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The recent Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program demonstrated an overall adjusted incidence of typhoid fever 2–3 times higher than previous estimates in Africa. Recently, a single-dose typhoid conjugate vaccine that allows infants as young as 6 months old to be vaccinated was prequalified by the World Health Organization (WHO). This Vi-based conjugate vaccine demonstrated robust immunogenicity after 1 dose in infants and children 6 through 23 months of age in India with no safety signal, and is currently being tested for the first time on the African continent in Malawi. The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts recommends studies to evaluate co-administering Vi-typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TCV) with routine childhood vaccines in typhoid-endemic countries. The Burkina Faso immunization schedule includes yellow fever vaccine (YFV) at 9 months and meningococcal A conjugate vaccine (MCV-A) at 15 months, in addition to measles-rubella vaccine at both 9 and 15 months. Co-administration testing of Vi-TCV with these routine vaccinations will provide the data needed to support large-scale uptake of Vi-TCV in sub-Saharan Africa. A randomized, controlled, Phase II trial of Vi-TCV co-administration with the vaccinations routinely given at 9 and 15 months of age is planned in Burkina Faso. The overall aim is to assess the safety and immunogenicity of Vi-TCV when co-administered with YFV at 9 months of age and with MCV-A at 15 months of age. A total of 250 participants (100 infants aged 9–11 months and 150 children aged 15–23 months) will be enrolled. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03614533. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Influenza A/H5N8 viruses infect poultry and wild birds in many countries. In 2021, the first human A/H5N8 cases were reported., Methods: We conducted a phase I, cohort-randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of inactivated influenza A/H5N8 vaccine (clade 2.3.4.4c) administered with or without adjuvant. Cohort 1 subjects received either two doses of AS03-adjuvanted vaccine containing 3.75 μg or 15 μg hemagglutinin (HA); two doses of 15 μg HA unadjuvanted vaccine; or one dose of AS03-adjuvanted vaccine (3.75 μg or 15 μg HA), followed by one dose of non-adjuvanted vaccine (same HA content). Cohort 2 subjects received two doses of MF59-adjuvanted vaccine containing 3.75 μg or 15 μg HA, or 15 μg HA of non-adjuvanted vaccine. Subjects were followed for 13 months for safety and immunogenicity., Results: We enrolled 386 adult subjects in good health. Solicited adverse events were generally mild and more common among subjects who received adjuvanted vaccines. Antibody responses (hemagglutination inhibition or microneutralization assays) were highest in the two-dose AS03 group, followed by the one-dose AS03 group, the MF59 groups, and the non-adjuvanted groups. Antibody levels returned to baseline 12 months after the second vaccination in all groups except the 15 μg AS03-adjuvanted group. Cross-reactive antibodies to clade 2.3.4.4b strains isolated from recent human cases were demonstrated in a subset of both 15 μg adjuvanted groups., Conclusions: Two doses of influenza A/H5N8 vaccine were well-tolerated. Immunogenicity improved with receipt of two doses of adjuvanted vaccine and higher antigen content. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Influenza is a common respiratory illness in children and accounts for substantial morbidity and mortality on an annual basis. Inactivated and live influenza vaccines are approved for children and are safe and efficacious. The absolute effectiveness of vaccines varies by year and is influenced by several factors. The reason for recent reduced performance of live-attenuated influenza vaccines is poorly understood, and active research is ongoing. Vaccination programs are less common in tropical and subtropical countries, where unique logistical and feasibility challenges exist. Antiviral medications for prevention and treatment of influenza in children are an important adjunct to vaccines., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)