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Colistin (polymyxin E) is widely used in animal and human medicine and is increasingly used as one of the last-resort antibiotics against Gram-negative bacilli. Due to the increased use of colistin in treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, resistance to this antibiotic ought to be monitored. The study was undertaken to elucidate the molecular mechanisms, genetic relationships and phenotype correlations of colistin-resistant isolates. Here, we report the detection of the mcr-1 gene in chicken-associated Salmonella isolates in Bangladesh and its in-silico functional analysis. Out of 100 samples, 82 Salmonella spp. were isolated from chicken specimens (liver, intestine). Phenotypic disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay using different antimicrobial agents were performed. Salmonella isolates were characterized using PCR methods targeting genus-specific invA and mcr-1 genes with validation for the functional analysis. The majority of the tested Salmonella isolates were found resistant to colistin (92.68%), ciprofloxacin (73.17%), tigecycline (62.20%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (60.98%). When screened using PCR, five out of ten Salmonella isolates were found to carry the mcr-1 gene. One isolate was confirmed for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, and other four isolates were confirmed for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed a divergent evolutionary relationship between the catalytic domain of Neisseria meningitidis lipooligosaccharide phosphoethanolamine transferase A (LptA) and MCR proteins, rendering them resistant to colistin. Three-dimensional homology structural analysis of MCR-1 proteins and molecular docking interactions suggested that MCR-1 and LptA share a similar substrate binding cavity, which could be validated for the functional analysis. The comprehensive molecular and in-silico analyses of the colistin resistance mcr-1 gene of Salmonella spp. of chicken origin in the present study highlight the importance of continued monitoring and surveillance for antimicrobial resistance among pathogens in food chain animals.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-7-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-6-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-5-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Infectious and non-infectious diseases of cattle cause great economic losses of farmers as well as country every year by reducing growth, production and mortality of cattle population. The objective of this research work was to find out the prevalence of infectious and non-infectious diseases of cattle at Moulvibazar, Sylhet, Bangladesh. A total of 2285 clinical cases were diagnosed at District Veterinary Hospital in Moulvibazar, Bangladesh during January to June, 2016. Disease diagnosis was made on the basis of owner’s statement, physical examination, clinical signs, gross pathology, and laboratory procedures. Data were analysed to determine disease prevalence in cattle with related to breed and sex. Diagnosed diseases were categorised as infectious diseases, parasitic disease, digestive disorder, respiratory disorder, reproductive disorder, metabolic disorder and other diseases. According to our result the highest prevalence was shown for parasitic diseases (49.32%) followed by digestive disorder (25.64%), other diseases (10.77%), Infectious Diseases (9.28%), respiratory disorders (2.32%), reproductive disorders (1.88%) and metabolic disorders (0.79%). The prevalence of diseases in male (53.57%) which includes infectious diseases (4.90%), parasitic diseases (30.55%), digestive disorders (12.30%),respiratory disorders (0.79%) and others (5.03%). Local bred of cattle were more susceptible to diseases as prevalence was 57.46% followed by Cross-bred (36.58%) and Red Chittagong (5.96%). The prevalence of diseases in male (53.57%) was higher than in female (46.43%). Our study on prevalence of infectious and non-infectious diseases of cattle in Moulvibazar district of Bangladesh provides necessary information to take proper strategies for control and prevention of diseases.

Backyard poultry is one of the key sources of protein for the rural people of Bangladesh. This study was carried out in the Barlekha upazila under Moulvibazar district of Bangladesh with the aim of assessing the management system and production performance of backyard poultry. Data were collected from 26 randomly selected households in the Barlekha upazila and analysed statistically. Farmers in the study area were low producers having average flock size of chicken, duck, geese and pigeon were 6.5, 6, 5, and 4 respectively. Most (53.85%) of the poultry houses were made shortly with wood and tin. Litter materials used by the farmers were sand, ash, rice husk and jute bags. About 15.38% farmers did not use any litter materials in their poultry houses. About 38.46% farmers provided boiled rice, rice polish and broken rice. About 15.38% of the farmers provided additional paddy, rice or wheat along that. Pond water, tube well water and water from nearby river and canals were supplied by 46.15%, 30.78% and 23.08% farmers respectively. Almost all the poultry raisers reared their poultry through free-range scavenging system. In 84.62% of the households, women were the main poultry raisers. Most (69.23%) of the farmers did not vaccinate their poultry. Newcastle disease was identified as the major threat to the backyard poultry. Two causes of death of poultry were identified - 76.92% due to different diseases and 23.08% death due to predators. Egg production of chicken and duck were 30-45/year and 60-80/ year respectively., Free download from http://ijsab.com/volume-2-issue-2/1021