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O manejo integrado do fogo considera as práticas locais, as informações ecológicas e científicas e o manejo institucional para conservar a biodiversidade, reduzir a prevalência de incêndios florestais e proteger a vegetação sensível ao fogo. Nas terras indígenas, a gestão do manejo ocorre por meio do Programa de Brigadas Florestais, que é respaldado pelo Acordo de Cooperação Técnica entre o Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis e pela Fundação Nacional do Índio. Ainda são escassas avaliações sobre a implementação deste paradigma em Terras Indígenas com enfoque ao regime de queima e aos danos causados em espécies vegetais, considerando os períodos de tratamento de fogo. Por isto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os primeiros resultados do manejo integrado do fogo nas terras indígenas Juininha, Paresi e Utiariti, todos ocupadas pelo povo indígena Paresi e localizadas no estado do Mato Grosso, por meio da análise das fitofisionomias afetadas pelas queimas, dos danos na vegetação causadas pelo fogo e pela distribuição sazonal do dado de fogo ativo, nos anos de 2016 a 2018. Os resultados apresentaram que as queimas nas terras indígenas foram deslocadas para a estação do fogo precoce e que a maioria das espécies avaliadas não tiveram danos causados pelas queimas de ambos os períodos. Quando com algum nível de impacto, este foi mais elevado no período de fogo precoce. Por isto, concluiu-se que apesar das queimas estarem deslocadas para o período de fogo precoce, as técnicas de queimas prescritas não abrangem a frequência e histórico das superfícies atingidas para considerar uma abordagem de mosaicos além da redução dos grandes eventos na estação de fogo modal-tardio.

O manejo integrado do fogo considera as práticas locais, as informações ecológicas e científicas e o manejo institucional para conservar a biodiversidade, reduzir a prevalência de incêndios florestais e proteger a vegetação sensível ao fogo. Nas terras indígenas, a gestão do manejo ocorre por meio do Programa de Brigadas Florestais, que é respaldado pelo Acordo de Cooperação Técnica entre o Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis e pela Fundação Nacional do Índio. Ainda são escassas avaliações sobre a implementação deste paradigma em Terras Indígenas com enfoque ao regime de queima e aos danos causados em espécies vegetais, considerando os períodos de tratamento de fogo. Por isto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os primeiros resultados do manejo integrado do fogo nas terras indígenas Juininha, Paresi e Utiariti, todos ocupadas pelo povo indígena Paresi e localizadas no estado do Mato Grosso, por meio da análise das fitofisionomias afetadas pelas queimas, dos danos na vegetação causadas pelo fogo e pela distribuição sazonal do dado de fogo ativo, nos anos de 2016 a 2018. Os resultados apresentaram que as queimas nas terras indígenas foram deslocadas para a estação do fogo precoce e que a maioria das espécies avaliadas não tiveram danos causados pelas queimas de ambos os períodos. Quando com algum nível de impacto, este foi mais elevado no período de fogo precoce. Por isto, concluiu-se que apesar das queimas estarem deslocadas para o período de fogo precoce, as técnicas de queimas prescritas não abrangem a frequência e histórico das superfícies atingidas para considerar uma abordagem de mosaicos além da redução dos grandes eventos na estação de fogo modal-tardio.

Subsistence hunting is an important cultural activity and a major source of dietary protein and other products for indigenous and non-indigenous populations throughout Amazonia. Nonetheless, subsistence hunting occupies an uncertain legal status in Brazil, leaving many traditional and rural Amazonian populations subject to arbitrary interpretation and enforcement of contradictory laws. The Brazilian Wildlife Protection Act of 1967, which helped to stem the slaughter of wild animals for the international hide market, made the hunting of all wild animals illegal. Later, only indigenous peoples had their rights to hunting explicitly recognized in Brazilian laws. Exceptions for other traditional and rural populations were then introduced, allowing subsistence hunters to own and license guns and hunt with them in a “state of necessity” or “to quench hunger” through the Brazilian Disarmament Statute and Environmental Crimes Law. These legal inconsistences mean that there is no single regulatory framework for subsistence hunting in Brazil. This scenario of uncertainties jeopardizes the establishment of consistent sustainable hunting management practices across Brazilian indigenous lands, sustainable use reserves and agrarian reform settlement areas. This article analyzes the relevant legislation and examines evidence from key studies with a view towards implementing robust, scientifically informed and practically feasible co-management strategies for indigenous and sustainable use reserves in the Brazilian Amazon. By focusing on subsistence rights, food sovereignty and organizational autonomy as guaranteed in international agreements ratified in Brazil, the framework presented here involves empowerment and technical training of local people in Amazonia to monitor and manage their own resource base.

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In 2012, the Brazilian government implemented the Federal Brigades Program (FBP), a fire policy strategy to hire and train firefighters to combat wildfires. This study analyzed the impact of this program on fire behavior before (2008–2012) and after (2013–2017) its implementation in the Parque do Araguaia Indigenous Land, the largest indigenous territory with the highest occurrence of fires in the Brazilian tropical savanna. We analyzed the annual pattern of fire incidence in the dry season, the fire impact per vegetation type, the recurrence, and the relationship between fire and precipitation. The datasets were based on active fire products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Landsat and Resourcesat-based burned area products, and the records of the fire combat operations. Our results showed that FBP contributed to the reduction of the number of areas affected by fires and to the formation of a more heterogeneous environment composed of fire-resistant and fire-sensitive native vegetation fragments. On the other hand, after the implementation of the FBP, there was an increase in the recurrence of 3–4 years of fires. We concluded that the FBP is an important public policy capable of providing improvements in fire management activities.

The positioning of federal fire brigades in the Brazilian Amazon is based on an oversimplified prediction of fire occurrences, where inaccuracies can affect the policy's efficiency. To mitigate this issue, this paper attempts to improve fire prediction. Firstly, a panel dataset was built at municipal level from socioeconomic and environmental data. The dataset is unparalleled in both the number of variables (48) and in geographical (whole Amazon) and temporal breadth (2008 to 2014). Secondly, econometric models were estimated to predict fire occurrences with high accuracy and to infer statistically significant predictors of fire. The best predictions were achieved by accounting for observed and unobserved time-invariant predictors and also for spatial dependence. The most accurate model predicted the top 20% municipal fire counts with 76% success rate. It was over twice as accurate in identifying priority municipalities as the current fire brigade allocation procedure. Of the 47 potential predictors, deforestation, forest degradation, primary forest, GDP, indigenous and protected areas, climate and soil proved statistically significant. Conclusively, the current criteria for allocating fire brigades should be expanded to account for (i) socioeconomic and environmental predictors, (ii) time-invariant unobservables and (iii) spatial autocorrelation on fires.

The paper identifies the key factors limiting the effectiveness of current public policies to reduce Brazilian Amazon fires. Among them, (i) the dominant allocation of budget to fire suppression in detriment of prevention, (ii) the geographical limitation of the federal action and the reduced policy making capacity of states and municipalities, (iii) institutional insufficiencies and transaction costs related with fire use licensing, (iv) limited access to credit, market, labor and rural extension, constraints that block the diffusion of fire-free agriculture. It is recommended that policies be restructured to account for their cost and benefit and to include fire-dependent communities in their design and implementation. Progress in complementary socioeconomic policies is also needed. Resumen El artículo identifica los factores clave que limitan la eficacia de las políticas públicas actuales para reducir la quema y los incendios forestales en la Amazonia brasileña. Entre ellos, se destacan (i) la asignación dominante del presupuesto para la lucha contra incendios en detrimento de la prevención, (ii) la jurisdicción geográfica de la actuación federal y la capacidad insuficiente de los departamentos y municipalidades, (iii) las deficiencias institucionales y los costos de transacción relacionados con la concesión de licencias, (iv) el acceso limitado al crédito, mercado de consumo, mano de obra y asistencia técnica, restricciones que impiden la difusión de las prácticas agrícolas sustitutivas al fuego. Se recomienda que las políticas públicas sean reestructuradas para tener en cuenta la relación costo beneficio de las acciones e incluir en su diseño y ejecución las comunidades dependientes de las quemadas. También hay necesidad de avances en las políticas socioeconómicas complementarias. Resumo O artigo identifica os principais fatores que limitam a eficácia de políticas públicas vigentes para reduzir queimadas e incêndios florestais na Amazônia brasileira. Entre eles, destacam-se (i) a alocação majoritária do orçamento para combate de incêndios em detrimento da prevenção, (ii) a circunscrição geográfica da atuação federal e a reduzida estrutura pública estadual, (iii) insuficiências institucionais e custos de transação referentes ao licenciamento de queimadas e, (iv) o acesso limitado a crédito, mercado consumidor, mão-de-obra e assistência técnica, restrições estas que impedem a difusão de práticas agropecuárias substitutas às queimadas. Recomenda-se que as políticas públicas sejam reestruturadas para levar em conta o custo-benefício das ações e incluir, em seu desenho e implementação, as comunidades dependentes de queimadas. É igualmente necessário o avanço em políticas socioeconômicas complementares.

Subsistence hunting can change the demographic structure of wild mammal populations, increasing the proportion of young animals, inducing females to reproduce early and increasing litter sizes. We examined the relationship between hunting pressure and age structure in the Vulnerable white-lipped peccaryTayassu pecari, analysing the distribution of age classes at seven sites in the region Terra do Meio in the Brazilian Amazon. These sites differ in the number of human inhabitants and hence were subject to differing hunting pressures. We completed semi-structured interviews with local people to assess the importance of hunting and of the white-lipped peccary as food. We also estimated the age of hunted white-lipped peccaries by assessing tooth eruption and tooth wear in skulls of hunted individuals. Our results indicated that the white-lipped peccary was the most frequently hunted terrestrial animal in the region. Fishing, followed by hunting, provided the main sources of animal protein. Our data suggest there is no relationship between age structure and hunting at the study sites. The social structure and mobility of white-lipped peccaries seem to minimize the effects of hunting on age structure. Our results, similar to previous studies, show that the age structure of the white-lipped peccary is robust to hunting impacts. Other factors may have stronger effects on age structure than subsistence hunting. We suggest that deforestation may explain the prevalence of older individuals in peccary populations to the north of our study sites.

In 2012, the Brazilian government implemented the Federal Brigades Program (FBP), a fire policy strategy to hire and train firefighters to combat wildfires. This study analyzed the impact of this program on fire behavior before (2008?2012) and after (2013?2017) its implementation in the Parque do Araguaia Indigenous Land, the largest indigenous territory with the highest occurrence of fires in the Brazilian tropical savanna. We analyzed the annual pattern of fire incidence in the dry season, the fire impact per vegetation type, the recurrence, and the relationship between fire and precipitation. The datasets were based on active fire products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Landsat and Resourcesat-based burned area products, and the records of the fire combat operations. Our results showed that FBP contributed to the reduction of the number of areas affected by fires and to the formation of a more heterogeneous environment composed of fire-resistant and fire-sensitive native vegetation fragments. On the other hand, after the implementation of the FBP, there was an increase in the recurrence of 3?4 years of fires. We concluded that the FBP is an important public policy capable of providing improvements in fire management activities. Made available in DSpace on 2021-11-18T15:00:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sano-implementation-of-fire-policies-in-Brazil.pdf: 3323840 bytes, checksum: 7962486f4443cd6e7924ce1cb9c86c71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021