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1. Formation of the methyl cation by photochemistry in a protoplanetary disk

Author

Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), University of Ontario, Canadian Space Agency, National Research Council of Canada, German Research Foundation, European Commission, San Jose State University Research Foundation, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Berné, Olivier [0000-0002-1686-8395], Martin-Drumel, Marie Aline [0000-0002-5460-4294], Schroetter, Ilane [0000-0002-1099-7401], Goicoechea, Javier R. [0000-0001-7046-4319], Jacovella, Ugo [0000-0003-2152-261X], Gans, Bérenger [0000-0001-9658-2436], Dartois, Emmanuel [0000-0003-1197-7143], Coudert, Laurent H. [0000-0003-0498-6957], Bergin, Edwin [0000-0003-4179-6394], #NODATA#, Cami, Jan [0000-0002-2666-9234], Roueff, Evelyne [0000-0002-4949-8562], Black, John H. [0000-0001-7221-7207], Asvany, Oskar [0000-0003-2995-0803], Peeters, Els [0000-0002-2541-1602], Canin, Amelie [0000-0002-7830-6363], Trahin, Boris [0000-0001-5875-5340], Joblin, Christine [0000-0003-1561-6118], Schlemmer, Stephan [0000-0002-1421-7281], Cernicharo, José [0000-0002-3518-2524], Bernard-Salas, Jeronimo [0000-0002-8452-8675], Boersma, Christiaan [0000-0002-4836-217X], Cuadrado, Sara [0000-0002-7393-1813], Dicken, Daniel [0000-0003-0589-5969], Elyajouri, Meriem [0000-0002-6086-2337], Fuente, Asunción [0000-0001-6317-6343], Le Gal, Romane [0000-0003-1837-3772], Okada, Yoko [0000-0002-6838-6435], Onaka, Takashi [0000-0002-8234-6747], Pound, Marc W. [0000-0002-7269-342X], Röllig, Markus [0000-0001-6205-2242], Schefter, Bethany [0000-0001-5080-8030], Tabone, Benoit [0000-0002-1103-3225], Van De Putte, Dries [0000-0002-5895-8268], Vicente, Sílvia [0000-0001-8973-0752], Berné, Olivier, Martin-Drumel, Marie Aline, Schroetter, Ilane, Goicoechea, Javier R., Jacovella, Ugo, Gans, Bérenger, Dartois, Emmanuel, Coudert, Laurent H., Bergin, Edwin, Alarcon, Felipe, Cami, Jan, Roueff, Evelyne, Black, John H., Asvany, Oskar, Habart, Emilie, Peeters, Els, Canin, Amelie, Trahin, Boris, Joblin, Christine, Schlemmer, Stephan, Thorwirth, Sven, Cernicharo, José, Gerin, Maryvonne, Tielens, Alexander, Zannese, Marion, Abergel, Alain, Bernard-Salas, Jeronimo, Boersma, Christiaan, Bron, Emeric, Chown, Ryan, Cuadrado, Sara, Dicken, Daniel, Elyajouri, Meriem, Fuente, Asunción, Gordon, Karl D., Issa, Lina, Kannavou, Olga, Khan, Baria, Lacinbala, Ozan, Languignon, David, Le Gal, Romane, Maragkoudakis, Alexandros, Meshaka, Raphael, Okada, Yoko, Onaka, Takashi, Pasquini, Sofia, Pound, Marc W., Robberto, Massimo, Röllig, Markus, Schefter, Bethany, Schirmer, Thiébaut, Sidhu, Ameek, Tabone, Benoit, Van De Putte, Dries, Vicente, Sílvia, Wolfire, Mark G., Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), University of Ontario, Canadian Space Agency, National Research Council of Canada, German Research Foundation, European Commission, San Jose State University Research Foundation, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Berné, Olivier [0000-0002-1686-8395], Martin-Drumel, Marie Aline [0000-0002-5460-4294], Schroetter, Ilane [0000-0002-1099-7401], Goicoechea, Javier R. [0000-0001-7046-4319], Jacovella, Ugo [0000-0003-2152-261X], Gans, Bérenger [0000-0001-9658-2436], Dartois, Emmanuel [0000-0003-1197-7143], Coudert, Laurent H. [0000-0003-0498-6957], Bergin, Edwin [0000-0003-4179-6394], #NODATA#, Cami, Jan [0000-0002-2666-9234], Roueff, Evelyne [0000-0002-4949-8562], Black, John H. [0000-0001-7221-7207], Asvany, Oskar [0000-0003-2995-0803], Peeters, Els [0000-0002-2541-1602], Canin, Amelie [0000-0002-7830-6363], Trahin, Boris [0000-0001-5875-5340], Joblin, Christine [0000-0003-1561-6118], Schlemmer, Stephan [0000-0002-1421-7281], Cernicharo, José [0000-0002-3518-2524], Bernard-Salas, Jeronimo [0000-0002-8452-8675], Boersma, Christiaan [0000-0002-4836-217X], Cuadrado, Sara [0000-0002-7393-1813], Dicken, Daniel [0000-0003-0589-5969], Elyajouri, Meriem [0000-0002-6086-2337], Fuente, Asunción [0000-0001-6317-6343], Le Gal, Romane [0000-0003-1837-3772], Okada, Yoko [0000-0002-6838-6435], Onaka, Takashi [0000-0002-8234-6747], Pound, Marc W. [0000-0002-7269-342X], Röllig, Markus [0000-0001-6205-2242], Schefter, Bethany [0000-0001-5080-8030], Tabone, Benoit [0000-0002-1103-3225], Van De Putte, Dries [0000-0002-5895-8268], Vicente, Sílvia [0000-0001-8973-0752], Berné, Olivier, Martin-Drumel, Marie Aline, Schroetter, Ilane, Goicoechea, Javier R., Jacovella, Ugo, Gans, Bérenger, Dartois, Emmanuel, Coudert, Laurent H., Bergin, Edwin, Alarcon, Felipe, Cami, Jan, Roueff, Evelyne, Black, John H., Asvany, Oskar, Habart, Emilie, Peeters, Els, Canin, Amelie, Trahin, Boris, Joblin, Christine, Schlemmer, Stephan, Thorwirth, Sven, Cernicharo, José, Gerin, Maryvonne, Tielens, Alexander, Zannese, Marion, Abergel, Alain, Bernard-Salas, Jeronimo, Boersma, Christiaan, Bron, Emeric, Chown, Ryan, Cuadrado, Sara, Dicken, Daniel, Elyajouri, Meriem, Fuente, Asunción, Gordon, Karl D., Issa, Lina, Kannavou, Olga, Khan, Baria, Lacinbala, Ozan, Languignon, David, Le Gal, Romane, Maragkoudakis, Alexandros, Meshaka, Raphael, Okada, Yoko, Onaka, Takashi, Pasquini, Sofia, Pound, Marc W., Robberto, Massimo, Röllig, Markus, Schefter, Bethany, Schirmer, Thiébaut, Sidhu, Ameek, Tabone, Benoit, Van De Putte, Dries, Vicente, Sílvia, and Wolfire, Mark G.

Abstract

Forty years ago, it was proposed that gas-phase organic chemistry in the interstellar medium can be initiated by the methyl cation CH3+ (refs. 1–3), but so far it has not been observed outside the Solar System 4,5. Alternative routes involving processes on grain surfaces have been invoked 6,7. Here we report James Webb Space Telescope observations of CH3+ in a protoplanetary disk in the Orion star-forming region. We find that gas-phase organic chemistry is activated by ultraviolet irradiation.

Published
2023

2. Deep learning denoising by dimension reduction: Application to the ORION-B line cubes

Author

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Universities Space Research Association (US), Einig, Lucas [0000-0003-4250-7638], Pety, Jérôme [0000-0003-3061-6546], #NODATA#, Chanussot, Jocelyn [0000-0003-4817-2875], Gerin, Maryvonne [0000-0002-2418-7952], Orkisz, Jan H. [0000-0002-3382-9208], Palud, Pierre [0000-0002-5850-6325], Santa-María, Miriam G. [0000-0002-3941-0360], Bešlić, Ivana [0000-0003-0583-7363], Bron, Emeric E. [0000-0003-1532-7818], Chainais,Pierre [0000-0003-4377-7584], Goicoechea, Javier R. [0000-0001-7046-4319], Gratier, Pierre [0000-0002-6636-4304], Lis, Dariuscz C. [0000-0002-0500-4700], Le Bourlot,Jacques [0000-0003-3920-8063], Le Petit, Franck [0000-0001-8738-6724], Roueff, Evelyne [0000-0002-4949-8562], Sievers, Albrecht [0000-0003-0151-2924], Thouvenin, Pierre-Antoine [0000-0003-1246-9458], Einig, Lucas, Pety, Jérôme, Roueff, Antoine, Vandame, Paul, Chanussot, Jocelyn, Gerin, Maryvonne, Orkisz, Jan H., Palud, Pierre, Santa-María, Miriam G., Souza Magalhaes, Victor de, Bešlić, Ivana, Bardeau, Sébastien, Bron, Emeric E., Chainais,Pierre, Goicoechea, Javier R., Gratier, Pierre, Guzman Veloso, Viviana, Hughes, Annie, Kainulainen, Jouni, Languignon, David, Lallement, Rosine, Levrier, François, Lis, Dariuscz C., Liszt, Harvey, Le Bourlot,Jacques, Le Petit, Franck, Öberg,Karin Danielsson, Peretto, Nicolas, Roueff, Evelyne, Sievers, Albrecht, Thouvenin, Pierre-Antoine, Tremblin, Pascal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Universities Space Research Association (US), Einig, Lucas [0000-0003-4250-7638], Pety, Jérôme [0000-0003-3061-6546], #NODATA#, Chanussot, Jocelyn [0000-0003-4817-2875], Gerin, Maryvonne [0000-0002-2418-7952], Orkisz, Jan H. [0000-0002-3382-9208], Palud, Pierre [0000-0002-5850-6325], Santa-María, Miriam G. [0000-0002-3941-0360], Bešlić, Ivana [0000-0003-0583-7363], Bron, Emeric E. [0000-0003-1532-7818], Chainais,Pierre [0000-0003-4377-7584], Goicoechea, Javier R. [0000-0001-7046-4319], Gratier, Pierre [0000-0002-6636-4304], Lis, Dariuscz C. [0000-0002-0500-4700], Le Bourlot,Jacques [0000-0003-3920-8063], Le Petit, Franck [0000-0001-8738-6724], Roueff, Evelyne [0000-0002-4949-8562], Sievers, Albrecht [0000-0003-0151-2924], Thouvenin, Pierre-Antoine [0000-0003-1246-9458], Einig, Lucas, Pety, Jérôme, Roueff, Antoine, Vandame, Paul, Chanussot, Jocelyn, Gerin, Maryvonne, Orkisz, Jan H., Palud, Pierre, Santa-María, Miriam G., Souza Magalhaes, Victor de, Bešlić, Ivana, Bardeau, Sébastien, Bron, Emeric E., Chainais,Pierre, Goicoechea, Javier R., Gratier, Pierre, Guzman Veloso, Viviana, Hughes, Annie, Kainulainen, Jouni, Languignon, David, Lallement, Rosine, Levrier, François, Lis, Dariuscz C., Liszt, Harvey, Le Bourlot,Jacques, Le Petit, Franck, Öberg,Karin Danielsson, Peretto, Nicolas, Roueff, Evelyne, Sievers, Albrecht, Thouvenin, Pierre-Antoine, and Tremblin, Pascal

Abstract

Context. The availability of large bandwidth receivers for millimeter radio telescopes allows the acquisition of position-position-frequency data cubes over a wide field of view and a broad frequency coverage. These cubes contain much information on the physical, chemical, and kinematical properties of the emitting gas. However, their large size coupled with inhomogenous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are major challenges for consistent analysis and interpretation.Aims. We search for a denoising method of the low SNR regions of the studied data cubes that would allow to recover the low SNR emission without distorting the signals with high SNR.Methods. We perform an in-depth data analysis of the 13 CO and C 17 O (1 -- 0) data cubes obtained as part of the ORION-B large program performed at the IRAM 30m telescope. We analyse the statistical properties of the noise and the evolution of the correlation of the signal in a given frequency channel with that of the adjacent channels. This allows us to propose significant improvements of typical autoassociative neural networks, often used to denoise hyperspectral Earth remote sensing data. Applying this method to the 13 CO (1 -- 0) cube, we compare the denoised data with those derived with the multiple Gaussian fitting algorithm ROHSA, considered as the state of the art procedure for data line cubes.Results. The nature of astronomical spectral data cubes is distinct from that of the hyperspectral data usually studied in the Earth remote sensing literature because the observed intensities become statistically independent beyond a short channel separation. This lack of redundancy in data has led us to adapt the method, notably by taking into account the sparsity of the signal along the spectral axis. The application of the proposed algorithm leads to an increase of the SNR in voxels with weak signal, while preserving the spectral shape of the data in high SNR voxels.Conclusions. The proposed algorithm that combines a detailed ana

Published
2023

3. Gas kinematics around filamentary structures in the Orion B cloud

Author

Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), l'Observatoire de Paris, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Swedish Research Council, Orkisz, Jan H. [0000-0002-3382-9208], Pety, Jérôme [0000-0003-3061-6546], Roueff, Antoine [0000-0002-7498-4407], Marchal, Antoine [0000-0002-5501-232X], Levrier, François [0000-0002-3065-9944], Miville-Deschênes, Marc-Antoine [0000-0002-7351-6062], Goicoechea, Javier R. [0000-0001-7046-4319], Roueff, Evelyne [0000-0002-4949-8562], Santa-Maria, Miriam G. [0000-0002-3941-0360], Bron, Emeric [0000-0003-1532-7818], Chainais, Pierre [0000-0003-4377-7584], Chanussot, Jocelyn [0000-0003-4817-2875], Gratier, Pierre [0000-0002-6636-4304], Guzman, Viviana [0000-0003-4784-3040], Le Bourlot,Jacques [0000-0003-3920-8063], Liszt, Harvey [0000-0002-6116-1911], Gaudel, Mathilde, Orkisz, Jan H., Gerin, Maryvonne, Pety, Jérôme, Roueff, Antoine, Marchal, Antoine, Levrier, François, Miville-Deschênes, Marc-Antoine, Goicoechea, Javier R., Roueff, Evelyne, Le Petit, Franck, Souza Magalhaes, Victor de, Palud, Pierre, Santa-Maria, Miriam G., Vono, Maxime, Bardeau, Sébastien, Bron, Emeric, Chainais, Pierre, Chanussot, Jocelyn, Gratier, Pierre, Guzman, Viviana, Hughes, Annie, Kainulainen, Jouni, Languignon, David, Le Bourlot,Jacques, Liszt, Harvey, Öberg, Karin, Peretto, Nicolas, Sievers, Albrecht, Tremblin, Pascal, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), l'Observatoire de Paris, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Swedish Research Council, Orkisz, Jan H. [0000-0002-3382-9208], Pety, Jérôme [0000-0003-3061-6546], Roueff, Antoine [0000-0002-7498-4407], Marchal, Antoine [0000-0002-5501-232X], Levrier, François [0000-0002-3065-9944], Miville-Deschênes, Marc-Antoine [0000-0002-7351-6062], Goicoechea, Javier R. [0000-0001-7046-4319], Roueff, Evelyne [0000-0002-4949-8562], Santa-Maria, Miriam G. [0000-0002-3941-0360], Bron, Emeric [0000-0003-1532-7818], Chainais, Pierre [0000-0003-4377-7584], Chanussot, Jocelyn [0000-0003-4817-2875], Gratier, Pierre [0000-0002-6636-4304], Guzman, Viviana [0000-0003-4784-3040], Le Bourlot,Jacques [0000-0003-3920-8063], Liszt, Harvey [0000-0002-6116-1911], Gaudel, Mathilde, Orkisz, Jan H., Gerin, Maryvonne, Pety, Jérôme, Roueff, Antoine, Marchal, Antoine, Levrier, François, Miville-Deschênes, Marc-Antoine, Goicoechea, Javier R., Roueff, Evelyne, Le Petit, Franck, Souza Magalhaes, Victor de, Palud, Pierre, Santa-Maria, Miriam G., Vono, Maxime, Bardeau, Sébastien, Bron, Emeric, Chainais, Pierre, Chanussot, Jocelyn, Gratier, Pierre, Guzman, Viviana, Hughes, Annie, Kainulainen, Jouni, Languignon, David, Le Bourlot,Jacques, Liszt, Harvey, Öberg, Karin, Peretto, Nicolas, Sievers, Albrecht, and Tremblin, Pascal

Abstract

Understanding the initial properties of star-forming material and how they affect the star formation process is key. From an observational point of view, the feedback from young high-mass stars on future star formation properties is still poorly constrained. In the framework of the IRAM 30m ORION-B large program, we obtained observations of the translucent and moderately dense gas, which we used to analyze the kinematics over a field of 5 deg^2 around the filamentary structures. We used the ROHSA algorithm to decompose and de-noise the C18O(1-0) and 13CO(1-0) signals by taking the spatial coherence of the emission into account. We produced gas column density and mean velocity maps to estimate the relative orientation of their spatial gradients. We identified three cloud velocity layers at different systemic velocities and extracted the filaments in each velocity layer. The filaments are preferentially located in regions of low centroid velocity gradients. By comparing the relative orientation between the column density and velocity gradients of each layer from the ORION-B observations and synthetic observations from 3D kinematic toy models, we distinguish two types of behavior in the dynamics around filaments: (i) radial flows perpendicular to the filament axis that can be either inflows (increasing the filament mass) or outflows and (ii) longitudinal flows along the filament axis. The former case is seen in the Orion B data, while the latter is not identified. We have also identified asymmetrical flow patterns, usually associated with filaments located at the edge of an HII region. This is the first observational study to highlight feedback from HII regions on filament formation and, thus, on star formation in the Orion B cloud. This simple statistical method can be used for any molecular cloud to obtain coherent information on the kinematics.

Published
2022

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