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This communication synthetize all the results obtained by the OIV working group on oenological tannins to the current date. The obtained results confirm that oenological tannins really exert a protection effect against grape juice and wine oxidation because they have antioxidant activity, they consume directly oxygen and they exert an inhibitory effect on the laccase activity. Moreover, oenological tannins also exert a copigmentation effect which can improve and protect de color of red wines.

A coupling of the partial element equivalent circuit method with the finite element method for solving magneto-harmonic electromagnetic problems is proposed. The new formulation, which combines the main advantages of the previous methods, is particularly well suited for modeling electromagnetic complex devices including a large number of conductors. Index Terms--Finite element method, mutual matrix, partial element equivalent circuit, [T.sub.0]--[phi] formulation.

Traditionally, connections in high-voltage, high-current, and low-frequency circuits are always considered as perfect short circuits, so to analyze their contribution to electrical performance of a structure is not considered necessary. We show here that, even for low-frequency structures, the electrical parasitic characteristics of cabling can lead to some unexpected performances. In particular, our study of outside connections of a 400 MVA transformer has shown current unbalances between the three phases and inside the phases. We achieved this by using a semianalyticai method that is presented in this paper. Results show the need to model this part of the structure. This method has advantages over numerical techniques of calculation. Index Terms--Electrical modeling, parasitic inductance of connections, PEEC method.

With increasing frequency and power integration in many Power Electronics applications, interconnection modeling becomes of great importance. The aim of this paper is to present how to take into account an impedance step in an interconnection track (solder pad for instance) using PEEC method (Partial Element Equivalent Circuit). The better way to decompose the discontinuity is studied, according to the frequency of interest. Results are compared to measurements, carried on a printed circuit board (PCB) loop and to analytical resolution at low frequency.

The conventional methods used to measure and model the dynamics of a piano keystroke typically involve applying force at the key front using mechanical excitation. However, the influence of the actuator mass on the resulting motion and force profile has never been addressed. Conversely, within the realm of piano technique, mechanical excitation occurs through engagement with parts of the pianist’s body, whose mass can vary significantly. Pianists claim to have the ability to adjust the mass they engage at will. We propose a new approach that integrates the pianists’ bodily presence into the mechanical system under examination. By doing so, we aim to reformulate the control parameters associated with piano keystrokes, as typically discussed in scientific literature. This approach yields a simplified model of a pressed keystroke that incorporates the presence of an actuator mass. Through minimally invasive experiments, we observe the relationship between tone volume and driving force, considering levels of inertia comparable to those engaged by pianists through their bodies, with excitation starting at the surface of the key. The results are consistent with our proposed model, highlighting the antagonistic role of total inertia in piano tone production. This approach broadens our understanding of pianists’ control strategies and sheds light on its complex interplay with musical needs in piano performance.

Abstract: Background and Aims: The susceptibility of winegrape cultivars to Botrytis cinerea is a debated topic, and the available classifications are based on professional experience rather than on experimental data. The main aim of this study was to compare and classify the susceptibility of several winegrape cultivars to B. cinerea and its relation to fruit maturity under two contrasting climatic and cropping conditions. Methods and Results: Between 2011 and 2015, three field trials were undertaken in Chile and France, including 13 common cultivars. Both the incidence and severity of the disease were evaluated at harvest, and indices of susceptibility and maturity were calculated on a per site basis. The significant difference in incidence and severity observed among cultivars led to a similar susceptibility classification in both countries. Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Grenache Noir and Petit Verdot were the most resistant cultivars, whereas Gewürztraminer and Sauvignon Blanc were the most susceptible. Moreover, an exponential and positive relationship was established between indexes of susceptibility and maturity. Conclusions: The classification of cultivars according to the susceptibility to B. cinerea was similar in both countries, despite the contrasting climatic conditions and cropping practices. Significance of the Study: These findings might be of interest for choosing cultivars that are more resistant to B. cinerea to reduce the number of fungicide applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]