show that southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina), equipped with oceanographic sensors, can measure winter hydrography with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. Seals provided a 30-fold increase in hydrographic profiles from the sea ice zone, allowing the major fronts to be mapped south of 60°S. Sea-ice formation rates in the East Antarctic sector were estimated from salinity increase in the upper water column and compared to simulations with a circumpolar finite-element sea-ice ocean model. From the observations, peak freezing rates of 2.5-3 cm/d were estimated for the period from late April to early May during the rapid northward expansion of the ice cover. While the pack ice becomes more compact, sea ice formation declines to 1 cm/d in June/July, and virtually stops by the end of August, when the maximum ice extent is reached. Modeled and observed freezing rates agree remarkably well, so that the model can be used to complete the seasonal cycle. By sampling the ocean during winter, elephant seals fill a blind spot in our sampling coverage, bringing us closer to a truly global ocean observing system.

Published
2008

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