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Rosellinia lamprostoma Syd. & P. Syd., Philipp. J. Sci., C, Bot. 8(4): 273 (1913) (Fig. 2) MycoBank No: MB 159461 Saprobic on dead twig of unidentified plant. Sexual morph Subiculum felted, reddish brown, restricted to rim around stromata, evanescent. Stromata 750–1100 µm high × 700–960 µm diam. (av. = 943 × 808 µm, n = 20), superficial, conical, pear shaped, scattered to gregarious, solitary, conical, dark brown to black, shiny, carbonaceous. Ostioles black, finely to coarsely papillate. Ectostroma 100–120 µm thick, black, carbonaceous. Entostroma disappearing at maturity. Perithecia nearly semiglobose, not collapsed. Asci 246–270 × 16–22 µm (av. = 258.9 × 19.5 µm, n = 30), 8-spored, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with a J+ apical apparatus in Melzer’s reagent, urn-shaped, 14–18.5 µm high, 5.5–8 µm wide. Ascospores 39–54 × 9–11 µm (av. = 46 × 10 µm, n = 30), overlapping uniseriate, fusiform, rounded ends, hyaline when immature, slight brown to brown at maturity, straight to curved, with a germ slit running the entire length of the spores, slightly constricted at the middle part, lacking slimy sheathes or appendages. Asexual morph Undetermined. Culture characteristics: —Ascospores germinated on PDA within 1 month. Colonies on PDA were white when young, became pale brown, dense, but thinning towards the edge, medium dense, white from above, reverse side white at the margin, flesh to pale brown at centre. No pigmentation was produced on the PDA medium. No conidia were observed on PDA or OA media. Habitat/Distribution: —Known to inhabit dead bamboo, Taiwan province, China, Luzon, Philippine Island. Material examined: — CHINA, Hainan Province, Wuzhishan, Emerald Park (18°47′11.85″N, 109°31′0.13″E), altitude: 360 m, dead branch of unidentified plant, 15 November 2020, S.H. Long, FCGY14 (GMB0086, KUN-HKAS 122643, living culture GMBC0086) (New geographical record). Addition sequences: — LSU: OM 001209 Notes: —In our phylogenetic analyses (Figure 1), new collection (GMB 0086) accommodated with R. lamprostoma (YMJ 89112602) and R. mearnsii (MFLU 16-1382). However, GMB 0086 morphologically resembles R. lamprostoma. A morphological comparison of the new collection with these two new species is provided in Table 2. Stromata are conical, pear-shaped in GMB 0086 and R. lamprostoma, which is different from globose stromata in R. mearnsii. And the stromata size of GMB 0086 is close to R. lamprostoma but larger than R. mearnsii. The size of the ascospores is closer to R. lamprostoma but wider than R. mearnsii (Petrini 2013, Tibpromma et al. 2017). Moreover, GMB 0086 have the spore-lenght germ slits which are similar to R. lamprostoma (Petrini 2013). Therefore, we identify GMB 0086 as R. lamprostoma. Rosellinia lamprostoma has been reported in Philippine Islands, and Taiwan (Ju et al. 2007, Petrini 2013). This is the first report of R. lamprostoma in Chinese mainland., Published as part of Long, Sihan, Pi, Yinhui, Wu, Youpeng, Liu, Lili, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qingde, Lin, Yan, Kang, Yingqian, Kang, Jichuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qirui, 2022, Rosellinia qiongensis sp. nov., R. verticillata sp. nov. and a new record of R. lamprostoma from China, pp. 287-300 in Phytotaxa 552 (5) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.552.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6796573, {"references":["Petrini, L. E. (2013) Rosellinia: a world monograph. Bibliotheca Mycologica, J. Cramer: Stuttgart, 410 pp.","Tibpromma, S., Hyde, K. D., Jeewon, R., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Liu, J. K., Bhat, J. D., Jones, E. B. G., McKenzie, E. H. C., Camporesi, E., Bulgakov, T. S., Doilom, M., Andre Luiz Cabral Monteiro de Azevedo Santiago, Das, K., Manimohan, P., Gibertoni, T. B., Lim, Y. W., Ekanayaka, A. H., Thongbai, B., Lee, H. B., Yang, J. B., Kirk, P. M., Sysouphanthong, P., Singh, S. K., Boonmee, S., Dong, W., Raj, K. N. A., Latha, K. P. L., Phookamsak, R., Phukhamsakda, C., Konta, S., Jayasiri, S. C., Norphanphoun, C., Tennakoon, D. S., Li, J., Dayarathne, M. C., Perera, R. H., Xiao, Y. P., Wanasinghe, D. N., Senanayake, I. C., Goonasekara, I. D., de Silva, N. I., Mapook, A., Jayawardena, R. S., Dissanayake, A. J., Manawasinghe, I. S., Thilini Chethana, K. W., Luo, Z. L., Hapuarachchi, K. K., Baghela, A., Soares, A. M., Vizzini, A., Meiras-Ottoni, Armin Mesic, A., Dutta, A. K., Richter, C., Lin, C. G., Chakrabarty, D., Daranagama, D. A., Lima, D. X., Chakraborty, D., Ercole, E., Wu, F., Simonini, G., Vasquez, G., da Silva, G. A., Ariyawansa, H. A., Lee, H., Kusan, I., Song, J., Sun, J. Karmakar, J., Hu, K., Semwal, K. C., Thambugala, K. M., Voigt, K., Acharya, K., Rajeshkumar, K. C., Ryvarden, L., Jadan, M., Hosen, M. I., Miksik, M., Samarakoon, M. C., Wijayawardene, N. N., Kim, N. K., Matocec, N., Singh, P. N., Tian, Q., Bhatt, R. P., de Oliveira, R. J. V., Tulloss, R. E., Aamir, S., Kaewchai, S., Marathe, S. D., Khan, S., Hongsanan, S., Adhikari, S., Mehmood, T., Bandyopadhyay, T. K., Svetasheva, T. Y., Antonin, V., Li, W. J., Wang, Y., Indoliya, Y., Tkalcec, Z., Elgorban, A. M., Bahkali, A. H., Tang, A. M. C., Su, H. Y., Zhang, H., Promputtha, I., Luangsa-ard, J., Xu, J., Yan, J., Kang, J. C., Stadler, M., Mortimer, P. E., Chomnunti, P., Zhao, Q., Phillips, A. J. L., Nontachaiyapoom, S., Wen, T. C. & Karunarathna, S. C. (2017) Fungal diversity notes 491 - 602: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 83: 1 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 017 - 0378 - 0","Ju, Y. M., Hsieh, H. M., Ho, M. C., Szu, D. H. & Fang, M. J. (2007) Theissenia rogersii sp. nov. and phylogenetic position of Theissenia. Mycologia 99: 612 e 621. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 15572536.2007.11832555"]}

Rosellinia verticillata S.H. Long & Q.R. Li sp. nov. (Fig. 4) MycoBank No: MB 842287 Holotype: — CHINA, Guizhou Province, Tongren, Fanjingshan Nature Reserve (27°53′44.77″N, 108°43′52.69″E), elev. 989 m, dead branch of Litsea verticillata Hance, 14 October 2020, S. H. Long and Lili Liu FJS19 (GMB0084, holotype, ex-type GMBC0084; KUN-HKAS 122639, isotype). Saprobic on dead twig of L. verticillata. Sexual morph Subiculum felted, brown, restricted to rim around stromata, evanescent. Stromata 630–735 µm high × 525–700 µm diam. (av. = 679 × 628 µm, n = 20), superficial, scattered to gregarious, solitary, globose, with a conical pointed top, dark, shiny, carbonaceous. Ostioles black, papillate. Ectostroma 80–100 µm thick, black, carbonaceous. Entostroma disappearing at maturity. Perithecia filling entirely the stroma cavity or partly collapsed. Asci 173. 5–241.5 × 18.5–39 µm (av. = 212.5 × 30 µm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with a long J+, barrel-shaped apical apparatus in Melzer’s reagent, 11.5–15.5 µm high, 7–8 µm wide. Ascospores 42–62 × 6.5–12 µm (av. = 55 × 9.3 µm, n = 30), overlapping uniseriate or biseriate, fusiform, ends rounded, hyaline when immature, slight brown to brown at maturity, straight to curved, with a germ slit running the entire length of the spores, entirely surrounded by a thin slimy sheath visible in water and in black ink, lacking appendages. Asexual morph Undetermined. Culture characteristics: —Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours. Colonies on PDA were white when young, became pale brown, dense, but thinning towards edge, medium dense, white from above, reverse side white at margin, flesh to pale brown at centre. No pigmentation was produced on PDA medium. No conidia were observed on PDA or OA media. Habitat/Distribution: —Known to inhabit dead wood, Guizhou Province, China. Etymology: —Refers to its host species, L. verticillata Other material examined: — CHINA, Guizhou Province, Ya Mu Gou Scenic Area (27°54′42.83″N, 108°42′9.08″E), altitude: 1058 m, dead branch of unidentified plant, 15 October 2020, S. H. Long, FJS45 (GMB0085, KUN-HKAS 122641, living culture GMBC0085). Additional sequences: —GMB0084 (LSU: OM001207) GMB0085 (LSU: OM001208). Note: —In the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), R. verticillata clustered together with R. tetrastigmae Q.R. Li & J.C. Kang. However, the ascospores of R. verticillata are smaller than those of R. tetrastigmae (42.0–62.0 × 6.7–12.0 µm vs. 72.5–111.5 × 12.5–19.5 µm), and Rosellinia verticillata (GMB0082) ascospores are completely surrounded by a thin slimy sheath, but the R. tetrastigmae only has the slime at the ends (Xie et al. 2019). Moreover, stromata of R. verticillata are larger than those of R. tetrastigmae (630–735 µm high × 525–700 µm diam. vs. 300–500 mm high × 400–600 mm diam.). And R. verticillata belongs to R. emergens group (Petrini 2013) but it is different from the species which have whole spore length germ silt in this group for R. verticillata ascospores are completely surrounded by a thin slimy sheath., Published as part of Long, Sihan, Pi, Yinhui, Wu, Youpeng, Liu, Lili, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qingde, Lin, Yan, Kang, Yingqian, Kang, Jichuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qirui, 2022, Rosellinia qiongensis sp. nov., R. verticillata sp. nov. and a new record of R. lamprostoma from China, pp. 287-300 in Phytotaxa 552 (5) on pages 295-297, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.552.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6796573, {"references":["Xie, X., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Long, Q., Shen, X., Boonmee, S., Kang, J. C. & Li, Q. R. (2019) Contributions to species of Xylariales in china - 2. Rosellinia pervariabilis and R. tetrastigmae spp. nov. and a new record of R. caudata. Mycotaxon 134: 183 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.5248 / 134.183","Petrini, L. E. (2013) Rosellinia: a world monograph. Bibliotheca Mycologica, J. Cramer: Stuttgart, 410 pp."]}

Rosellinia qiongensis S.H. Long & Q.R. Li sp. nov. (Fig. 3) MycoBank No: MB 842285 Holotype: — CHINA, Hainan Province, Qiongzhong County (19°7′8.60″N, 109°7′8.60″E), elev. 177 m, on dead branch of bamboo, 13 November 2020, S.H. Long and Lili Liu QZ 100-1 (GMB0082, holotype; ex-type GMBC0082); ibid (KUN-HKAS 122640, isotype). Saprobic on a dead branch of bamboo. Sexual morph Subiculum felted cream-colored to light brown, restricted to rim around stromata, persistent. Stromata 560–725 µm high × 525–635 µm diam. (av. = 639 × 582 µm, n = 20), superficial, scattered to gregarious, solitary, globose, with a conical pointed top, dark brown to black, shiny, carbonaceous. Ostioles black, finely to coarsely papillate. Ectostroma 60–80 µm thick, black, carbonaceous. Entostroma black, confined to base. Perithecia not collapsed in the stroma cavity. Asci 108.5–141.5 × 11–24 µm (av. = 126 × 15.5 µm, n = 30) 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with a long barrel-shaped, apically flattened, basally attenuated or not, J + apical apparatus in Melzer’s reagent, 6.0–6.8 µm high, 6.6–9.9 µm wide. Ascospores 24.5–31 × 5–8 µm (av. = 27.2 × 6.4 µm, n = 30), biseriate, fusiform, ends rounded, hyaline when immature, slight brown to brown at maturity, straight to curved, with three, 3–9 µm, straight germ slits, without slimy sheathes or appendages. Asexual morph Undetermined. Culture characteristics: —Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours. Colonies on PDA were white when young, became pale brown, dense, but thinning towards the edge, medium dense, white from above, reverse sides were white at the margin, flesh to pale brown at centre, no pigmentation were produced on PDA medium, no conidia were observed on PDA or OA media. Habitat/Distribution: —Known to inhabit dead wood, Hainan Province, China. Etymology: —Refers to Qiong, the abbreviation of Hainan province, where the type specimen was collected. Other material examined: — CHINA, Hainan Province, Qiongzhong County (19°7′8.10″N, 109°52′21.36″E), altitude: 177 m, dead branch of bamboo, 13 November 2020, S.H. Long, QZ180 (GMB0083, paratype, ex-paratype GMBC0083). Additional sequences: —GMB0082 (LSU: OM001205); GMB0083 (LSU: OM001206). Notes: —Our new strains of Rosellinia qiongensis accommodate as the sister clade to R. pervariabilis Q.R. Li & J.C. Kang in the phylogenetic tree with high statistical supports (100/0.99) (Fig. 1). Their ascospores are similar in shape and both are light brown in color, but R. qiongensis had three germ slits on ascospores while R. pervariabilis are lacking them. Moreover, the size of ascospores of R. qiongensis is larger than that of R. pervariabilis (24.5–31× 5–8 µm vs. 19.5–24.5 × 4–5 µm) (Xie et al. 2019). Rosellinia qiongensis belongs to Rosellinia emergens group and it is also reminiscent of R. dolichospora Syd. & P. Syd. and R. patilii L.E. Petrini, which has fusiform, brown ascospores with three short germ slits (Petrini 2013). However, R. qiongensis differs from R. dolichospora and R. patilii by its smaller ascospores (24.5–31 × 5–8 µm in R. qiongensis, 29–33 × 6.3– 7.7 µm in R. dolichospora, and 38.6–45.4 × 7.2– 9.8 µm in R. patilii) (Petrini 2013)., Published as part of Long, Sihan, Pi, Yinhui, Wu, Youpeng, Liu, Lili, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qingde, Lin, Yan, Kang, Yingqian, Kang, Jichuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qirui, 2022, Rosellinia qiongensis sp. nov., R. verticillata sp. nov. and a new record of R. lamprostoma from China, pp. 287-300 in Phytotaxa 552 (5) on pages 293-295, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.552.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6796573, {"references":["Xie, X., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Long, Q., Shen, X., Boonmee, S., Kang, J. C. & Li, Q. R. (2019) Contributions to species of Xylariales in china - 2. Rosellinia pervariabilis and R. tetrastigmae spp. nov. and a new record of R. caudata. Mycotaxon 134: 183 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.5248 / 134.183","Petrini, L. E. (2013) Rosellinia: a world monograph. Bibliotheca Mycologica, J. Cramer: Stuttgart, 410 pp."]}

Soil borne fungi can be very importan on coffee plantations and in the nursery. One of the key measure to get vigorous plants in the field is the quality of the seedling and the site of planting. The great majority of the diseases on seedlings came from the nursery. Another source of pathogens is to plant in soil that has suffered clearing of forests. The soil's organic matter contains soil pathogens that attack coffee seedlings after planting. Sometimes plants can die. The main soil borne disease of coffee are: Rhizoctoniosis, Rosellinia root rot, Ceratocystis canker stain and Coffee Wilt Disease. For these reasons the main measures of integrated control is exclusion of the pathogen and avoidance.

High genetic diversity increases the chances of obtaining varieties resistant to abiotic stress in breeding programs. Plum rootstocks that are resistant to disease can be used for the propagation o...

Rosellinia (Xylariaceae) is a large, cosmopolitan genus comprising over 130 species that have been defined based mainly on the morphology of their sexual morphs. The genus comprises both lignicolous and saprotrophic species that are frequently isolated as endophytes from healthy host plants, and important plant pathogens. In order to evaluate the utility of molecular phylogeny and secondary metabolite profiling to achieve a better basis for their classification, a set of strains was selected for a multi-locus phylogeny inferred from a combination of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear rDNA, beta-tubulin (TUB2) and the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (RPB2). Concurrently, various strains were surveyed for production of secondary metabolites. Metabolite profiling relied on methods with high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-DAD/MS) as well as preparative isolation of the major components after re-fermentation followed by structure elucidation using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). Two new and nine known isopimarane diterpenoids were identified during our mycochemical studies of two selected Dematophora strains and the metabolites were tested for biological activity. In addition, the nematicidal cyclodepsipeptide PF1022 A was purified and identified from a culture of Rosellinia corticium, which is the first time that this endophyte-derived drug precursor has been identified unambiguously from an ascospore-derived isolate of a Rosellinia species. While the results of this first HPLC profiling were largely inconclusive regarding the utility of secondary metabolites as genus-specific chemotaxonomic markers, the phylogeny clearly showed that species featuring a dematophora-like asexual morph were included in a well-defined clade, for which the genus Dematophora is resurrected. Dematophora now comprises all previously known important plant pathogens in the genus such as D. arcuata, D. bunodes, D. necatrix and D. pepo, while Rosellinia s. str. comprises those species that are known to have a geniculosporium-like or nodulisporium-like asexual morph, or where the asexual morph remains unknown. The extensive morphological studies of L.E. Petrini served as a basis to transfer several further species from Rosellinia to Dematophora, based on the morphology of their asexual morphs. However, most species of Rosellinia and allies still need to be recollected in fresh state, cultured, and studied for their morphology and their phylogenetic affinities before the infrageneric relationships can be clarified.

Oleaster (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) is a sclerophyllous forest tree occurring in the Mediterranean region including Sardinia (Italy). Oleaster suffers from few major diseases, but since 2017 a new and unusual disease leading to the death of both young and old trees has been observed in several woodlands of high ecological value in north-eastern Sardinia. Declining trees showed a variety of symptoms including leaf chlorosis, dieback and sunken canker on trunk and branches. The cankers often exuded a white to orange sap, giving them the appearance of bleeding, which gradually dried to a whitish gluey mass on the bark. Symptomatic wood samples yielded fungal isolates belonging to five fungal species: Diplodia olivarum, Dothiorella sarmentorum, Neofusicoccum parvum, Rosellinia corticium and unidentified Pestalotiopsis sp. In pathogenicity trials Neofusicoccum parvum proved to be the most aggressive species. Our results provide the first evidence for a combined involvement of different Botryosphaeriaceae species in the aetiology of a new oleaster disease., Italian Journal of Mycology, Vol 49 (2020)

In this study, endophytic fungi were isolated from Euphorbia larica Boiss. and their antagonistic potential against phytopathogenic fungi viz. Fusarium sp., Rosellinia sanctae-cruciana and Cladospo...

In a recent monograph on the genus Rosellinia, type specimens worldwide were revised and re-classified using a morphological approach. Among them, some came from Pier Andrea Saccardo’s fungarium stored in the Herbarium of the Padova Botanical Garden. In this work, we taxonomically re-examine via a morphological and molecular approach nine different Roselliniasensu Saccardo types. ITS1 and/or ITS2 sequences were successfully obtained applying Illumina MiSeq technology and phylogenetic analyses were carried out in order to elucidate their current taxonomic position. Only the ITS1 sequence was recovered for Rosellinia areolata, while for R. geophila, only the ITS2 sequence was recovered. We proposed here new combinations for Rosellinia chordicola, R. geophila and R. horridula, while for R. ambigua, R. areolata, R. australis, R. romana and R. somala, we did not suggest taxonomic changes compared to the current ones. The name Rosellinia subsimilis Sacc. is invalid, as it is a later homonym of R. subsimilis P. Karst. &amp, Starbäck. Therefore, we introduced Coniochaeta dakotensis as a nomen novum for R. subsimilis Sacc. This is the first time that these types have been subjected to a molecular study. Our results demonstrate that old types are an important source of DNA sequence data for taxonomic re-examinations.

Rosellinia (Xylariaceae) is a large, cosmopolitan genus comprising over 130 species that have been defined based mainly on the morphology of their sexual morphs. The genus comprises both lignicolous and saprotrophic species that are frequently isolated as endophytes from healthy host plants, and important plant pathogens. In order to evaluate the utility of molecular phylogeny and secondary metabolite profiling to achieve a better basis for their classification, a set of strains was selected for a multi-locus phylogeny inferred from a combination of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear rDNA, beta-tubulin (TUB2) and the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (RPB2). Concurrently, various strains were surveyed for production of secondary metabolites. Metabolite profiling relied on methods with high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-DAD/MS) as well as preparative isolation of the major components after re-fermentation followed by structure elucidation using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). Two new and nine known isopimarane diterpenoids were identified during our mycochemical studies of two selected Dematophora strains and the metabolites were tested for biological activity. In addition, the nematicidal cyclodepsipeptide PF1022 A was purified and identified from a culture of Rosellinia corticium, which is the first time that this endophyte-derived drug precursor has been identified unambiguously from an ascospore-derived isolate of a Rosellinia species. While the results of this first HPLC profiling were largely inconclusive regarding the utility of secondary metabolites as genus-specific chemotaxonomic markers, the phylogeny clearly showed that species featuring a dematophora-like asexual morph were included in a well-defined clade, for which the genus Dematophora is resurrected. Dematophora now comprises all previously known important plant pathogens in the genus such as D. arcuata, D. bunodes, D. necatrix and D. pepo, while Rosellinia s. str. comprises those species that are known to have a geniculosporium-like or nodulisporium-like asexual morph, or where the asexual morph remains unknown. The extensive morphological studies of L.E. Petrini served as a basis to transfer several further species from Rosellinia to Dematophora, based on the morphology of their asexual morphs. However, most species of Rosellinia and allies still need to be recollected in fresh state, cultured, and studied for their morphology and their phylogenetic affinities before the infrageneric relationships can be clarified.

Antecedentes y Objetivos: La diversidad de los ascomicetos macroscópicos que se conoce actualmente en el Parque Estatal Agua Blanca, Tabasco, es el resultado de varias investigaciones previas sobre todos los macromicetos a nivel estatal. Como no existe un estudio específico sobre los ascomicetos del parque antes mencionado, en este trabajo se reunieron los registros anteriores con los resultados de nuevas exploraciones de este proyecto.Métodos: El Parque Estatal Agua Blanca se ubica en la región Oeste y Noreste del estado de Tabasco, México. Se realizaron 28 recorridos entre diciembre del 2011 y julio del 2015. El material recolectado se depositó en el herbario UJAT para su preservación e identificación. La identificación de las muestras se realizó siguiendo las técnicas convencionales de micología.Resultados clave: Se revisaron 129 especímenes, los cuales permitieron la determinación de 22 especies pertenecientes a dos clases, tres órdenes, cinco familias y ocho géneros. Los géneros Scutellinia y Rosellinia se reportan por primera vez para el estado. El género Xylaria es el más diverso con 10 especies, mientras que los géneros Ophiocordyceps, Scutellinia, Hypoxylon y Rosellinia son los menos diversos con una especie cada uno.Conclusiones: De las 22 especies determinadas, 12(55%) fueron nuevas citas para Tabasco y 18(82%) lo son para la zona de estudio, mientras que 10(45%) ya se habían encontrado previamente en Tabasco y 4(18%) en el parque. Finalmente, este estudio muestra un mayor número de especies evaluadas en comparación con lo reportado en trabajos previos.

Colocasia esculenta, taro (T), is a major staple food crop in the tropics, including Brazil. Rumohra adiantiformis, leatherhead fern (LF), is broadly cultivated for its ornamental fronds that are used as a component of flower arrangements. Soft root rot of T and LF, and accompanying rapid plant wilt and death, was observed in plantations in Espirito Santo (Brazil), at Venda Nova do Imigrante, in April 2014 (LF) and July 2015 (T). Great losses were observed. Firstly, a few individual scattered plants showed symptoms of disease in the plantations, then aggregates of plants and, after a few seasons, the majority of the plants in the field died before harvest, leading to the abandonment of the activity by farmers. A white mycelial matt was observed on the crown and roots ofying T and LF plants. Infected corms become necrotic and dark brown mycelial strands were observed internally in tissues. Diseased organs were carefully washed and surface sterilized in 10% sodium hypochlorite. Samples of tissue were removed from the boundary of necrotic tissues and placed on potato dextrose-agar (PDA) plates and incubated at 23±2 C in the dark. Homogeneous mycelial colonies were isolated from both T and LF and, upon observation of microscope mounts under an Olympus BX 53 light microscope, pear-shaped hyphal swellings at the septae (Castro et al. 2013) were observed. . A representative isolate from each host was deposited in the local culture collection as COAD 2911 (LF isolate) and COAD 2912 (T isolate). Additionally, DNA was extracted from each culture using the Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega) and the internal transcriptional spacer region was PCR amplified using the primers ITS5 and ITS1 (White et al. 1990). The amplicons were sequenced by MACROGEN (http://www.macrogen.com). Consensus sequences were deposited in GenBank: MW561595 (LF), MW561596 (T). Consensus regions were compared against other sequences available in Genbank. A BLASTn analysis resulted in LF and T sequences respectively 99% (526/531bp) and 98% (412/420 bp) identity with that of Dematophora bunodes (MN984619). Additionally, a phylogenetic analysis of a selected sequence alignment was performed on the CIPRES webportal (Miller et al., 2010) using MrBayes v.3.1.1 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck, 2003). A phylogenetic tree was generated showing that the placement of LF and T isolates is in D. bunodes (Wittstein et al. 2020). Pathogenicity tests were performed for LF and T isolates against their original hosts. For inoculum, bags of twice-autoclaved parboiled rice were seeded separately with each isolate, which were allowed to colonize the rice for two weeks. Four healthy young LF and T plants were utilized. Two extra healthy plants grown in the same conditions, but not inoculated, served as controls. Thirty g of Dematophora-colonized rice was placed in direct contact with stems or roots of each LF or T plant. Plants were maintained in a dew chamber for 48 h after inoculation and then transferred to a greenhouse bench. All inoculated plants developed wilt and root rot and died after 15-20 days. Controls remained healthy. White mycelial colonies were formed over tissues of diseased LF and T and upon observation under the microscope, typical pear-shaped swellings were observed in slides prepared from newly obtained pure cultures from LF and T. Dematophora bunodes (formerly Rosellinia bunnodes) has a worldwide distribution and is well known as a polyphagous plant pathogen (Farr and Rossman, 2020) but has never been reported as a pathogen either of LF or T before in Brazil and worldwide. Its report on LF and T further expands an already large host-range and resolves the etiology of the disease on LF and T.

Crown and collar rot of apple trees is a destructive and widespread disease in most areas of the world. Surveys have been done to describe disease symptoms, estimate the disease incidence, and identify the pathogens associated with this disease in southern Syria. Disease incidence was 0.08 – 10 % in most studied sites, only in Alroom location it was up to 14.7 % in 2014 and 17.8 % in 2015, with average of 11.8 %. Symptoms included small pale green leaves, sparse foliage, and a reddish-brown discoloration of inner bark of the infected area at the base of infected tree. The isolated fungi belonged to genera and form genera Phytophthora, Rosellinia, Rhizoctonia, Phialophora, Acremonium, Pestalotiopsis, Cylindrocarpon and Verticillium. Phytophthora was isolated from all infected trees, and was the most frequent pathogen (53.7 % of total isolates). Phytophthora isolates recovered from crown cankers of apple were identified as P. cactorum (91.5 %) and P. cambivora (8.5 %). The results of this study are the first report of crown and collar root rot of apple in Syria.

Para evaluar la eficiencia del control biológico ejercido por aislados nativos de Trichodermaspp. sobre Roselliniasp. causante de la muerte de plantas de macadamia, se realizaron dos experimentos en el Laboratorio de Fitopatología de la FCA-UNA, San Lorenzo, Central y en el vivero San Joaquín, Caraguatay, Cordillera. Para las pruebas in vitrose obtuvieron 19 aislados de Trichoderma spp. de parcelas productoras de macadamia del Paraguay y se enfrentaron en cultivo pareado con Roselliniasp. para medir su capacidad antagónica, utilizando el Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA) con cinco repeticiones. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron seleccionar a los aislados GS18 (Itapuá), GS13 (Central), GS10 (Cordillera) para su evaluación in vivo. Para el segundo experimento en condiciones in vivose utilizó el DCA, los tratamientos consistieron en T1: Testigo (sólo el patógeno), T2: Mezcla de aislados de Trichodermaspp. y T3: Carbendazim al 0,1%, con cinco repeticiones. Las plantas de macadamia de 12 meses fueron tratadas con los aislados de Trichodermaspp.. Transcurridas 2 semanas se infestó el sustrato de todas las plantas con propágulos de Roselliniaspp.. Se aguardaron otras 2 semanas que permitieron el establecimiento del patógeno y se aplicó Carbendazim al 0,1%. En las plantas testigo se constató 53% de incidencia de la enfermedad, en las tratadas con Trichodermaspp. 26%, y en las plantas tratadas con Carbendazim se verificó 7%. Se concluye que los aislados nativos Trichodermaspp. presentan potencial como agentes biocontroladores de Roselliniasp. al reducir la incidencia de la enfermedad en condiciones in vivo.

En este trabajo, se analizará a nivel transcriptómico, la expresión/represión de los genes cuando se compara un mutante defectivo en la producción de HPR (mutante en el gen darB) frente a la cepa silvestre, identificando los fenotipos dependientes de la producción de HPR durante el proceso de interacción multitrófica, que se produce durante el control biológico de la podredumbre blanca radicular. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech . Este trabajo se ha financiado gracias a el Plan Nacional de l+D+I del Ministerio de Economía (AGL2014-52518-C2-l-R y AGL2017-83368-C2-l-R; MINECO, España) y cofinanciado con fondos PEDER (EU). S. Tienda está siendo financiada con una ayuda del programa FPI del MINECO

A new species Rosellinia convexa from China is illustrated and described. Phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (including ITS1, 5.8S rRNA gene and ITS2), β-tubulin gene, α-actin gene and Polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) gene sequence data confirmed that it differed from other species in this genus. On the basis of evidence from morphology, it differs from other Rosellinia species in having brown ascospores with convex umbilical ends and a larger ascal apical apparatus.

Poplar (Populus deltoides) is a forest species that has several phytosanitary problems, such as leaf spots, rusts and root rots. Since 2010, the death of poplar trees has been observed in commercial plantations in the state of Paraná, Brazil, caused by the fungus Rosellinia bunodes. Due to the lack of information about this pathosystem, the aim of this work was to carry out the physiological characterization of R. bunodes isolates collected from P. deltoides and the symptomatological characterization of Rosellinia root rot in the same host. Experiments were conducted at Embrapa Florestas, located in Colombo (PR), Brazil. The mycelial growth of nine R. bunodes isolates was evaluated in four culture media (potato-dextrose-agar, V8-agar, carrot-agar and water-agar) and seven different incubation temperatures (8, 12, 16, 20 24, 28 and 32 °C). The symptomatological characterization of Rosellinia root rot was performed on six-month-old poplar seedlings. The most favorable conditions for mycelial growth of R. bunodes were observed in potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 24 °C. The symptoms and signs of the disease internally in the stem showed up at 7 days after inoculation (DAI); however, chlorosis and wilting were observed only at 14 DAI. Sexual and asexual reproductive structures of R. bunodes were not observed on inoculated plants. RESUMO O álamo (Populus deltoides) é uma espécie florestal que possui diversos problemas fitossanitários, como a ocorrência de manchas foliares, ferrugens e podridões radiculares. Desde 2010 tem-se verificado a morte de árvores em plantios comerciais no estado do Paraná, Brasil, ocasionados pelo fungo Rosellinia bunodes. Devido a carência de informações sobre este patossistema, objetivou-se com esse trabalho, realizar a caracterização fisiológica de isolados de R. bunodes e sintomatológica da roseliniose em álamo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Embrapa Florestas, localizada no município de Colombo (PR), Brasil. O crescimento micelial de nove isolados de R. bunodes foi avaliado em quatro meios de cultura (batata-dextrose-ágar, V8- ágar, cenoura-ágar e ágar-água) e sete temperaturas (8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 e 32 °C). A caracterização sintomatológica da roseliniose foi realizada em mudas de álamo, com aproximadamente seis meses de idade. As condições mais favoráveis ao crescimento micelial de R. bunodes foram observadas no meio de cultura batata-dextroseágar (BDA) a temperatura de 24 °C. Os sintomas e sinais do patógeno internamente ao caule mostraramse aparentes aos 7 dias após a inoculação (DAI); por outro lado, os sintomas de clorose associada a murcha tornaram-se visíveis apenas aos 14 DAI. Não foram observadas estruturas reprodutivas sexuadas e assexuadas de R. bunodes nas plantas inoculadas.

Plant tissues host complex fungal and bacterial communities, and their composition is determined by host traits such as tissue age, plant genotype and environmental conditions. Despite the importance of bark as a possible reservoir of plant pathogenic microorganisms, little is known about the associated microbial communities. In this work, we evaluated the composition of fungal and bacterial communities in the pear (Abate and Williams cultivars) and apple (Golden Delicious and Gala cultivars) bark of three/four-year-old shoots (old bark) or one-year-old shoots (young bark), using a meta-barcoding approach. The results showed that both fungal and bacterial communities are dominated by genera with ubiquitous attitudes, such as Aureobasidium, Cryptococcus, Deinococcus and Hymenobacter, indicating intense microbial migration to surrounding environments. The shoot age, plant species and plant cultivar influenced the composition of bark fungal and bacterial communities. In particular, bark communities included potential biocontrol agents that could maintain an equilibrium with potential plant pathogens. The abundance of fungal (e.g. Alternaria, Penicillium, Rosellinia, Stemphylium and Taphrina) and bacterial (e.g. Curtobacterium and Pseudomonas) plant pathogens was affected by bark age and host genotype, as well as those of fungal genera (e.g. Arthrinium, Aureobasidium, Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces) and bacterial genera (e.g. Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas and Stenotrophomonas) with possible biocontrol and plant growth promotion properties.

Comunicación en póster Different strategies based on ecological principles have been approached in sustainable agriculture causing positive effects, including the induction of soil suppressiveness against a wide range of soilborne pathogens. Suppressiveness against the phytopathogenic fungus Rosellinia necatrix was observed after the application of composted almond shells in avocado crops. Previous works have analyzed the use of this traditional strategy and applied new microbial community analysis techniques in order to help in the identification of targeted sustainable agricultural strategies. These studies have focused on the microbial profile from an induced-suppressive soil where the soil microbiome had a proven essential role. Microbial profiles based on the 16S rRNA gene and ITS regions sequencing were analysed and an increase in Gammaproteobacteria and Dothideomycetes groups, as well as a reduction in Xylariales (where R. necatrix is allocated) were observed. These results led to the bacterial isolation of different groups of Gammaproteobacteria from this suppressive soil in order to identify new strains with biological control properties. Different characterization tests were performed, and a final selection of representative strains belonging to the genus Pseudomonas and related groups showed, all of them, plant disease protection abilities. Moreover, using previously described biological control agents against R. necatrix, a bacterial synthetic community have been design in order to improve the knowledge of the multitrophic interactions that occur during biological control process. This work was supported by Plan Nacional I+D+I (MINECO, Spain) (AGL2014-52518-C2-IR) and co-financed by FEDER funds (EU). C.Vida was supported by a PhD fellowship from the FPI program of MINECO. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

This survey deals with the Rosellinia taxa collected in the French West Indies in the course of an ongoing inventorial work on the mycobiota of these islands initiated in 2003. Based on the evaluation and comparison of their morphological characters, sixteen species are described, illustrated and discussed, including seven new taxa viz.: R. aciculispora, R. asperata var. minor, R. discreta, R. granulosa, R. heliconiae, R. nigropileata and R. truncatispora, and two taxonomically unsettled species provisionally referred to R. acutispora and R. perusensis. Other known recorded taxa include R. bunodes, R. lechatii, R. leopoldensis, R. longispora, R. parva, R. pepo and R. winckleriana. A seventeenth species, R. arcuata, known from Guadeloupe, was not collected during this survey and therefore is cited but not illustrated. A dichotomous identification key and a synoptical table of stromata are provided. Living cultures and ITS sequences of R. cf. acutispora, R. asperata var. minor and R. truncatispora were deposited at Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute (formerly CBS) and GenBank respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences supports the placement of these species in Rosellinia and their affinities with morphologically similar species

Aim To explore the potential of Rosellinia sanctae-cruciana an endophytic fungus associated with Albizia lebbeck for pharmaceutically important cytotoxic compounds. Methods and results One novel cytochalasin, named jammosporin A (1) and four known analogues (2-5) were isolated from the culture of the endophytic fungus R. sanctae-cruciana, harboured from the leaves of the medicinal plant A. lebbeck. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses including one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance data along with MS data and by comparison with literature reports. In preliminary screening the ethyl acetate extract of the fungal culture was tested for cytotoxic activity against a panel of four cancer cell lines (MOLT-4, A549, MIA PaCa-2 and MDA-MB-231), and found to be active against MOLT-4 with an IC50 value of 10 μg ml-1 . Owing to the remarkable cytotoxic activity of the extract the isolated compounds (1-5) were evaluated for their cytototoxicity against the MOLT-4 cell line by MTT assay. Interestingly, compounds 1-2, 4 and 5 showed considerable cytotoxic potential against the human leukaemia cancer cell line (MOLT-4) with IC50 values of 20·0, 10·0, 8·0 and 6·0 μmol l-1 , respectively, while compound 3 showed an IC50 value of 25 μmol l-1 . This is the first report of the existence of this class of secondary metabolites in R. sanctae-cruciana fungus. Conclusion This study discovered a novel compound, named jammosporin A, isolated for the first time from R. sanctae-cruciana, an endophytic fungus of A. lebbeck with anticancer activity against the MOLT-4 cell line. Significance and impact of the study Rosellinia sanctae-cruciana represents an interesting source of a new compound with bioactive potential as a therapeutic agent against a human leukaemia cancer cell line (MOLT-4).

During biodiversity studies on micromycetes growing on bark and decorticated wood of Podocarpus parlatorei , three species belonging to Rosellinia were collected. Rosellinia franciscae is reported for the first time for South America and Rosellinia starbaeckii is a new record from Argentina. The distribution area of Rosellinia aquila in Argentina is enlarged from a temperate region to a subtropical region in the northwest of the country. Descriptions, illustrations, data on geographical distribution, habitat, and notes on the fungi described are provided.

The Rosellinia root rot, caused by the fungus Rosellinia bunodes , has gained prominence due to the incidence in commercial plantations of forest species, such as poplar. Due to the absence of phytosanitary products registered for this crop in Brazil, cultural control, often inefficient, becomes the only option for the control of this disease. In the search for solutions to this problem, biological control meets the needs of implementing a more sustainable system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the aggressiveness of R. bunodes isolates in poplar and the antagonistic capacity in vitro and in vivo of Trichoderma spp. in control of this phytopathogen. For the aggressiveness test, healthy poplar seedlings were planted on substrate inoculated with nine R. bunodes isolates. The tests of antagonism in direct confrontation, production of volatile and non-volatile compounds were performed among 30 isolates of Trichoderma spp. and R. bunodes isolate R2. In the in vivo test, the treatments consisted of different planting dates of the seedlings infested with the antagonist fungus and the phytopathogen. R. bunodes isolates R2, R3, R3A, R6 and R8 were more aggressive than the others. From 30 isolates of Trichoderma spp., 12 may be considered as potential biocontrol agents due to the high competitive capacity and suppression of mycelial growth of R. bunodes . The longer exposure time between the pathogen and the antagonist on the substrate decreased the incidence of Rosellinia root rot in poplar.

The genus Rosellinia includes species that cause root rot on a wide range of herbaceous and woody hosts. In Colombia, these fungi cause serious diseases of potato, forest and fruit trees, as well as coffee plants. The aim of this study was to identify isolates of Rosellinia collected from coffee and other hosts using DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on coffee seedlings to confirm the role of the collected species in coffee root disease. Twenty six isolates were obtained and these were grouped into two clades representing R. bunodes and R. pepo. Isolates from Coffea arabica, Hevea brasiliensis, Macadamia integrifolia, Psidium guajava and Theobroma cacao were identified as R. pepo, while R. bunodes was obtained only from coffee plants. Low levels of genetic variability were observed among isolates of the two species. Pathogenicity tests on coffee with R. bunodes resulted in 98 % seedling death in an average of 10 days, while R. pepo killed 54 % of inoculated seedlings in an average of 16 days confirming the compatibility of both species with this host. Pathogen characterization will be useful for further research in disease diagnosis, soil recovery and breeding for resistance.

Soil and rock surfaces support microbial communities involved in mineral weathering processes. Using selective isolation, fungi were obtained from limestone surfaces of Mayan monuments in the semi-arid climate at Yucatan, Mexico. A total of 101 isolates representing 53 different taxa were studied. Common fungi such as Fusarium, Pestalotiopsis, Trichoderma, and Penicillium were associated with surfaces and were, probably derived from airborne spores. In contrast, unusual fungi such as Rosellinia, Annulohypoxylon, and Xylaria were predominantly identified from mycelium particles of biofilm biomass. Simulating oligotrophic conditions, agar amended with CaCO3 was inoculated with fungi to test for carbonate activity. A substantial proportion of fungi, in particular those isolated from mycelium (59%), were capable of solubilizing calcium by means of organic acid release, notably oxalic acid as evidenced by ion chromatography. Contrary to our hypothesis, nutrient level was not a variable influencing the CaCO3 solubilization ability among isolates. Particularly active fungi (Annulohypoxylon stygium, Penicillium oxalicum, and Rosellinia sp.) were selected as models for bioweathering experiments with limestone-containing mesocosms to identify if other mineral phases, in addition to oxalates, were linked to bioweathering processes. Fungal biofilms were seen heavily covering the stone surface, while a biomineralized front was also observed at the stone-biofilm interface, where network of hyphae and mycogenic crystals was observed. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) identified calcite as the main phase, along with whewellite and wedellite. In addition, lower levels of citrate were detected by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Overall, our results suggest that a diverse fungal community is associated with limestone surfaces insemi-arid climates. A subset of this community is geochemically active, excreting organic acids under quasi-oligotrophic conditions, suggesting that the high metabolic cost of exuding organic acids beneficial under nutrient limitation. Oxalic acid release may deteriorate or stabilize limestone surfaces, depending on microclimatic dynamics.

This chapter discusses the advances in biological control of cacao diseases over the last 15 years. Most attention has been focused on biological control of frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri), witches’ broom (Moniliophthora perniciosa) and black pod disease (Phytophthora spp.). Research on biocontrol of other diseases in the cacao phyllosphere or rhizosphere is scarce or in its infancy. There is, however, a steady increase in information regarding the factors influencing and the mechanisms underlying biological control of cacao diseases as well as practical aspects such as inoculum production, formulation and application. There has been a clear shift away from inundative approaches using epiphytic BCAs towards more classical biocontrol approaches using bacterial and fungal endophytes as well as vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza. These have the advantage that they can permanently establish themselves in the cacao tree. Moreover, besides direct competition for space and nutrients, antibiosis and mycoparasitism, through induced resistance and growth promotion, endophytes have a larger arsenal of mechanisms through which they can help protect their host. Endophytic BCAs could thus provide more effective and sustainable disease control. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms through which endophytic biocontrol agents can reduce pest and disease impact provide possibilities for innovative disease control strategies, including combination therapies together with natural or chemical products. Continued work on production, formulation and application is also necessary in order for biocontrol to become economically interesting. However, biological control will not become a stand-alone solution for disease control but should become part of integrated pest management strategies, with cultural management as a central and reinforcing pillar.

In this chapter, we consider some of the “root-infecting” pathogens of Theobroma cacao. Despite sometimes being described as minor pathogens of the crop, they can cause serious losses locally. We have chosen to examine four pathogens—Verticillium dahliae (Verticillium wilt or sudden death), Rigidoporus microporus (white root disease), Rosellinia spp. (black rot), and Phellinus noxious (brown root rot). These are all soil-borne, root-infecting fungi, but whilst the basidiomycetes and Rosellinia (ascomycete) are unspecialized, opportunistic root rot pathogens whose pathogenicity is part of a saprophytic lifestyle, Verticillium is a highly specialized pathogen adapted for colonization of the xylem system. Yet, despite differences in their pathogenicity, there are some important practical similarities with regard to their management. These pathogens are extremely difficult to manage given their soil-borne nature, colonization of alternative hosts and/or colonization of woody debris, and the perennial nature of the cacao host plant. Currently, cultural methods are often used as the main management approaches with chemical control being considered too costly or ineffective. Development of breeding programs against the unspecialized pathogens is one area of research that should be expanded; successful breeding programs have been undertaken for Verticillium in Brazil. Biological control is another area where further work is needed for all these pathogens both with regard to the direct application of biological control agents (BCAs) themselves and on the interaction with BCAs and various soil amendments to enhance naturally occurring antagonists. There may be differences in approach here based on modes of pathogenicity, but inevitably, we should be aiming at an integrated approach for these pathogens.

Pistacia L. belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae. It contains nine species and five subspecies. P. vera L. (cultivated pistachio) is the economically most important species in the genus. It has edible seeds and considerable commercial importance. Iran, the United States, Turkey and Syria are the main pistachio producers in the world. Gaziantep province is the main producer and exporter of pistachio in Turkey. Samples of leaves, branches and fruits of pistachio (P. vera L.) were collected between 2009 and 2010 from different localities in Gaziantep province. Cytospora sarothamni Sacc., Phoma pulchella (Berk. and Broome) Sacc. and Steganosporium irregulare Lambotte and Fautrey are new records for Turkish mycobiota. For the first time in literature, Bispora antennata (Pers.) E.W. Mason, Coniothecium complanatum Nees (Sacc.) and Rosellinia pulveracea (Ehrh.) Fuckel were found on P. vera L., and P. vera L. is now defined as a new host plant for these three species. Key Words: Microfungi, new record, new host, Pistacia vera L., Turkey.

SUMMARY White root rot caused by Rosellinia necatrix is one of the most destructive diseases of many woody plants in the temperate regions of the world, particularly in Europe and Asia. Recent outbreaks of R. necatrix around the globe have increased the interest in this pathogen. Although the ecology of the disease has been poorly studied, recent genetic and molecular advances have opened the way for future detailed studies of this fungus. Taxonomy:Rosellinia necatrix Prilleux. Kingdom Fungi; subdivision Ascomycotina; class Euascomycetes; subclass Pyrenomycetes; order Sphaeriales, syn. Xylariales; family Xylariaceae; genus Rosellinia. Identification: Fungal mycelium is present on root surfaces and under the bark, forming mycelium fans, strands or cords. A typical presence of pear-shaped or pyriform swellings can be found above the hyphal septum (with diameters of up to 13 µm). Sclerotia are black, hard and spherical nodules, several millimetres in diameter. Black sclerotia crusts may also form on roots. On synthetic media, it forms microsclerotia: irregular rough bodies composed of a compact mass of melanized, interwoven hyphae with no differentiated cells. Chlamydospores are almost spherical (15 µm in diameter). Synnemata, also named coremia (0.5–1.5 mm in length), can be formed from sclerotia or from mycelial masses. Conidia (3–5 µm in length and 2.5–3 µm in width) are very difficult to germinate in vitro. Ascospores are monostichous, situated inside a cylindrical, long-stalked ascus. They are ellipsoidal and cymbiform (36–46 µm in length and 5.5–6.3 µm in width). Host range: This fungus can attack above 170 different plant hosts from 63 genera and 30 different families, including vascular plants and algae. Some are of significant economic importance, such as Coffea spp., Malus spp., Olea europaea L., Persea americana Mill., Prunus spp. and Vitis vinifera L. Disease symptoms:Rosellinia necatrix causes white (or Dematophora) root rot, which, by aerial symptoms, shows a progressive weakening of the plant, accompanied by a decline in vigour. The leaves wilt and dry, and the tree can eventually die. White cottony mycelium and mycelial strands can be observed in the crown and on the root surface. On woody plant roots, the fungus can be located between the bark and the wood, developing typical mycelium fans, invading the whole root and causing general rotting. Disease control: Some approaches have been attempted involving the use of tolerant plants and physical control (solarization). Chemical control in the field and biological control methods are still under development.

The inclusion complexation behavior between 10-undecyn-1-ol and cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives, namely, randomly methylated beta-CD (RM-beta-CD) and hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (HP-beta-CD), was studied in terms of solubility improvement, apparent stability constant, and the inclusion ratios of the resultant inclusion complexes. The aqueous solubility of 10-undecyn-1-ol was greatly improved through complexation with the CD derivatives. RM-beta-CD is comparatively more efficient in solubilizing 10-undecyn-1-ol with an apparent stability constant outstripping that of HP-beta-CD by about an order of magnitude. Comparative in vitro evaluations of the growth inhibition effects of inclusion complex solutions toward Rosellinia necatrix, a phytopathogenic fungus, were performed. In comparison with the positive control, appreciable improvements of the antifungal activity of 10-undecyn-1-ol through the addition of CD derivatives were observed visually. The improvement was evaluated in terms of area covered by the mycelia of Rosellinia necatrix and their growth rate. RM-beta-CD was proven to be more effective compared to HP-beta-CD with regard to the reduction of both fungal mycelium-covered area and growth rate constant, presumably owing to greater solubility enhancement by RM-beta-CD and thus the bioavailability of 10-undecyn-1-ol. Inclusion complexation of 10-undecyn-1-ol with CD derivatives suggests a potential means for production of an environmentally friendly 10-undecyn-1-ol-based fungicide to counteract R. necatrix.

White root rot is a serious soil-borne disease of several woods and crops. Recently, white root rot of tea shrubs and ornamental trees has increasingly been observed in Taiwan. Thirty-six isolates of white root rot pathogen, showing pear-shape swellings adjacent to the hyphal septa, had been isolated from samples of white root rot collected from Taiwan for about 4 years. The pathogen isolates produced Dematophora anamorph. Conidia of the pathogen were one-celled, hyaline, subglobal, with truncate base, 2.9-5.8 x 1.9-3.5 μM. Ascospore dimensions were in the range of 37.0-55.0 x 5.4-7.9 μM with a short, longitudinal and straight germ slit, which complied with Rosellinia necatrix. Based on molecular studies, the pathogen isolates collected from Taiwan except R701 were identified as R. nectarix. Isolate R701, which was relatively polymorphic in internal transcribed spacer DNA sequence than other isolates, was temporarily considered as R. necatrix-related pathogenic Rosellinia spp. All the tea cuttings (Camellia sinensis) inoculated with isolates developed typical white root rot symptoms. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated the presence of variation in virulence among the Rosellina isolates. Most of the R. necatrix isolates originating from Acer morrisonense were less virulent than those that originated from other hosts. The pathogenic Rosellinia spp., isolate R701, was also highly virulent to both cultivars of tea cuttings.

Rosellinia aquila was found for the first time in crowns of sessile oaks, Quercus robur (Mattuschka) Liebl., with symptoms of decline. The fungus occurred mostly on diseased branches but also colonized twigs with healthy appearance. Its anamorph and teleomorph stages were produced abundantly on dead branches after long incubation in moist conditions. Colonization of oak trees by R. aquila was likely to have been facilitated by higher humidity and temperature in the oak stands.

Rosellinia species have been recorded all over the world. Many species occur as saprobes and only a few are well-known root pathogens. Although Rosellinia spp. have been recognized for more than 130 years to cause losses in many economically important crops and trees, the few existing sets of quantitative data have not previously been collated. Our objective is to integrate available knowledge on the biology and control of Rosellinia root rots, with emphasis on the tropics and subtropics, i.e. root rots caused by Rosellinia bunodes , R. necatrix and R. pepo. The review will summarize briefly the taxonomy, geographical distribution, ecology, host-range, disease symptoms and spread of Rosellinia in order to provide a rational basis for the choice of control options. Different avenues explored to control Rosellinia are presented: cultural control, solarization, genetic resistance, chemical and biological control. Successful Rosellinia control usually consists of an integrated approach, invariably centring around cultural control options. In the short term, chemical control may be best suited to supplement cultural measures, while medium and long term solutions could be provided by biological control and genetic resistance, respectively, if prioritized research needs are addressed satisfactorily.

A new Rosellinia species, R. capetribulensis isolated from Calamus sp. in Australia is described. R. capetribulensis is characterized by perithecia immersed within a carbonaceous stroma surrounded by subiculum-like hyphae, asci with large, barrel-shaped amyloid apical apparatus and large dark brown spores. Morphologically, R. capetribulensis appears to be similar to R. bunodes, R. markhamiae and R. megalospora. To gain further insights into the phylogeny of this new taxon we analyzed the ITS-5.8S rDNA using maximum parsimony and likelihood methods. In addition, a morphological dataset also was analyzed phylogenetically to investigate possible affinities. ITS rDNA based phylogenies reveal that R. capetribulensis is closely related to other Rosellinia species showing closest affinity to R. arcuata, RL necatrix and R. pepo. However, analysis of R. capetribulensis forms an unsupported branch sister to these taxa. Results from the morphological matrix indicate a close morphological affinity to members of Rosellinia subgenus Rosellinia. Despite that ITS rDNA and morphological analyses present difficulties in constructing a proper phylogenetic framework among Rosellinia and allied genera, there is sufficient evidence to support the establishment of the new taxon in the genus Rosellinia. The morphological similarities and differences between R. capetribulensis and allied genera such as Astrocystis and Entoleuca are also briefly discussed.