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Objective Rosa damascena (R. damascena) is known as one of the most common medicinal herbs for therapeutic use. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of aromatherapy with R. damascena against metoclopramide on nausea, vomiting and sleep quality in pregnant women. Methods In this blinded, randomised crossover, pilot trial, 40 patients with first pregnancy who had nausea and vomiting between 7-14 weeks of pregnancy were randomly divided into two groups. The group 1 (G1) was treated with inhalation of R. damascena oil and drops of placebo for five days, and the group 2 (G2) treated with inhalation of placebo oil and drops of metoclopramide. At five days, the groups were switched and the treatment continued for another five days. Nausea and sleep quality were assessed with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Rhodes Index of Nausea and Vomiting questionnaires. Results Rhodes Index scores did not show significant differences between the two groups at the baseline, five and ten days after starting treatment; importantly, the Rhodes Index scores in the G1 and G2 were significantly reduced on the fifth day compared to the baseline value (p<0.001). However, changes in Rhodes Index scores were not significant on the tenth day compared to the fifth day in the both groups. Changes in PSQI score were also statistically non-significant in both groups. Conclusion Aromatherapy with R. damascena was as effective as metoclopramide in controlling nausea and vomiting in these patients, but did not negatively affect sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolites derived from herbal plants like Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, and Allium sativum have shown noteworthy healing activity against various skin infection disease like cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles. Although, the healing properties of medicinal plants have been utilized ,scientific validation should be needed for the determination of bioactive metabolites of selected plants. This validation reveals the anti microbial principles of the metabolites against skin infection. With this research aim, the current study is undertaken to evaluate the Antimicrobial efficacy of metabolites derived from Rosa damascene and Citrus sinensis. Metabolites were extracted from an ethanol extract of the respective plant biomass. A qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening study identified the presence of various phytochemical bioactive constituents like tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Quantification test of phytochemical constituents revealed that the ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis exhibited a maximum content of total phenol (542.11±0.06 mg GAE/g D.W.) and total flavonoid (278.46±0.04 mg QE/g D.W.). But, both the plant extracts Rosa damascene and Citrus sinensis showed minimum content of total tannin (235.32±0.22 mg TAE/g D.W. and 263.65±0.02 mg TAE/g D.W.). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the standard well diffusion assay and a biofilm inhibition assay. The ethanolic extracts were observed to exhibit a significantly potent antibacterial and antifungal activity against a wide range of microorganisms, as evidenced by their superior efficacy in inhibiting the growth and proliferation of bacterial and fungal strains when compared to Aqueous extracts which showed no inhibition. Among the various concentration tested, The zone of inhibition was recorded in the maximum concentration (100μg) of all ethanol extracts against the selected pathogens. The high biocompatibility of plant extract was evaluated with a zebrafish model system and in vitro hemocompatibility. No signs of toxic effects were observed in the various developmental stages of zebrafish. Further confirmation of biocompatibility by using human peripheral blood cells showed no hemolysis. thus, revealing the best biocompatibility of the respective plant extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a medicinal and food homologous plant, Rosa damascena is not only highly ornamental, but also rich in a variety of active ingredients such as polyphenols and flavonoids. It is widely used in cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries. Objective: To study the in vitro efficacy of Rosa damascena solid state fermentation liquid (RDF) and water extract (RDE). Methods: Firstly, the effect of RDF and RDE on the proliferation rate of B16F10 cells was detected by CCK‐8 method, and the melanin content was measured by sodium hydroxide lysis method to evaluate the whitening effect of them. Finally, the antioxidant, anti‐wrinkling and soothing effects of RDF and RDE were evaluated by biochemical methods in vitro. Results: RDF and RDE within a certain concentration range (0.05%–0.5%) had no effect on the proliferation of B16F10 cells. Compared with Rosa damascena extract (RDE), RDF showed significant effects on bleaching, antioxidant, anti‐wrinkling and soothing, among which 0.5% RDF showed the best effect. Conclusion: Both RDF and RDE at a certain concentration have effect on skin care in vitro, but the effect of RDF is more significant than that of RDE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diazinon (DNZ) is one of the most widely used organophosphorus poisons, which plays an important role in chemical pest control by controlling a wide range of chewing and sucking pests in gardens and fields. Diazinon causes death in living organisms by reducing cholinesterase and disrupting nerve cells. In this research, the effect of Rosa damascena extract against DNZ toxicity and oxidative damage induced by DZN in mice was studied. The mice toxified with DNZ (32.5 mg kg-1, intraperitoneally) and treated by pralidoxime (PM) (20 mg kg-1, intraperitoneally) or R. Damascena extract (50, 100, 200 mg kg-1, orally) daily for two weeks. In the end, the acetylcholinesterase (AchE), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Malondialdehyde (MDA), ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin were assayed. DZN administration significantly lowered the AchE, and FRAP and increased the MDA (P < 0.05). However, R. Damascena extracts treatment caused a significant reduction in MDA level and restored the levels of AchE and FRAP as well as significantly prevented the DZN-induced increase in liver aminotransferases, ALP, and total bilirubin. We found that R. Damascena administration nearly eliminated DZN-induced toxicity by preventing oxidative stress in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, dark and various light qualities (white, red, green, and blue) were applied to evaluate their effects on growth characteristics, chemical content, and callus characteristics of Rosa damascene Mill. and Rosa hybirda L . Explant (single-node and shoot tips) cultured on MS media supplemented with sucrose, agar, and plant growth regulators ( Kin 0.5 mg/l and IBA 1 mg/l for whole plant formation experiment or 1 mg/l kin with 0.5 mg/l IBA for callus experiment), incubated in a growth chamber . The results of the whole plant formation experiment showed variation in growth characteristics in two types of Rosa, Green and white light caused the height ratio of shoot growth compared with dark, while red and green light caused the height ratio of root growth to compare with dark. Rosa growing in white or green has a higher content of chlorophyll, as well as carbohydrates and proteins in shoot and root parts compared with dark . The results of the callus experiment explained variation in callus characteristics (shape, texture, color, and weight), the highest fresh weight (1.83 and 1.99) gm and dry weight (0.207 and 0.233) mg of callus Rosa damascene and Rosa hybirda, respectively in dark conditions compared with least in blue light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep disorders and anxiety are common problems in burn patients, and aromatherapy is a common complementary treatment in medicine. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of aromatherapy with the inhalation of rose essential oil on anxiety and sleep quality in burn patients. This randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 60 patients admitted to the Valiasr Hospital B in Arak from March 2021 to the end of July 2021. The patients were chosen by the convenience sampling method and then randomly divided into the intervention and control groups based on the block randomization method (six blocks). Aromatherapy along with the routine care was provided to the participants of the intervention group for three consecutive nights. These participants inhaled five drops of 40 % rose essential oil. The members of the control group also inhaled five drops of distilled water as a placebo. In both groups, anxiety and sleep quality were assessed using the St. Mary's Hospital Sleep Quality Questionnaire (SMHSQ) and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), respectively, before and after the intervention. The sleep quality scores of the intervention and control groups after the intervention were 17.88 ± 2.04 and 26.11. 3.31, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Our results also showed a statistically significant difference in the anxiety score between the intervention and control groups after aromatherapy (P < 0.05). Rose essential oil aromatherapy reduced anxiety and improved sleep quality in burn patients, suggesting this approach as a useful complementary method along with other therapeutic measures in these patients. • Burn patients experience a high level of anxiety and poor sleep quality. • Inhalation aromatherapy with Rose damascene improved sleep quality. • Inhalation aromatherapy with Rose damascene improved Anxiety level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out at Research Station, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad during fall season of 2020, it was aimed to improve flower productivity, quantity and quality of essential oils with increasing the concentration of N, P, K elements in the nutrient solution, and foliar app `lication of Plant growth promoters (PGP) on Rosa Damascene grown on a soilless culture system with coco peat substrate bags. A factorial experimental design was carried out according to (RCBD)with three replication. Results indicated the superiority of a high nitrogen treatment and 1.5 g of PGP (N2S2 ), of the flowers number, dry matter%, flower diameter, oil quantity and all physical and the anatomical characteristics, represented by the diameter of the head diameter of the glandular capillaries. Petals number increased significantly with a high potassium nutrient solution and PGP 1 g (N4S1).The high phosphorous solution, which was not treated with growth stimulator, showed superiority in the length of glandular capillaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Based on the previously-declared anticonvulsant properties of Rosa damascena (R. damascena), this study explored the probable effects of R. damascena on neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus of a rat model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure. Materials and Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were randomely divided into control (n=8) and experimental (n=32) groups which underwent PTZ injection. A one-week pre-medication with 50 (PTZ-Ext 50) (n=8), 100 (PTZ-Ext 100) (n=8), and 200 (PTZ-Ext 200) (n=8) mg/kg of hydro-alcoholic extract of R. Damascene was performed while one experimental group (PTZ-induced group) (n=8) received only saline during the week before PTZ injection. After provocation of PTZ-induced seizures, the brains underwent tissue processing and TUNEL staining assay for apoptotic cell quantification. Results: Our findings revealed that PTZ-induced seizures led to apoptosis in neuronal cells of all sub-regions of the hippocampus; yet, only at CA1, CA3 and DG sub-regions of the PTZ-induced group, the difference in the number of apoptotic neuronal cells was significant in comparison with the control group. In addition, pre-medication with the plant extract led to a significant drop in the quantity of apoptotic neurons in these sub-regions in comparison with the PTZ-induced group which received no pre-medication . Conclusion: The results of this study showed that R. damascena extract exerts neuro-protective effects on PTZ-induced seizure.

Objective In light of the importance of using safe drugs during pregnancy, this study was conducted to compare the effect of aromatherapy with rose and metoclopramide on pregnancy-induced depression. Methods and materials In this cross-over study, subjects consisted of 40 patients with nausea and vomiting who were assigned to two groups (n=20 in each group). The first group was treated with drops of rose essential oil and placebo for 5 days and the second group received drops of placebo essential oil and metoclopramide. Then the drugs were swapped between the two groups and the treatment continued for another 5 days. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was utilised to measure mood swings. Results The mean age of patients was 22.07±4.94 years. As for the patients' mood swings, the mean score of the HADS was not significantly different between the two groups at the baseline (p=0.82). However, by the end of the 5th day, the score dropped significantly in group A (aromatherapy with rose + placebo) compared to group B (metoclopramide + rose) in terms of anxiety (p=0.008) and depression (p=0.009). However, a significant difference was observed between both groups on the 10th day in both anxiety (p=0.19) and depression (p=0.49). Conclusion As suggested by the results of this study, the positive effects of aromatherapy with rose eclipse those of metoclopramide on mood swings (both anxiety and depression) in patients with pregnancy nausea and vomiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic hyperglycemic that can cause complications in several organs. It could lead glycosylated hemoglobin or HbA1c formation which has ability undergo further changes into Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and stimulate activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Some studies showed that anthocyanin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and it has been found Rosa damascene contain high level of anthocyanin. Total anthocyanin content was 0.459 ± 0.003 mg/L. The aim of this study was to investigate inhibitory effect of R. damascena extract on HbA1c levels and NF-κB activation in diabetic rats. Male wistar rats (n=24) were divided into 6 groups as normal control (KN), streptozotocin-induced diabetic control (KP), diabetic treated with R. damascene (P1, P2, P3; 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/d respectively) and diabetic treated with metformin (KM; 500 mg/kg/d). This was carried out for 28 days. The inhibition mode of R. damascene extract was examined by measuring HbA1c levels and expression of NFκB by immunohistochemistry. The results showed p values ​​> 0.05 for HbA1c and p < 0.05 for NFκB. From immunohistochemical staining, it seen the expression of NFκB was low in treated group (P1, P2, P3 and KM) compared with KP. Thus, oral administration of R. damascene extract for 28 days could not reduce HbA1c levels, but can supress NFκB expression.

Copyright of Iranian Journal of Rangelands & Forests Plant Breeding & Genetic Research is the property of Research Institute of Forests & Rangelands and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Diabetes is a global health problem that its prevalence is increasing rapidly. Rosa damascena extract has shown to have an intensive non-competitive inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase in an animal study. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of Rosa damascena (RD) Mill in diabetic patients and healthy subjects. Methods: In a triple-blind, placebo and Acarbose-controlled randomized trial in Kerman in the south-east of Iran, we randomly allocated diabetic patients (n=32) and healthy volunteers (n=28) to 100mg Acarbose, 200 mg RD-methanolic extract, 400mg RD-methanolic extract and placebo groups. Over 15 days, the participants were followed up to monitor the changes in blood biochemical parameters and apparent symptoms. Analyses were carried out by intention to treat. Results:RD extract decreased postprandial blood glucose levels comparable to the effects of Acarbose, demonstrating its α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Besides, fasting plasma glucose levels significantly decreased in patients treated with 400 mg/day RD-methanolic extract compared to the 200 mg RD-methanolic extract (127.6±26.8vs. 165.5±27.1, p=0.041), suggesting that Rosa damascena Mill is effective in a dose dependent manner. No major or minor hypoglycemic event was observed. NO adverse event was observed in the RD treatment groups in comparison with Acarbose or placebo groups. Serum levels of biochemical parameters did not fluctuate significantly in RD treatment groups compared to Acarbose and placebo controls. Conclusion:Rosa damascena not only decreases blood glucose levels, but also is safe to be used for the purpose of controlling blood glucose levels in drug naïve patients with type II diabetes.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 8-week aerobic training and supplementation of Rosa damascene on the memory of obese women. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two obese women (age: 34.3 ± 5.6 years; fat percentage: above 35%; and waist-to-hip ratio: above 0.85) were selected based on convenience sampling in a quasi-experimental study, with pre- and post-test design with control group. The women were randomly divided and allocated into aerobic exercises with R. damascene supplement group (TS Group) (n = 9); aerobic training group with placebo (TP Group) (n = 8), aerobic training group (T Group) (n = 7), and control group (C Group) (n = 8). The memory status was evaluated by the Wechsler questionnaire at pretest and posttest. ANCOVA and paired t-test were performed for analyzing the data by SPSS for Windows. Results: The results suggested that all the three experimental groups had a significant improvement in memory index (P ≤ 0.05). The results also indicated that TS group had a significant improvement in memory condition compared to other groups (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the use of R. damascene with aerobic exercise had a significant effect on the memory of obese women. Therefore, given the positive effects of R. damascene and aerobic exercise, this strategy can be used to improve the memory of obese women.

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Based on the previously-declared anticonvulsant properties of Rosa damascena (R. damascena), this study explored the probable effects of R. damascena on neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus of a rat model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure. Materials and Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were randomely divided into control (n=8) and experimental (n=32) groups which underwent PTZ injection. A one-week pre-medication with 50 (PTZ-Ext 50) (n=8), 100 (PTZ-Ext 100) (n=8), and 200 (PTZ-Ext 200) (n=8) mg/kg of hydro-alcoholic extract of R. Damascene was performed while one experimental group (PTZ-induced group) (n=8) received only saline during the week before PTZ injection. After provocation of PTZ-induced seizures, the brains underwent tissue processing and TUNEL staining assay for apoptotic cell quantification. Results: Our findings revealed that PTZ-induced seizures led to apoptosis in neuronal cells of all sub-regions of the hippocampus; yet, only at CA1, CA3 and DG sub-regions of the PTZ-induced group, the difference in the number of apoptotic neuronal cells was significant in comparison with the control group. In addition, premedication with the plant extract led to a significant drop in the quantity of apoptotic neurons in these sub-regions in comparison with the PTZ-induced group which received no pre-medication. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that R. damascena extract exerts neuro-protective effects on PTZ-induced seizure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Geraniol (GE), as secondary metabolites of plant and natural bioactive essential oils is one of the major compounds of Rosa damascena Mill and widely used as fragrance/flavor in the food industry. Rosa damascena Mill and geraniol have numerous health benefits for human consumption. Currently, there is no single article that extensively covers the complete range of beneficial effects of GE that could improve knowledge in this category. Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of all published specific articles about beneficial properties of GE, as a monoterpene component of medicinal plants. Methods: Data were selected from Scopus, Clarivate Web Of ScienceTM, Embase, ScienceDirect and PubMed databases from 1940-2019 by identifying keywords and creating complex searches. Results: Based on the search results, GE identified as a natural compound having insecticidal and repellent activities. GE introduces a new class of cancer chemopreventive agents due to its citronellol and trans-geraniol. Other functional properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of GE have also been found. Conclusion: Overall, this approach has been a systematic literature review to provide an effective strategy for rapidly evaluating research results. This study suggests that the GE and Rosa damascena Mill have multiple health benefits and they are recommended for their therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alzheimer's is one of the most common diseases of old age and also one of the most important causes of dementia. Aromatherapy is part of the phytotherapy subcategory of treatments and involves the use of essential oils from aromatic plants to help relieve health-related problems. Also, studies show that regeneration is possible by stimulating the sense of smell with pleasant smells and can improve the cognitive performance of patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Rosa damascena essential oil on neurogenesis stimulation in Alzheimer's model animals. Methods and Materials: Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 7). Memory impairment was induced in the experimental groups by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine before performing the behavioral test. Rose essential oil was injected nasally for 2 weeks before scopolamine injection and also on the days of scopolamine injection with doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. After the end of the behavioral tests, the animals were sacrificed and the activity of neurogenesis was determined by examining the level of NGF gene expression in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus. Results: This study showed that the spatial memory in the behavioral test increased in the Alzheimer's group treated with essential oil compared to the Alzheimer's group. Real-time PCR test showed that the expression of the NGF gene in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb in the Alzheimer's group treated with essential oil increased compared to the Alzheimer's group, which indicates an increase in neurogenesis in the group treated with essential oil. Conclusions: This study showed that inhalation of Rosa damascena essential oil, through increasing neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus, can partially resolve the spatial memory disorder in Alzheimer's model rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical castration is considered undesirable due to the procedure is with pain and suffering of the 4-5 days old piglets and condemnation the principles of animal welfare. Alternative systems provide opportunities for the use of production from non-castrated male, immuno-castrated or protective bar taint effects through additives and changes in feed composition. The quality of the meat is particularly dependent on alternative systems and the most undesirable effect is reported by the consumers as appearance of a unpleasant boar taint at the concentration of 1.0 μg/g for androstenone and 0.250 μg/g for skatole. Consumers withdraw from meat from immunocastrates is due to suspected additional animal injection with non natural drugs, and from non-castrated male meat due to the fact that it is more lean, firm and with a higher percent of boar taint. Feed supplementation with substances that improve liver function or hind gut microorganisms in the large intestine, have a positive effect and reduce the odor of boar in meat and fat. Feed supplementation with natural components is well appreciated by the consumers and presence of inulin, beet pulp and dried distilled rose (Rosa Damascena) petals have the potential effect as boar taint restriction additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa damascena Mill L. also known as "Damask Rose" and "Gole Mohammadi" is a well-recognized high value ornamental and medicinal plant, which can be used in food, perfume and medicine industries. This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of 10 Rosa damascena genotypes by evaluating their morphological traits, flower yield and oil content to find the best genotype with high productivity under rainfed condition in Lorestan province, Iran. This study was conducted in a completely randomized design trial with three replications. The data analyses, using Pearson's correlation coefficients, showed that flower dry yield per hectare was significantly and positively correlated with, flower dry weight per plant, flowering period, plant height, number of flowers per plant, fresh and dry weight of petals, average weight of each flower, and number of flowers per day. Principal component (PC) analysis revealed that the first three PCs, respectively, called as flower yield, receptacle, and flower size components accounted for 88.33% of the total variation. The genotypes were grouped into four clusters in which the highest genetic distance was observed between Kermanshah and Fars1 genotypes. Fars1 and Yazd1 genotypes had the highest productivity in terms of, respectively, flower yield and oil content and showed the high potential for cultivation under rainfed condition in Lorestan province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 8-week aerobic training and supplementation of Rosa damascene on the memory of obese women. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two obese women (age: 34.3 ± 5.6 years; fat percentage: above 35%; and waist-to-hip ratio: above 0.85) were selected based on convenience sampling in a quasi-experimental study, with pre- and post-test design with control group. The women were randomly divided and allocated into aerobic exercises with R. damascene supplement group (TS Group) (n = 9); aerobic training group with placebo (TP Group) (n = 8), aerobic training group (T Group) (n = 7), and control group (C Group) (n = 8). The memory status was evaluated by the Wechsler questionnaire at pretest and posttest. ANCOVA and paired t-test were performed for analyzing the data by SPSS for Windows. Results: The results suggested that all the three experimental groups had a significant improvement in memory index (P ≤ 0.05). The results also indicated that TS group had a significant improvement in memory condition compared to other groups (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the use of R. damascene with aerobic exercise had a significant effect on the memory of obese women. Therefore, given the positive effects of R. damascene and aerobic exercise, this strategy can be used to improve the memory of obese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the antileishmanial activity of selected medicinal plants; ten well-known medicinal plants cultivated and growing under African environmental conditions were studied. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extracts of these plants were screened for their antileishmanial activity against Leishmania major using 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: The methanol extract of Colchicum autumnale and Alpinia officinarum showed potent antileishmanial activity at inhibition% value of 98.29% ± 0.75% and 97.25 ± 1.63%, respectively, while Silybum marianum exhibited inhibition% value of 90.97% ± 1.13%, compared with the standard amphotericin B (89.31% ± 2.08%). Conclusion: Considering these results, medicinal plants from African environment could constitute a developer source for antileishmanial compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of awareness of the critical factors involved in production of plants and sometimes, the cultivation of plants in areas unsusceptible to plant, can increase the amount of chemical fertilizer consumption in order to compensate the subsequent reduction of plant yield. This would increase environmental pollution. Thus, identifying of suitable areas where could supply plants initial needs of the environment is critical. For this goal, several criteria including soil conditions, climatologically indicators, topography situation and agro-climatology criteria were taken into account of modeling processing. Doing so, standardization process was performed on criteria and weighting process was performed by using of analytic hierarchy process approach. Geographical information system based on multi-criteria decision analysis was employed for weighted overlapping of indicators. Initial results indicated that East-Azerbaijan Province in the northern part of Iran has high potential for cultivating of Damask Rose. Results indicate that about 34.4% of East Azerbaijan Province has classified to be high suitability for cultivating this plant, while about 65.5 and 0.1 % of this area classified to be in the moderate and low suitability category respectively. In comparison of Damask Rose production during the 2014 and resulted analytic hierarchy process map results showed that areas with high suitability are not more under cultivation of this plant. Then, the findings of this study are great of importance for the purpose of regional planning in East-Azerbaijan Province.

Objective: To evaluate the supportive effects of Rosa damascene (R. damascene) essential oil on epididymal sperm quality and histopathology of testes following long term administration of copper sulfate in mice. Materials and methods: The study comprised of four different groups of six mice as follows: group Cu, which received 0.1 mL copper sulfate solution at dose of 100 mg/kg, group R which received 0.1 mL R. damascene essential oil at dose of 1 mg/kg, treatment group (T) which received copper sulfate solution (100 mg/kg) and treated by R. damascene essential oil (1 mg/kg), and control group (C) which received the same volume of normal saline. The supplements were gavaged in all animals every other day, during experimental period. All animals of each experimental group were sacrificed 42 days after the beginning of experiment. Results: Results showed that sperm concentration, motility and viability in group Cu were significantly decreased after 6 weeks, and severe degenerative changes were observed in testicular tissues in comparison with the control group. In treatment group, significant improve in the sperm count, motility and viability, and normal architecture in most seminiferous tubules with organized epithelium was observed compared to the group Cu. Conclusions: Administration of the essential oil of R. damascene owning to its antioxidant properties is able to protect the testis and epididymal sperm from the adverse effects of copper poisoning in mice.

Background: Diabetes is a global health problem that its prevalence is increasing rapidly. Rosa damascena extract has shown to have an intensive non-competitive inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase in an animal study. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of Rosa damascena (RD) Mill in diabetic patients and healthy subjects. Methods: In a triple-blind, placebo and Acarbose-controlled randomized trial in Kerman in the south-east of Iran, we randomly allocated diabetic patients (n=32) and healthy volunteers (n=28) to 100mg Acarbose, 200 mg RD-methanolic extract, 400mg RD-methanolic extract and placebo groups. Over 15 days, the participants were followed up to monitor the changes in blood biochemical parameters and apparent symptoms. Analyses were carried out by intention to treat. Results:RD extract decreased postprandial blood glucose levels comparable to the effects of Acarbose, demonstrating its α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Besides, fasting plasma glucose levels significantly decreased in patients treated with 400 mg/day RD-methanolic extract compared to the 200 mg RD-methanolic extract (127.6±26.8vs. 165.5±27.1, p=0.041), suggesting that Rosa damascena Mill is effective in a dose dependent manner. No major or minor hypoglycemic event was observed. NO adverse event was observed in the RD treatment groups in comparison with Acarbose or placebo groups. Serum levels of biochemical parameters did not fluctuate significantly in RD treatment groups compared to Acarbose and placebo controls. Conclusion:Rosa damascena not only decreases blood glucose levels, but also is safe to be used for the purpose of controlling blood glucose levels in drug naïve patients with type II diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum is considered an essential element endowed with toxicity potentials in human and animal. Thus, intoxication with aluminum can lead to oxidative stress, which is associated with oxidative damage to various macromolecules. Moreover, antioxidants from natural sources can play an important role in human health. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Rosa damascena extract against aluminum-induced oxidative stress. In this study, 60 male rats were randomly divided into six groups and then they were given daily aluminum chloride and Rosa damascena extract. After 8 weeks of treatment, the levels of total antioxidant and malondialdehyde, as well as antioxidant enzymes including catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and myeloperoxidase, were measured in all experimental groups in this study. A significant increase was found in the total antioxidant level in the rats treated with aluminum, Rosa damascena extract, and aluminum plus Rosa damascena extract compared with those in the control group. Also, malondialdehyde levels were not significantly different in all the studied groups. Glutathione S-transferase activity levels in rats receiving the Rosa damascena extract as well as rats taking aluminum with Rosa damascena extract increased significantly compared with the ones in the control group. Catalase activity in the aluminum-treated group also increased significantly compared with the rates in the control group (31.34 ± 4.50 U/gHb vs. 14.04 ± 6.17 U/gHb, p = 0.014). Furthermore, myeloperoxidase activity in the aluminum-treated group increased significantly compared with the control group (49.47 ± 5.12 U/L vs. 25.28 ± 2.18 U/L, p < 0.001). The Rosa damascena extract could improve antioxidant capacity and reduce oxidative conditions in rats receiving aluminum chloride as evidenced by assays of the ferric reducing ability of plasma and activity of antioxidant enzymes. According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the Rosa damascena extract with its high antioxidant content is able to exert a protective effect against aluminum-induced oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the protective effect ofRosa damascenaessential oil on diabetes-induced testicular damage in rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 equal groups: Group I: negative control (no treatment); Group II: positive control (diabetic by alloxan injection); Groups III–VI that rendered diabetic and received, respectively, 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/kg/day rose oil, orally for 28 days. Rose oil did not significantly change body weight and blood glucose level as compared to positive control. Serum testosterone level of rose oil–treated rats remained statistically the same with both negative and positive control groups (Groups I and II). Rats treated with rose oil especially at 2 higher dosages (Groups V and VI) had higher sperm count and increased diameters of seminiferous tubules as compared to Group II. Rose oil even at the lowest dosage significantly increased cell count of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells, with better outcomes for higher dosages. It appears that short-term repeated dose administration of rose oil can dose-dependently improve structural deteriorations of testes and epididymal sperm count in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Cervicitis is the most common disease of the female reproductive system, affecting half of all women at some point in their lives. Failure to treat cervicitis can lead to salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility due to the fallopian tube factor, ectopic pregnancy, and pelvic pain syndrome. In this context, early diagnosis and effective treatment of cervicitis could play a pivotal role in its management. Due to the prevalence of cervicitis, its complications, available treatments, simplicity of treatment, and cost-effectiveness of rose oil products, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of traditional Iranian rose oil on cervicitis. Eighty married women referred to a gynaecological clinic aged 17–55 years with a diagnosis of cervicitis randomly received Rose oil, 3 ml per night vaginally for 2 weeks, or routine anti-microbial care for 1 week. Twenty-four to forty-eight hours after the termination of the study, clinical symptoms of cervicitis were examined. Out of 80 patients included in this study, 64 were re-evaluated. All symptoms including burning, itching, vaginal discharge, pain, bleeding and pain after intercourse, tenderness, cervical wound size, and fragility were improved in both groups with a statistically significant difference relative to the baseline. The use of a vaginal formulation of rose oil diminishes the clinical symptoms of cervicitis without severe complications so it can be used as an alternative treatment in cervicitis, especially in recurring cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the effects of dried and ground Rosa damascena Mill. petals (Rosa flour-RF) for improving the nutritional and some characteristics of gluten-free cookies (GFC) were investigated. The RF was used to replace 0-2.5- 5-7.5-10% of gluten free flour (GFF) formulations. RF supplementation increased lightness and yellowness but decreased redness whereas a slight increase was observed at both moistures and spread ratio. RF addition lead to a significant reduction in the hardness of GFC while different levels of RF did not shown such an effect. RF provided darker samples and cookies became more brittle. RF addition led to an increase in total dietary fibre, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity of GFC. GFC containing RF were more appreciated than GFC with no added RF regarding taste and aroma. At the same time, a higher purchasing decision was found for cookies with added RF. Results showed that acceptable GFC couldbe produced by using RF up to 7.5% level to enhance the nutritional value of GFC that could be important for the gluten-free industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin resistance is a condition in which insulin signaling and action are impaired in insulin sensitive tissues and result in hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our previous studies have shown that Rosa damascena has antihyperglycemic effects on diabetic and normal rats. Therefore, we conducted a study to evaluate the effect of this medicinal plant on insulin sensitivity in rats. This study was performed on high fructose diet insulin resistant rats and pioglitazone, an insulin sensitizing drug, was used as a positive control. Insulin resistance was developed in animals by high fructose diet within six weeks. Then, Rosa damascena extract and pioglitazone were administered by gavage for two weeks and results were compared with two control groups. After treatment period, serum glucose, insulin, adiponectin, triglyceride, and cholesterol were assayed in fasting state. Plasma free fatty acid profile was analyzed by GC. Liver PPAR.γ and muscle GLUT.4 gene expressions were assessed by real time PCR and western blotting. Animals were treated with rosa damascena extract showed levels of insulin (42 ± 2.7 pmol/L). adiponectin (5.6±0.17 μg/mL). glucose (129±4.7 mg/dL). and triglyceride (75 ± 9 mg/dl) which were significantly improved as compared with control group insulin (137 ± 34 pmol/L), adiponectin (3.9±0.15 μg/mL). glucose (187±15 mg/dL). and triglycerides (217±18 mg/dL). PPARγ protein level was also significantly increased in Rosa damascene treated group. Our results demonstrated that rosa damascena extract has useful effects on insulin resistant animals and by increasing insulin sensitivity can be considered as a potential agent in control of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rose oil is obtained from the petals of difference Rosa species especially Rosa centifolia L. and Rosa damascena Mill. Various pharmacological properties have been attributed to rose oil. The aim of the present study was to review the rose oil therapeutic effects which had been clinically evaluated in trial studies. Materials and Methods: Google scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched for human studies which have evaluated the therapeutic effects of rose oil and published in English language until August 2015. Results: Thirteen clinical trials (772 participants) were included in this review. Rose oil was administered via inhalation or used topically. Most of the studies (five trials) evaluated the analgesic effect of rose oil. Five studies evaluated the physiological relaxation effect of rose oil. Anti-depressant, psychological relaxation, improving sexual dysfunction, and anti-anxiety effects were the other clinical properties reported for rose oil. Conclusion: Numerous studies on the pharmacological properties of rose oil have been done in animals, but studies in humans are few. In this study, it was observed that rose oil had physiological and psychological relaxation, analgesic and anti-anxiety effects. To obtain conclusive results on the efficacy and safety of rose oil, further clinical trials with larger sample size and better designation are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fragment of 772 bp of the chloroplast maturase K gene was amplified and sequenced for Rosa x damascena trigintipetala variety growing in Taif region of Saudi Arabia. The data were aligned with their counterparts of other varieties already found in the Genbank database and were analyzed by maximum-parsimony, neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood methods and a single rooted tree was executed. R. x damascena trigintipetala was paraphyletic where one sample [A] clustered with all varieties while the second [B] was basal. R. x damascena was sister to R. x chinensis semperflorens with the later being basal. R. x damascena gori was basal for all taxa studied. R. moschata was inside the clade of R. x damascena. Hybridization could be possible among R. damascena, R. chinensis and R. moschata. The genetic distance and tree topology indicated that [A] variety could be originated from R. moshata while [B] could be originated from gori or R. chinensis semperflorens. We, therefore, may consider that R. x damascena gori or R. chinensis could be the origin of all nowadays R. x damascena varieties.

"n Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Background: Rosa damascene has a special role in the Iranian traditional medicine due to its sedative, anticonvulsant and analgesic effects. Regarding its alkaloid, flavonoid and other organic compounds, this plant has always been used to reduce nervousness and treat depression and chronic insomnia. In the present time, synthetic drugs with sedative and anxiolytic properties are used for such problems but due to their side-effects and economic issues, the significance of natural medicines with fewer side-effects is of interest. Considering the importance of sedative and anxiolytic effects of Rosa damascene, we decided to compare this plant with synthetic drugs of the same properties."n"nMethods: Two different groups of male Wistar rats received either Rosa damascene extract in doses of 150, 300, 450 mg/kg or Diazepam and dimethyl sulphoxide in doses of 1.2 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 minutes before assessing the sleep duration, sedation and preanesthetic effects induced by intraperitoneal ketamine, 40 mg/kg. The anti-anxiety effect was evaluated by using an elevated plus maze and a rota rod."n"nResults: The results showed a meaningful increase in the period of sleep induced by Ketamine (P≤0.01) and also a meaningful increase in time spent at the open arms of the device in the group receiving Rosa damascene extract (P≤0.01)."n"nConclusion: The results showed that the Rosa damascene extract dose 450mg/kg has sedative, preanesthetic and anxiolytic effects (P≤0.01).

Quality control of essential oils is an important topic in industrial processing of medicinal and aromatic plants. In this paper, the performance of Fuzzy Adaptive Resonant Theory Map (ARTMAP) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) algorithms are compared in the specific task of quality classification of Rosa damascene essential oil samples (one of the most famous and valuable essential oils in the world) using an electronic nose (EN) system based on seven metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors. First, with the aid of a GC-MS analysis, samples of Rosa damascene essential oils were classified into three different categories (low, middle, and high quality, classes C1, C2, and C3, respectively) based on the total percent of the most crucial qualitative compounds. An ad-hoc electronic nose (EN) system was implemented to sense the samples and acquire signals. Forty-nine features were extracted from the EN sensor matrix (seven parameters to describe each sensor curve response). The extracted features were ordered in relevance by the intra/inter variance criterion (Vr), also known as the Fisher discriminant. A leave-one-out cross validation technique was implemented for estimating the classification accuracy reached by both algorithms. Success rates were calculated using 10, 20, 30, and the entire selected features from the response of the sensor array. The results revealed a maximum classification accuracy of 99% when applying the Fuzzy ARTMAP algorithm and 82% for LDA, using the first 10 features in both cases. Further classification results explained that sub-optimal performance is likely to occur when all the response features are applied. It was found that an electronic nose system employing a Fuzzy ARTMAP classifier could become an accurate, easy, and inexpensive alternative tool for qualitative control in the production of Rosa damascene essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinoic acid and Rosa damascena are compounds that have considerable effects in the cellular proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix. The present study was designed to assess the combined effects of retinoic acid and Rosa damascena mill on wound in diabetic rats. Seventy-two rats were used in this study. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg. Kg-1). Then, a full thickness wound was created on dorsal surface of all animals. After that, rats were divided, into three groups; control (normal saline), positive control (Phenytoin), and case (combined of 0.1% Tretinoein lotion and hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa damascena mill). Afterward, wounds were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically on days 5, 10 and 15. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations showed a significant improvement (p<0.05) of wounds in case group on 5th and 10th days when compared to positive control and control groups. The combination of Retinoic acid and hydro-alcholic extract of Rosa damascena mill can accelerate wound healing in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The host–guest complex of β-CD improved the REO characteristics. • Beverage containing β-CD nanoparticle-loaded REO has higher overall acceptability. • The RO/β-CD inhibited the growth of microbes. Rosa damascena essential oil (REO) is volatile and unstable. The host–guest complex of beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticles (β-CD) with REO was produced to improve REO characteristics. The REO/β-CD complex was characterized by entrapment efficiency, morphology, crystallinity, particle size, thermal stability, and antioxidant activity. Additionally, the structure of REO/β-CD was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Results confirmed the formation of REO/β-CD in which the REO, as a guest molecule, was entrapped within the β-CD as a host molecule. The encapsulated particles showed a spherical shape with an average diameter of 110 nm and no strong agglomerate. The entrapment of REO within β-CD led to changes in some physicochemical characteristics and enhancement of the antioxidant activity of REO. Furthermore, beverages with the addition of β-CD nanoparticle-loaded REO were produced. The beverage containing β-CD nanoparticle-loaded REO form showed significantly higher overall acceptability than samples containing free REO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, plants have been considered as powerful agents for treatment of disorders regarding to their traditional use. In Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM), plants have a special role in the treatment of various diseases. Burns with their devastating outcomes have been discussed in ITM as well. In the present study, a polyherbal ointment (PHO), retrieved from ITM, was formulated for bum healing and it's HPTLC fingerprint was prepared. Aqueous extracts of Malva sylvestris and Solanum nigrum leaves and oily extract of Rosa damascena petals (4.85%, 4.85% and 33%, respectively) were added to white beeswax, eucerin and white petrolatum as ointment base. In addition to the microbiological tests, physical stability and rheological behavior of the product were assessed. Fingerprinting of phytochemical constituents of PHO was performed by using silica gel plates and toluene: ethyl acetate: acetic acid (60:40:1) and ethyl acetate: formic acid: acetic acid: water (100:11:11:10) as mobile phases. The results showed that PHO was stable towards physical changes and successfully passed microbiological tests. Moreover, PHO exhibited plastic behavior which is in favor of a topical burn product. In addition, HPTLC fingerprinting of PHO demonstrated the presence of several phenolic constituents corresponding to the plant extracts. Regarding to the role of phenolic compounds in wound healing process, PHO could be an appropriate candidate for burn healing with respect to its traditional use in ITM. Moreover, HPTLC fingerprinting could be utilized as an applicable method for quality control of the prepared formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fragment of 772 bp of the chloroplast maturase K gene was amplified and sequenced for Rosa x damascena trigintipetala variety growing in Taif region of Saudi Arabia. The data were aligned with their counterparts of other varieties already found in the Genbank database and were analyzed by maximum-parsimony, neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood methods and a single rooted tree was executed. R. x damascena trigintipetala was paraphyletic where one sample [A] clustered with all varieties while the second [B] was basal. R. x damascena was sister to R. x chinensis semperflorens with the later being basal. R. x damascena gori was basal for all taxa studied. R. moschata was inside the clade of R. x damascena. Hybridization could be possible among R. damascena, R. chinensis and R. moschata. The genetic distance and tree topology indicated that [A] variety could be originated from R. moshata while [B] could be originated from gori or R. chinensis semperflorens. We, therefore, may consider that R. x damascena gori or R. chinensis could be the origin of all nowadays R. x damascena varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is comparison of diversity, population density and similarity index of insects living in Rosa damascena Miller (Rosales: Rosaceae) (oil rose) gardens managed by rules of organic and conventional farming chosen in Isparta province, Keçiborlu County, Ardıçlı village during 2012. Pitfall traps, knockdown, sweeping and counting with eyes sampling methods were used for sampling of the insect species between April and October where the insect species population density could be found the highest and taken rates of species from pitfall traps compared for statistically significant between organic and conventional oil rose gardens. Finally both agro-ecosystems no pesticide application were used and managed by the rules of organic farming were found different results of insect bio-diversity then another two agro-ecosystems pesticide application were used and managed by the rules of the conventional faming. Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity index were found lower in both conventional rose gardens than other 2 organic rose agro-ecosystems while Shannon-evenness were found more stable in organic rose gardens than conventional ones. The data obtained by pitfall traps have given a more precise than the other sampling methods and according to evaluation of pitfall trap, similarity index of two agro-ecosystems managed by conventional farming rules were found 72.38% to each other and these habitats were found the most similar habitats. Besides, sampled insect species belonging to Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, and Tenebrionidae families were declared the first time with this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Previously, analgesic, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant effects have been suggested for Rosa damascena (R. damascena). In the present study, possible anti-seizure and neuro-protective effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of R. damascena has been investigated after inducing seizures in rats by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Materials and Methods: The rats were divided to five groups: (1) Control: received saline, (2) PTZ: 100 mg/kg, i.p., (3) PTZExtract 50 mg/kg (PTZ-Ext 50), (4) PTZ- Extract 100 mg/kg (PTZ-Ext 100), and (5) PTZ- Extract 200 mg/kg (PTZ-Ext 200) groups which were treated with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg respectively of hydro-alcoholic extract of R. damascena for one week before PTZ injection. The animals were examined for electrocorticography (ECoG) recording and finally, the brains were removed for histological study. Results: The hydro-alcoholic extract of R. damascena significantly prolonged the latency of seizure attacks and reduced the frequency and amplitude of epileptiform burst discharges induced by PTZ injection. Moreover, all three doses of the extract significantly inhibited production of dark neurons in different regions of the hippocampus in the mentioned animal model. Conclusion: The present study showed that the hydro-alcoholic extract of R. damascena has anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects. More investigations are needed to be done in order to better understand the responsible compound(s) as well as the possible mechanism(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic comprised of a mixture of related gentamicin components and fractions and is used to treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative organisms. Herbal plants can be used for the prevention and treatment of kidney damage. Therefore, the nephroprotective activity of aqueous extract of Rosa damascena (250 and 500 mg/kg), Cichorium intybus (250 and 500mg/kg) and their mixture (250 and 500 mg/kg) was evaluated on gentamicin (80 mg/kg) induced toxicity in albino rabbits by using the standard drug silymarin (200 mg/kg). The study period was from 0-21 days and blood samples were collected at 0, 7th, 14th and 21st day. The biochemical analysis was done by using the standard protocols and kit methods. Serum urea and creatinine are the reliable markers to access the renal function. The results were subjected to two way analysis of variance and Duncan Multiple Range test as applicable. The gentamicin caused a significant (P≤0.01) increase in levels of serum urea, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and decrease in levels of serum albumin. Statistically significant decrease in levels of serum urea, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and statistically significant increase in the levels of albumin was observed for both plants and their mixture in dose dependent manner as compared to untreated, gentamicin treated and silymarin treated control groups. All results were supported by significantly improved renal cortical histopathology and kidney weight observations. The findings suggested that aqueous extract of both plants and their mixture have marked nephroprotective activity in dose dependent manner which could be due to the inherent antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity contained in both plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s)In the present study, the differences in the relaxant effects of aqueous, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Rosa damascena on tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pigs were examined. Materials and MethodsThe relaxant effects of three cumulative concentrations of each fraction (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g%) in comparison with saline and three cumulative concentrations of theophylline (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mM) were examined on precontracted tracheal chains of guinea pig by 60 mM KCl (group 1, n= 5) and 10 µM methacholine (group 2, n= 8). ResultsIn group 1, all concentrations of theophylline, ethyl acetate fraction and two final concentrations of n-butanol fraction showed significant relaxant effects in comparison with saline (p< 0.05 to P< 0.001). In group 2, all concentrations of theophylline, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions showed concentration dependent relaxant effects compared to that of saline (p< 0.01 to P< 0.001). In addition, the effect of ethyl acetate fraction in group 1 was significantly higher than those of theophylline (p< 0.05 to p< 0.001). However, the effects of other fractions were significantly lower than theophylline in both groups (p< 0.01 to p< 0.001). There were significant correlations between the relaxant effects and concentrations for theophylline and all fractions (except aqueous fractions in group 1) in both groups. ConclusionThe results showed a potent relaxant effect for ethyl acetate fraction of R. damascena on tracheal smooth muscle comparable to that of theophylline but a relatively weak relaxant effect for aqueous and n-butanol fractions at concentrations used.

Supercritical fluid extraction ( SFE) coupled with high-speed counter-current chromatography ( HSCCC) was successfully used for the extraction and online isolation of the unstable compounds from Rosa damascene in a single extraction and separation operation in two stages. The solvent systems of SFE/ HSCCC were optimized with the help of multiexponential function model. At the first stage, the upper phase of the solvent system of n-butanol-tert-butyl methyl ether-acetonitrile-0.1% aqueous TFA (1.7:1.0:0.8:4.0, v/v/v/v) was used as both the SFE entrainer and the HSCCC stationary phase, and the target compounds were eluted with the corresponding lower phase to separate the hydrophobic compounds. At the second stage, the upper phase of the solvent system of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (3.2:1.0:2.8:2.6, v/v/v/v) was used as both the SFE entrainer and the HSCCC stationary phase, followed by elution with the corresponding lower phase to separate the moderate hydrophobic compounds. Six compounds including formononetin, delphinidin, cyaniding, 5,6,4′-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy flavone, 5,3′-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy flavone, and 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxy flavone were successfully separated in one extraction-separation operation within 300 min. The targeted compounds were identified by MS and NMR spectroscopy. This research has opened up great prospects for industrial application of SFE/ HSCCC to the extraction and separation of unstable compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s) In the present study, the differences in the relaxant effects of aqueous, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Rosa damascena on tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pigs were examined. Materials and Methods The relaxant effects of three cumulative concentrations of each fraction (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g%) in comparison with saline and three cumulative concentrations of theophylline (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mM) were examined on precontracted tracheal chains of guinea pig by 60 mM KCl (group 1, n= 5) and 10 μM methacholine (group 2, n= 8). Results In group 1, all concentrations of theophylline, ethyl acetate fraction and two final concentrations of n-butanol fraction showed significant relaxant effects in comparison with saline (p< 0.05 to P< 0.001). In group 2, all concentrations of theophylline, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions showed concentration dependent relaxant effects compared to that of saline (p< 0.01 to P< 0.001). In addition, the effect of ethyl acetate fraction in group 1 was significantly higher than those of theophylline (p< 0.05 to p< 0.001). However, the effects of other fractions were significantly lower than theophylline in both groups (p< 0.01 to p< 0.001). There were significant correlations between the relaxant effects and concentrations for theophylline and all fractions (except aqueous fractions in group 1) in both groups. Conclusion The results showed a potent relaxant effect for ethyl acetate fraction of R. damascena on tracheal smooth muscle comparable to that of theophylline but a relatively weak relaxant effect for aqueous and n-butanol fractions at concentrations used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]