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Studying the interactions of bioactive phenolic acids [ferulic acid (FA), caffeic acid (CA), and chlorogenic acid (CGA)] with the carrier protein bovine hemoglobin (BHb) helps to understand their modes of binding and transport, which affect their bioavailability. The protein–ligand complexes exhibited binding constants (Kb) in the range of 104 M−1, indicating a reversible mode of association. BHb–CA complexation attenuated the inherent fluorescence of BHb (β2-Trp37 dominant fluorophore) through a static quenching mechanism. However, a combined (static and dynamic) quenching mechanism was observed for the BHb–FA/CGA complexes. In this study, the thermodynamic parameter, ΔG°, determined from fluorescence spectroscopy, was negative, suggesting that the complexation of BHb with phenolic acids was spontaneous. The negative change in enthalpy [ΔH° = –(8.539 ± 1.331) kJ mol−1, –(10.620 ± 1.028) kJ mol−1, and –(8.637 ± 0.232) kJ mol−1 for BHb–FA, BHb–CA, BHb–CGA complexes, respectively] and positive entropy change [ΔS° = + (63.862 ± 1.218) J mol−1 K−1, +(67.108 ± 1.681) J mol−1 K−1, and +(62.540 ± 1.058) J mol−1 K−1 for BHb–FA, BHb–CA, BHb–CGA complexes, respectively] indicated that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces stabilized the complexes. Computational studies also illustrated similar interactive forces in BHb–ligand complexes. Changes around the microenvironment of the Trp residues in the binding process were verified using various spectral measurements. Circular dichroism and Fourier infrared spectroscopies illustrated a decrease in the α-helical content of BHb during complexation. Fibril inhibition properties of the ligands were verified using ThT assay, ANS binding studies, Congo Red assay, turbidity assay, Soret absorption measurements, and CD spectral measurements. The structure–activity relationship, binding affinity, and interactive forces between the protein and phenolic acids could explain the order of anti-fibrillation properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Didactic lecture is an effective method to quickly pass on a high volume of information to a large number of students. However, if not well designed, lectures can be monotonous and provide only passive learning, with little scope for higher order learning skills. To address this drawback of lectures, we supplemented it with case-based learning (CBL), which has been shown to promote self-learning. After giving an overview of gastrointestinal physiology through lectures, CBL on peptic ulcer disease was implemented for first-year Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery students. The present study aimed to evaluate the students' and teachers' opinions on the notion of supplementing lectures with CBL. In previous reports, discussion using clinical cases was primarily employed as the solitary component for conducting CBL. In the present study, three different but mutually exclusive components, such as case discussion, concept map, and critical thinking exercise on a specific topic in gastrointestinal pathophysiology, were integrated to form the multicomponent CBL (MC-CBL). Students reported that MC-CBL could promote application of the knowledge learned in lectures in a more appropriate context (92.42% positive response), enhance their learning efficiency (98.46% positive response), promote their active participation in the learning process (98.48% positive response), and help them in integrating physiological concepts with clinical science (98.46% positive response). Teachers observed that MC-CBL could promote active learning, analytic, and problem-solving skills of students. In conclusion, MC-CBL appeared to be an effective supplement for the lectures, providing an opportunity for the students to relate the knowledge learned during lectures.

Byline: Ratinder. Jhaj, Aditya. Banerjee, Nilima. Kshirsagar, Balakrishnan. Sadasivam, Sujith. Chandy, Heber. Bright, Preetha. Chugh, C. Tripathi, Dinesh. Badyal, Madhulika. Samuel, Bikash. Medhi, Ajay. Prakash, Rupa. Joshi, Sandhya. Kamat, Raakhi. [...]

Background: HIV infection is a serious lifelong health risk, leading to increased illness and death. In children, adhering to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial to reduce these harmful effects. Yet, due to the challenges of pediatric patients and the social issues related to HIV, sticking to ART can be difficult in this group. Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to evaluate the adherence of pediatric patients to their daily ART dosages. We also tried to understand the causes that led to the failure to follow the scheduled dosages and evaluate how these factors affected our study population. Materials and Methods: We examined the adherence to ART in 49 patients, aged 2-15, who had been on ART for at least 12 months. They visited the ART center at Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, between August 01 and September 30, 2022. Ethical clearance was granted by the Institution's Ethics Committee. The participants were chosen through systematic random sampling. We collected data through interviews and chart reviews and analyzed it using SPSS version 19. Results: Out of the 49 participants, 34 (69.38%) adhered to ART in the preceding month. For the non-adherent patients (n=15), the main reasons included conflicting ART dosage timing with school hours and children falling asleep at dosing time. Most (53.1%) were in the 5-10 age groups, with 93.88% in WHO Stage 1 of the disease and 6.12% in Stage II. In 77.6% of cases, mothers were the primary caregivers, and 79.6% of caregivers were HIV positive. Many children (71.43%) were unaware of their disease. Out of the 31 children whose disease status was known to others, grandparents of 23 and siblings of 12 were aware. Six of these children faced stigma from relatives and neighbors. ART adherence was significantly associated (P<0.05) with the caregiver's occupation (P=0.006), the child's age when starting ART (P=0.001), parents' AIDS-related deaths (P=0.003), and travel time to the ART center from home (P<0.02). Conclusion: Although most children adhered to their ART regimen, there is room for improvement. Caregivers, especially for younger children, play a crucial role. Empathetic education for caregivers and children, tailored to their age, along with regular adherence checks, can enhance medication adherence significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, Cd-based quantum dots (QDs) have gained tremendous interest as luminescence tags for numerous biological applications. However, chemical synthesis using organic molecules to encapsulate the QDs surface is a highly complex process, high-cost and aggressive fabrication, and less aqueous and biocompatible, which leads to restricted biological applications. In this paper, we have reported the biogenic synthesis of CdSe-HSA core and CdSe@ZnSe-HSA core–shell QDs for the first time using human serum albumin protein as a surface engineering molecule. The biosynthesized QDs were found to be smaller in size (2–3.5 nm) and highly aqueous compatible (stable for up to 150 days). The biosynthesized QDs act as ultrasensitive fluorescence probes for label-free sensing of Hg2+ with enhanced efficiency, and an LOD value of 1.3 nM for CdSe@ZnSe-HSA QDs (concentration range: 0–2 μM) was obtained and were also able to detect with the naked eye. A dynamic quenching mechanism was observed for the fluorescence quenching of the biosynthesized QDs by Hg2+ ions, and affinity toward the formation of Hg–Se or Hg–SH with the QDs provided the unique selectivity. Moreover, the smaller size and unique surface properties of the biosynthesized QDs contributed to the enhanced antibacterial properties against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria and found more effective against Gram-negative bacteria. This work implies the biogenic aqueous compatible synthesis of core and core–shell QDs for biological and environmental monitoring analytical methods for the development of bionanotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on synthesizing an injectable and self-healing hydrogel from an abundant serum protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) to control antimicrobial drug delivery impeding bacterial infections. Hydrogels were synthesized through a green synthesis route without using any crosslinking agent and characterized for their cross-linking, surface morphology, self-healing, viscoelasticity, injectability, and swelling and degradation properties. The prepared hydrogel has distinctive autofluorescence properties, as observed from the wavelength-dependent steady-state fluorescence spectral measurements. When lomefloxacin and doxycycline were incorporated into the hydrogel network, it allowed the controlled release of both antibiotics over at least 24 hours, with a release rate of over 90%. Hydrogels containing lomefloxacin and doxycycline were effectively used against E. coli and E. faecalis bacterial strains; their antibacterial effects were maintained for 24 hours. The live/dead cell test indicated that the hydrogel is effective against both (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) bacteria strains. Furthermore, our studies on bacteria encapsulation, specifically using E. coli, confirmed that the hydrogel is non-toxic, and the hydrogel demonstrates biocompatibility as the bacteria successfully grow within the hydrogel matrix. To assess biocompatibility, we conducted a cell attachment experiment with HEK 293 cells, and the results suggest that this hydrogel could be used for 3D cell culturing in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]