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Due to the change in lifestyle, the use of semi-prepared foods is increasing day- by day. One of the biggest disadvantages of these foods is that they absorb a lot of oil during frying. In order to achieve a suitable formulation for the production of phytophagous fish (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) kebab bites with low oil absorption, different concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2%; T1%, T1.5% and T2%) of xanthan gum were used in this research. So, moisture content, total fat, reduction of oil absorption, fatty acid profile, sensory characteristics, texture, and color of the samples were investigated after the production of the fish kebab bites containing xanthan gum. According to the results, T1.5% and T2% exhibited the highest amount of moisture, while the lowest oil absorption and hardness. Also, adding xanthan to the kebab bites decreased the brightness (L*), while upraised the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*). In the case of sensory evaluation, no significant differences were observed between the control and the other treatments. Therefore, given the lack of a significant effect of adding xanthan on the sensory properties of the product as well as its favorable effect on reducing oil absorption and preserving the useful fatty acids during the frying process, adding 1.5% xanthan gum in the formulation is recommended. According to the results of this study, the production of fish kebab bites containing xanthan is suggested.

Introduction: In this study, the antimicrobial activity of biologically synthesized zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles was investigated on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, pathogens, and resistant and common nosocomial infections. Material & Methods: Intially, zinc oxide and copper nanoparticles were synthesized using Xanthomonas campestris and Pseudomonas stutzeri bacteria, respectively. To investigate the effect of different concentrations of nanoparticles on bacteria using the macrodilution method, concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 1.5% of Zn and Cu nanoparticles (culture medium + nanoparticles) were prepared and were added to the respective bacteria at a concentration of 105 cell/ml. Containers containing treated media (bacteria + nanoparticles) and control media were placed in a shaker incubator. Afterward, the optical density (OD) of treatment and positive control and negative control media were determined. (Ethic code: IR.ILAM.REC.1401.008) Findings: The results of statistical analysis showed that Zn and Cu nanoparticles, at a concentration of 0.5%, were able to remove almost all (100%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and were bacteriostatic at the concentration of 0.1%. Discussion & Conclusion: The results obtained from the determination of antibacterial properties of nanoparticles showed a direct relationship between the concentration of nanoparticles and the percentage of bacterial removal.

Introduction: Food safety and preservation methods are important issues, and food scientists and technologists are investigating new methods such as edible coating and microencapsulation. Most of these methods depend on the production of stable emulsions. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of homogenizer speed, the ratio of the dispersed to the continuous phase, and the type of biopolymer on characteristics of emulsions. Methods: In this study, Arabic gum (AG), soy protein concentrate (SPC), whey protein concentrate (WPC), and maltodextrin (DM) were used as biopolymers. Samples were divided into two groups based on the homogenizer speed and ratio of the dispersed to the continuous phase, including group one (14,000 rpm, 10% v/v) and group two (18,000 rpm, 20% v/v). Results: On the first and sixth day of production, the smallest droplet size belonged to the samples produced by AG+DM in group one and those produced by SPC+DM in group two, respectively. The highest viscosity was observed in the samples of group two, which were produced by SPC+DM, while the lowest measured creaming index belonged to the samples in group two, which were produced by AG+DM on the first day of production. Finally, the most intense color based on the ‘a’ parameter was observed in the samples of group one, which were produced by AG+DM on the first day. Conclusion: According to the results, the most stable emulsions could be produced by SPC+DM at 18,000 rpm.

The purpose of the parties in creating an obligation is performing it and performance of the obligation is undertaken by the promisor. However, there are cases in which either basically the performance of obligation without the cooperation of the promise is not possible or without his/her cooperation, the obligation will not be properly performed. Today, this issue is considered in international trade contracts. Accordingly, the main challenge of this article is to investigate the foundation of the promisee’s duty to cooperate in performing the obligation and its position in the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC), Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and law of Iran. At the end of this article, it will be determined that this duty is stipulated in the UPICC and the PECL and has been implicitly addressed in article 60 of the CISG. Such a duty is not reaffirmed in Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law. However, examples of the refusing the acceptance of performance according to the contract by the promise and a situation in which, due to the act of promise, the performance of the obligation becomes impossible are seen.

The rapid development of the aviation industry depends on the safety of aviation. Aircraft safety is one of the most important issues in aviation and is not only an internal matter, but also a transnational one due to its nature. The development of the aviation industry is not the same in all countries. Non-compliance with international regulations and standards affect other countries’ aviation safety and may lead to aviation accidents and incidents. No country can take steps to ensure air safety without considering other countries situation. Since the National Aviation Organization is the main body in charge of aviation safety and the implementation of these regulations in the country, this organization shall make efforts to perform its assigned duties. This article seeks to explore the role of this organization based on international recommendations and standards and national rules and regulations to ensure the safety of aviation.

One of the rules of law which has long been used and invoked in the common law is mutuality of obligations doctrine that the courts have applied to assess the existence or absence of balance in obligations of the parties. Mutuality of obligations doctrine applies in swap obligations and the courts use it for reviewing the existence or absence of balance in obligations at the time of issuance of obliging the performance of obligations in. Therefore, the main challenge of this paper is to examine the nature and consequences of this doctrine in common law and its function in Iranian law. In the end of the present study it is determined that that applying the doctrine of mutuality of obligations is based on numerous foundations such as the equality of the parties in court and the nature of the Swap contract. Although there are some rules such as correlation between the considerations and the right of lien in Islamic jurisprudence and law which are due to the need for confrontation in conclusion and implementation of obligations, there is no objective and comprehensive criterion which recognizes the obligation to perform obligations only in cases where such a possibility exists for the other party. Applying this rule provides a clear criterion for the re -examination of the existence of balance in the contract. moreover, the violation of mutuality of obligations has a wider realm than traditional solutions of Iranian law such as right to lien in such a way that if the parties have abolished their rights to lien or this right is abolished for any other compulsory reason, the court will order to enforcement by the defendant only in case of mutual enforcement ability.

Purpose: To investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of glycine supplementation on the retinal ultrastructure of streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g (n = 40) were randomly divided into four groups of 10 each: normal group (C), glycine + normal group (G), STZ group (D), and glycine + STZ group (DG). The G and DG groups received glycine (130 mM and 1% w/v) freely in their drinking water seven days after the induction of diabetes for up to 16 weeks. Retinal samples for histopathology were examined using light and electron microscopy. Results: Diabetes-induced histological changes were attenuated in the retinas of rats in the DG group. The ultrastructural alterations produced by experimental diabetes in the inner nuclear layer, outer nuclear layer, and ganglion cell layer were significantly ameliorated by glycine supplementation. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that glycine supplementation effectively attenuates retinal neuronal damage in experimental diabetic rats, and thus may be a potential candidate to protect retinal ultrastructure against diabetes.

Quality maintaining, packaging and coating are of particular importance in food industry. Hence, the present study aimed to examine the effects of chitosan and ginger extract on the fillets shelf life. The experiment was conducted on six treatments, including control, coated with chitosan solution, coated with ginger extract, coated with chitosan solution + ginger extract, packaged with chitosan film and packaged with chitosan film + ginger extract. The samples were stored in a refrigerator for 12 days and examined during the storage period for the spoilage factors (PV, TBA, TVN, TVC and PTC). The results indicated that the application of ginger extract alone or in combination with chitosan had a significant effect on increasing the quality of fish fillets (P < 0.05). In all treatments, the optimal result was related to the treatment packaged with chitosan film + ginger extract, which resulted in maintaining the desired fillet quality for 12 days.

By this article, we are going to report results of one of works which has been performed on investigation of the binding and inhibition of catalase (CAT) by ascorbate (ASC). To achieve this goal, different electrochemical experiments have been performed and their data have been analyzed by conventional and chemometric methods. Conventional methods were including direct analysis of the electrochemical data by observation of them and using simple mathematical equations while chemometric analyses of the electrochemical data helped us to obtain more information which completed the previous information and gave us a new insight to the binding of the ASC with CAT. The next step of our study was devoted to the investigation of the binding of ASC with CAT by molecular docking methods which gave us new information about binding and inhibition of the CAT by ASC. All the steps gave specific information which not only confirmed each other but also gave new information which helped us to better understanding the mechanism of the binding and inhibition of the CAT by ASC. Finally, based on inhibition of the CAT by ASC, we have developed a novel impedimetric method for determination of the CAT.

This work was conducted to study the fatty acid profile of oil extracted from rainbow trout by-product by isoelectric solubilization/precipitation and its oxidation stability during 45 days refrigerated storage. After extraction and methylation of extracted oil, fatty acid profile was determined by gas liquid chromatography. Free fatty acid, peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid were measured in 15-day intervals to determine the hydrolytic and oxidation stability during 45 days. Twenty three fatty acids were identified in acidic, basic and control samples. Extraction of oil by acidic and basic Isoelectric solubilization/precipitation affected neither the fatty acid profile nor the content of ling chain fatty acids. n-3/ n-6 ratio were 0.148 and 0.172 in acidic and basic treatments, respectively. Atherogenic index and thrombogenic index in acidic and basic treatments were found to be 0.223 and 0.380, as well as 0.202 and 0.347, respectively. The extracted oils were stable to oxidation during 45-day storage in refrigerator.

Nowadays, importance of storage and marketing of fresh fish, with regard to consumer prefer for fresh fish rather than frozen fish is increasing. So, determination of fish shelf-life, to find its storage time, due to high perishability of fish, is important. This study was aimed to investigate the process of spoiling changes and determining the shelf-life of silver carp fillet during storage period in refrigerator (at 4ºC). For this purpose, silver carp fillets were kept in refrigerator for 16 days and the changes of peroxide value, tiobarbitoric acid (TBA), total volatile bases nitrogen (TVB-N), total plate count (TVC), Psychrophilic bacteria (PTC) and sensory evaluations were assessed. The results showed that the quantity of chemical indices increased during storage period. According to these results, Silver carp fillet can be kept in refrigerator for 6 days.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of xanthan, alginate, CMC and thawing properties on "Finger Fish" quality. Different gums added to pre-dust, to compare these effects and moreover thawing in air and microwave to compare with deep fat frying. Results depicted no significant differences in WHC and ash content (P>0.05). Types of added gums and thawing procedures had significant effects on crust adhesion (PPPPP

Background: Acinetobacter spp., as important opportunistic pathogens, have been found to be responsible for an increas­ing number of nosocomial infections. This study was undertaken to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular typing of Iranian isolates of A. baumannii. Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 19 months in three hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Acinetobacter spp. were isolated from different clinical specimens using standard bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to the standard CLSI guideline using 17 antibiotic disks. The AP-PCR fingerprinting was car­ried out using ARB11 primer. The PCR product was run and visualized in 2% agarose gels and stained with ethidium bro­mide. The AP-PCR profiles were grouped depending on the patterns of the amplified bands.Results: Sixty seven strains of Acinetobacter spp. (including 21 A. baumannii and 46 non- A. baumannii) were isolated. The sources of these isolates were blood, urine, wound, and respiratory tract. A. baumannii isolates were further studied. Re­sults showed that all A. baumannii isolates were resistant to at least 11 antibiotics tested. AP-PCR analysis of A. bauman­nii strains resulted in 7 different patterns. The dominant AP-PCR pattern was E (57.1%). Conclusion: Acinetobacter spp. are still important nosocomial pathogens in the region studied and most of isolates were multi-drug resistant. Our results also indicate that the AP-PCR technique represents a rapid and simple means for typing of A. baumannii.

Objectives Vaginitis still remains as a health issue in women. It is notable that Candida albicans producing biofilm is considered a microorganism responsible for vaginitis with hard to treat. Also, Peganum harmala was applied as an anti fungal in treatment for many infections in Iran. Therefore, this study goal to investigate the role of P. harmala in inhibition of biofilm formation in C. albicans . Methods So, 27 C. albicans collected from women with Vaginitis, then subjected for biofilm formation assay. P. harmala was applied as antibiofilm formation in C. albicans. Results Our results demonstrated that P. harmala in concentration of 12 μg/ml easily inhibited strong biofilm formation; while the concentrations of 10 and 6 μg/ml inhibited biofilm formation in moderate and weak biofilm formation C. albicans strains, respectively. Conclusion Hence, the current study presented P. harmala as antibiofilm herbal medicine for C. albicans ; but in vivo study suggested to be performed to confirm its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Non-syndromic unicoronal craniosynostosis (UCS) is associated with a high prevalence of ocular anomalies. Currently, the etiology of this association remains obscure, however, it is presumed to be primarily attributed to their orbital malformations and/or secondary to craniofacial surgery. We assessed pre-operative ophthalmological examinations of non-syndromic UCS patients and compared them with their postoperative outcomes and long-term follow-up. (2) Methods: A retrospective case series was conducted on medical records of patients with non-syndromic UCS at Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam. Ophthalmologic examinations were collected at different time periods: T1 (first visit), T2 (<1 year after cranioplasty), and T3 (long-term follow-up at last visit). The McNemar's test was used for statistical analysis. (3) Results: A total of 101 patients were included, for whom examinations were available at T1 and T3. Patients had a mean age of 2.8 years (±2.7) and 9.5 (±4.9) at T1 and T3, respectively. At T1, 52 patients (51.5%) were diagnosed with strabismus, and 61 patients (60.4%) at T3. Vertical strabismus increased significantly from 23 patients (22.8%) at T1 to 36 patients (35.6%) at T3 ( p = 0.011). Followed by astigmatism, which increased significantly from 38 (37.6%) at T1 to 59 (58.4%) patients at T3 ( p = 0.001). T1 was available in 20 patients prior to fronto-orbital advancement (FOA), therefore, a sub-analysis was conducted on these patients, which was followed shortly after FOA at T2. Prior to FOA, strabismus was present in 11 patients (55.0%) and in 12 patients (60.0%) at T2. After FOA, strabismus worsened in two patients. (4) Conclusions: This study showed the high prevalence of ocular anomalies in patients with non-syndromic UCS before and after cranioplasty and at long-term follow-up. The findings of this study show that ophthalmic and orthoptic examinations are an important part of the optimal treatment of patients with non-syndromic UCS.

(1) Background: Patients with unicoronal craniosynostosis (UCS) often show torticollis which can result from either an ocular cause or contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. For clinicians, it is crucial to know the prevalence of ocular torticollis (OT) to ensure appropriate referral for treatment. Furthermore, associated ophthalmic features with OT in these patients are scarcely described. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of OT in non-syndromic UCS patients and investigate its associated ophthalmic features. (2) Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study medical records of non-syndromic UCS patients treated between 1994-2022 in one tertiary care hospital in The Netherlands were retrospectively reviewed. Collected data included: diagnosis and type of torticollis, binocular single vision (BSV), strabismus, ocular motility, alphabetical patterns, refractive error, and amblyopia. Patients were classified as OT, based on their ophthalmic and/or orthoptic diagnosis. Prevalence was determined with the 95% CI using the Clopper-Pearson exact test. Associations between OT and the ophthalmic features were determined using Chi-square or Fishers' exact test and its effect size was calculated using Cramer's V. (3) Results: In total, 146 patients were included, of whom 57 had torticollis. An ocular cause for the torticollis was found in 54 patients. The prevalence of OT was 37% (n = 146; 95% CI [0.292-0.454]). Significant associations were found between OT and strabismus ( p < 0.001), ocular motility abnormalities ( p < 0.001), alphabetical patterns ( p < 0.001), and amblyopia ( p = 0.002). BSV ( p = 0.277) and refractive error ( p = 1.0) were not significantly associated with OT. However, in OT the BSV was relatively poor (42.1%) and more frequently absent (26.3%) compared to the non-torticollis group (7% poor and 16.3% absent). In both groups, excyclotorsion was predominantly present (62.3%). (4) Conclusions: In 95% of cases, torticollis in UCS patients is ocular-related. Overall, one in three patients with UCS have OT. This study emphasizes the importance of a timely referral of all patients with UCS with torticollis to an orthoptist and/or ophthalmologist, specialized in diagnosing and treatment of OT, before considering physiotherapy.

(1) Background: Orbital and midface malformations occur in multiple craniofacial disorders. Depending on the deformity, surgical corrections include orbital box osteotomy (OBO), Le Fort III (LFIII), monobloc (MB), and facial bipartition (FB). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of these procedures on ocular outcomes. (2) Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed. All patients with craniofacial disorders who had previously undergone midface surgery were included. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used for statistical analysis. (3) Results: In total, 63 patients were included: two patients were treated by OBO, 20 by LFIII, 26 by MB, and 15 by FB. Pre-operatively, strabismus was present in 39 patients (61.9%), in whom exotropia was most common ( n = 27; 42.9%), followed by esotropia ( n = 11; 17.5%). Postoperatively, strabismus significantly worsened ( p = 0.035) in the overall population ( n = 63). Pre-operative binocular vision ( n = 33) was absent in nine patients (27.3%), poor in eight (24.2%), moderate in 15 (45.5%), and good in one (3.0%). Postoperatively, binocular vision significantly improved ( p < 0.001). Before surgery, the mean visual acuity (VA) in the better eye was 0.16 LogMAR (Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution), and 0.31 LogMAR in the worse eye. Furthermore, pre-operative astigmatism was present in 46 patients (73.0%) and hypermetropia in 37 patients (58.7%). No statistical difference was found for VA ( n = 51; p = 0.058) postoperatively. (4) Conclusions: Midface surgery has a direct and indirect substantial effect on several ocular outcomes. This study emphasizes the importance of appropriate ophthalmological evaluation in patients with craniofacial disorders undergoing midface surgery.

Background: Early studies have shown that micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC) might be an effective and safe treatment option for lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). These studies were, however, somewhat limited, in particular by their retrospective nature and the length of follow-up. Therefore, we assessed the efficacy and safety of this novel treatment in a large cohort for up to 4 years. Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study, including all patients who were treated with MP-TSCPC since November 2017. The primary outcome was a reduction of IOP and the number of IOP-lowering medications. Results: The mean ± standard deviation baseline IOP and number of IOP-lowering medications were 26.6 ± 10.8 mmHg and 3.3 ± 1.3. IOP was reduced by 8.2 ± 7.9 (31.8% reduction), 6.9 ± 8.7 (28.1% reduction), and 7.1 ± 8.4 (30.2% reduction) mmHg after 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean postoperative number of IOP-lowering medications was significantly reduced after 6 months by 0.6 ± 1.5 (p = 0.002) but was not significantly different after 12 or 24 months. Oral acetazolamide was significantly reduced from 28 (29%) eyes before treatment, to 9 (9%) at the last follow-up visit (p < 0.001). No major complications were observed after treatment. Conclusions: MP-TSCPC is a safe and effective treatment option for lowering IOP, but only reduced IOP-lowering medications in the first 6 months after treatment. However, MP-TSCPC is especially effective in getting patients off oral IOP-lowering drugs.

Background: The aim of this study was to describe the ophthalmic abnormalities and their prevalence in craniosynostosis prior to craniofacial surgery., Methods: A systematic search was conducted on Medline OVID, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, Web of Science Core Collection. Inclusion criteria were English papers, children aged <18 years with non-syndromic and syndromic craniosynostosis, case reports, case series, and case-control studies. A system of domains was established consisting of an anatomic and functional ophthalmic domain. A meta-analysis of single proportions was carried out using random effects model and pooled mean proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated., Results: Thirty-two papers analyzing 2027 patients were included. Strabismus was the most common anomaly in non-syndromic craniosynostosis: Horizontal strabismus was highest prevalent in unicoronal craniosynostosis (UCS) 19% (95% CI 9-32), followed by vertical strabismus 17% (95% CI 5-33). In syndromic craniosynostosis, horizontal strabismus was most prevalent in Crouzon syndrome 52% (95 CI 26-76), followed by Apert syndrome 50% (95% CI 42-58). Vertical strabismus was most prevalent in Saethre-Chotzen 60% followed by Muenke's syndrome 36%. Furthermore, astigmatism was the second most reported outcome in non-syndromic craniosynostosis and highest prevalent in UCS 35% (95% CI 21-51). In syndromic craniosynostosis, astigmatism was most frequently seen in Crouzon syndrome 43% (95% CI 22-65), followed by Apert syndrome 34% (95% CI 14-58). Moreover, in syndromic craniosynostosis, 5-40% had a decrease in visual acuity (VA) ≤ 0.3 LogMAR in the better eye and 11-65% had a VA ≤ 0.3 LogMAR in at least one eye., Discussion: This review demonstrates the high prevalence of ocular anomalies in non-syndromic and syndromic craniosynostosis. A multidisciplinary and systematic approach is needed for the screening and optimal treatment of these conditions in a timely manner.

Background: To assess the efficacy of XEN-implant surgery in patients with glaucoma, and to perform a meta-analysis of previously published results and compare these to our data., Methods: Prospective case-control study, in which all eyes that underwent XEN-implant surgery were included from 2015 onwards. Sub-analyses were performed for eyes that underwent XEN-implant as standalone procedure and as cataract-combined procedure. To compare our results, a systematic review was performed using the Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane database. Meta-analyses were performed by combining data (intraocular pressure (IOP), IOP-lowering medication, and complications) from the retrieved studies., Results: A total of 221 eyes underwent XEN-implant surgery (124 standalone and 97 cataract-combined). The mean ± standard deviation IOP declined from 18.8 ± 6.5 to 13.5 ± 4.3 mmHg at the last follow-up ( p < 0.001; 28.9%). Postoperative, no significant differences in IOP or IOP-lowering medication were found between patients with and without combined procedure. Secondary surgeries were performed in 20.8% of eyes, most of them (63.0%) within six months. A meta-analysis of 19 studies retrieved from the systematic review showed a two-years postoperative pooled mean (weighted mean difference) of 14.5 (7.3) mmHg and 1.0 (1.6) for IOP and IOP-lowering medications, respectively (compared to 13.5 (5.3) mmHg and 3.2 (2.4) in the current study)., Conclusion: XEN-implant surgery was effective and safe in lowering IOP and the number of IOP-lowering medications. There were no differences between standalone and combined procedures.

Purpose: Photoscreening assesses risk factors for amblyopia, as an alternative to measurement of visual acuity (VA) to detect amblyopia, on the premise that its early correction could prevent development of amblyopia. We studied implementations of Plusoptix photoscreening in existing population-based screening in Flanders and Iran., Methods: In Flanders, VA is measured at age 3, 4 and 6, photoscreening was added to existing screening at age 1 and 2.5 years in 2013. In Iran, VA is measured at ages 3-6 years, photoscreening was added at ages 3-6 years between 2011 and 2016. Plusoptix use was analysed in the literature for detection of risk factors for amblyopia and amblyopia itself, for ages 0-3 and for 4-6. A questionnaire, containing seven domains: existing vision screening, addition of photoscreening, implementation in screening program, training, attendance, diagnosis and treatment, and costs was distributed. In Iran, screening procedures were observed on site., Results: Implementation of Plusoptix photoscreening was mainly analysed from questionnaires and interviews, its effectiveness from literature data. In Flanders, of 56 759 children photoscreened at age one (81% of children born in 2013), 9.2% had been referred, 13% of these were treated, mostly with glasses, resulting in an increase of 4-year-old children wearing glasses from 4.7% to 6.4%. In Iran, 90% of children aged 3-6 years participated in vision screening in 2016, but only those who failed the vision test were subjected to photoscreening., Conclusions: In Flanders, the use of Plusoptix photoscreening at ages 1 and 2.5 resulted in an increase of children wearing glasses, but it remains unknown how many cases of amblyopia have been prevented. Studies are needed to determine the relation between size and sort of refractive error and strabismus, and the increased chance to develop amblyopia., (© 2019 The Authors. Acta Ophthalmologica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation.)