Search

[EN] Walking as a means of travel, when done voluntarily, becomes a cultural act that can have a beneficial effect both for the people who carry out the routes and for the space itself that is walked on. The fact of moving at a slow speed allow us to recover a more appropriate pace to enjoy the landscape, to reconnect with nature and with the position of human in the world, while improving our health. In contemporary society, some cultural tourist routes have become successful destinations, with the continuous arrival of thousands of visitors throughout the year. Thus, the historical cultural route Way of St. James has become a globally successful cultural tourism product. Close to this destination, the Ribeira Sacra, that has been recently designated by the regional government as a Cultural Landscape, with the intention of preserving its historical legacy, may be in the future a privileged destination in Galicia for walking. The research carried out allows us to ensure that this fact, taking long walks following routes with a rich cultural content, has a positive impact on the space from two different processes that are reinforced as the routes become more popular. First, from the recovery and promotion of an alternative communication network between different places. And second, through a series of laws and regulations that protect historic trails and adjacent landscapes SI Publicación en abierto financiada por el Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Castilla y León (BUCLE), con cargo al Programa Operativo 2014ES16RFOP009 FEDER 2014-2020 DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN, Actuación:20007-CL - Apoyo Consorcio BUCLE

Resumen En 2018 ACNUR cifró en 40 millones los desplazados internos, 25,4 millones los refugiados y 3,1 millones los solicitantes de asilo internacional (ACNUR-España, 2018), suponiendo la mayor crisis de refugiados desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Los flujos de desplazados, fundamentalmente de sur a norte y de este a oeste y en frontera, han aumentado en las dos últimas décadas, al tiempo que se han producido cambios en la legislación de los Estados receptores para limitar el derecho de asilo y la acogida de refugiados, como es el caso de los miembros de la UE. Las restricciones, factores y causas en origen (guerra, discriminación, persecución de parte de la población, etc.), han generado mudanzas en la procedencia de los solicitantes, pero también de las concesiones de figuras de protección internacional. En España es posible analizar a través de fuentes oficiales (Ministerio del Interior) los cambios habidos en la procedencia de las solicitudes de asilo y en las concesiones de protección internacional en el período 2008-2018, lo que permite establecer correlaciones entre causas y factores internos y externos. En su conjunto, se observan cambios en el origen de los solicitantes debido a la extensión de los conflictos armados (Siria, Irak), la crisis institucional (Venezuela) o las restricciones en países tradicionales de asilo (El Salvador, Honduras), y cómo están cambiando las preferencias de acogida en España como Estado receptor. Abstract In 2018, UNHCR numbered 40 million internally displaced persons, 25.4 million refugees and 3.1 million international asylum seekers (UNHCR-Spain, 2018), effectively equating to the largest refugee crisis since World War II. The flow of displaced individuals, mainly from south to north and from east to west, and across international borders, has increased in the past two decades whilst legislation changes occur in the receiving states as a response to limit the right of asylum and refugee reception, as is the case in EU member states. Restrictions, factors and multiple causes (war, discrimination, population persecution, etc.), not only has generated the displacement of applicants from their countries of origin, but has also modified the nature of concession of international protection. In Spain, it is possible to analyze, through official sources (i.e. Ministry of the Interior), the trend in evolution of the countries of origin as stated in asylum applications and international protection concessions filed during the period 2008-2018, thus facilitating the formulation of correlations between causes and internal and external factors. As a whole, changes of the country of origin of applicants are evidenced as a consequence of the expansion of armed conflicts (Syria, Iraq), institutional crises (Venezuela), restrictions imposed by traditional asylum countries (El Salvador, Honduras), and also the shift in reception preferences emerging in Spain as receiving state.

Social innovations are recognized as a pillar of sustainable rural development processes and are strongly conditioned by territorial capabilities. The objective of this study is to analyze the soci...

Este artículo aborda el estudio del paisaje desde diferentes perspectivas. En primer lugar, el paisajecomo teoría, analizada desde un punto de vista holístico. Además, entendiendo que el paisaje no es soloteoría, creemos de gran valor comprender el proceso de institucionalización del paisaje en la academia.Un proceso que en el mundo universitario se ha desarrollado y asentado de forma progresiva en las últimasdécadas. Reflexionaremos también sobre la intervención territorial como máximo exponente dela implementación de las teorías y estudios del paisaje. La traslación al territorio se ha fraguado graciasa la creación de legislación específica, así como entendiendo que la atención por el paisaje debe ser unacuestión transversal en la planificación. Por último, mostraremos cómo la institucionalización ha tenidoun efecto trascendente en el paisaje de las Rías Baixas como estudio de caso.

Geography in Spain lives a period of crossroads and contrasts. In fact, its remarkable academic consolidation and presence in many universities with their own degree collides with a modest number of students. This deficient popular visibility of Geography does not influence the consolidation of a prestigious group of spatial and territorial analysis professionals, articulated by the Board of Geographers. The high consideration of the highly competitive masters, doctorates and research groups led by geographers throughout the country is neither a limit. In this chapter, the causes of these singular characteristics of the Spanish geographical discipline will be analysed. It is a classic discipline that benefited, along with history, from its official support in times of the Franco regime and that, nevertheless, managed to maintain an unquestionable academic profile. In democracy this discipline reflects certain thematic and academic conservatism in the university and in its congresses, but that at the same time has developed a strong component applied in urbanism, environment and territorial development. All these attributes of an original geographical school in Mediterranean Europe are analysed throughout the following pages, in a work loaded with nuances and quotations that aim to spread the legacy (and insufficiencies) of spatial analysis in present-day Spain.

The identities of territories are (re)produced through narratives which select certain characteristics of a territorial entity to influence the perceptions that people and institutions have of it. In the current socioeconomic conditions, these identities can provide a competitive advantage to marginalized areas, due to the possibilities that this offers to exhibit the uniqueness of their territories and products. In order to benefit from the economies generated by the identities of territories, it is necessary to identify joint narratives which are both distinctive and capable of unifying different stakeholders around a shared identity. Using three depopulated NUTS 3 (European Union’s Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics on level 3) in the North of Portugal as case studies, we apply a content analysis of different sources to understand how the identities of territories have been (re)produced and identify the coherences and disparities between different narratives. Although there are many factors that hinder the consolidation of the identities of territories at a subnational scale in continental Portugal, generating economies based on these identities could be done through the identification of common characteristics among municipalities.

The incorporation of territorial development into the Common Fisheries Policy has allowed for the decentralised and participatory management of part of its funds. In fact, the criteria for sustainable development in fishing zones follow the guidelines of Community‐Led Local Development. This work critically examines the implementation process of Axis 4 of the European Fisheries Fund in two areas of the Iberian Peninsula’s Atlantic coast as case studies, looking into the creation of Fishery Local Action Groups and the analysis of the planning and execution phases of the funds. The results show, on the one hand, the limited development of this approach and the doubts about the effectiveness of area‐based partnerships as tools for local development, and on the other, the benefits for the revitalisation of the fishing sector, especially in the long term.

In Spain, as in China, local administration concentrates a number of problems. This is a level of financially weak government. In addition, this fragility is increased, because the municipalities manage numerous services to citizens. Since 2008, the outbreak of the economic crisis caused many difficulties to municipalities, which borrowed. The central government has responded in 2013 with a local reform, which seeks to control the spending of municipalities. Faced with this attempt, municipalities have responded by introducing more economic discipline. Undoubtedly, some of these Spanish lessons may be important for the experience of China, where economic problems of local power are similar.

The Health system in Spain is considered one of the most valued public services by the population. In fact, during the first decade of the 21st century, Spain became a health tourism destination for people from central and northern European countries. In addition to the health infrastructure, the quality of medical and nursing care stands out. Something similar also happens with the Spanish pharmaceutical system. However, there are some characteristics that should be addressed from a Geography perspective. The pharmacies’ legal system does not consider them to be of public interest. One is when some of the main activities are the sale and distribution of medicines that are partially paid for by the Administration, that is, Social Security. In the same activity, the public function is combined with the private interests of the pharmacy owners to provide a balanced territorial service. One of the conclusions demonstrates how the borders that are sometimes created by the Administration are not always the most efficient in relation to the characteristics of the territory, nor do they provide the best service to the population and, therefore, create territorial imbalances within a country. To reach our conclusions, we carried out an exhaustive study of the pharmacy legislation in the EU and in Spain, as well as Geography of Health and theories of territorial location. We combined this information with statistics on the territorial characteristics of Spain. This allowed us to confirm the peculiarities that exist within the governance of the distribution of pharmacy offices in Spain.

UID/SOC/04647/2013 This work deals with the ongoing commodification of Lisbon's historic centre under the pressure of mass tourism and transnational real estate investment. It applies a case-study research methodology combining the quantitative analysis of statistical data on relevant socioeconomic indicators with qualitative tools such as direct observation and structured interviews with key stakeholders. In the context of crisis and austerity, and taking into account the Portuguese financial dependency and peripherality within the Eurozone, this work argues that the rent gap triggering the current transformation of Lisbon's historic centre owes much to the global gap between purchasing powers on the internal and the external markets. With the former strangled by austerity policies that have impoverished the Portuguese society, the dramatic rise of housing prices in Lisbon's historic centre is a consequence of the expansion of demand on wealthier external markets, encouraged and guaranteed by an investor-friendly legal framework implemented in the context of the crisis. This policy set includes the new urban lease law, the non-regular resident tax regime, the Golden Visa programme, the special fiscal framework for the local accommodation business, and the tax breaks for real estate funds and refurbishment initiatives. Despite its undisputed success in bringing foreign investment and stimulating the rehabilitation of derelict properties in Lisbon's historic centre, this legal framework has triggered gentrification. Real estate prices are pushed above the financial capacity of most local households, and an enclave-type exploitation of the housing stock emerges in Lisbon's historic centre that jeopardizes the former's access to housing in that territory and in its immediate surroundings. However, grassroots movements and social initiatives advocating affordable housing and the right to the city have emerged in Lisbon. publishersversion published

This article proposes a theoretical and analytical approach to modern pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela; a cultural and experiential tourism route for the twenty-first century, founded upon the recovery (idealized) of the medieval way and leading to a Christian sanctuary (where the remains of Apostle Saint James the Great are held). The success of this route is based on the fact that the new tourist mixes pilgrimage motivations (displacement for religious or spiritual motivations) with tourist motivations, such as the search for various landscapes, the need to mentally unwind and to escape from the pressures of daily life. This work analyses the case of Santiago de Compostela and the evolution of the three elements that make up pilgrimage and lead us to understand the current position of the Camino, along with some of its weaknesses.

Purpose – This paper evaluates the effect of Spain's regulatory framework on Mercadona's expansion. Mercadona is the main company in this commercial distribution sector and so we have taken the North American company Wal-Mart as a classic example of the sector on a world scale. In Spain the regulatory framework is characterized by the high grade of autonomy of the regional governments over the development of business regulation. In other words, the main objective is to check the extent of competitive bias resulting from regulatory risk. Design/methodology/approach – The article discusses the stores and retailers of Mercadona. Through the use of quantitative indicators the degree of concentration-dispersion is studied, which is reflected graphically with a series of maps. It also discusses the normalisation constraints by quantitative data analysis from a region with trade liberalisation criteria (Madrid) and another with criteria for restricting the construction of large retail outlets (Barcelona) Findings – In the commercial distribution sector, certain firms stand out due to their rapid expansion, firms that have been successful in implementing widely different business philosophies. This article interprets the course and the immediate challenges for Mercadona, taking Wal-Mart as a reference, since this company is already at a more advanced stage of development: the conversion of an operator on an international scale. Originality/value – The study described helps in understanding the process of forming a large commercial distribution chain in Southern Europe. This example in turn allows an understanding of business concentration processes in this sector.

No presente trabalho aponta-se como a semelhança cultural e linguística entre o galego e o português, assim como a proximidade que outorga a raia do Minho, permite reinterpretar a geopolítica da Galiza, Portugal e a lusofonia, a prol de um maior achegamento e integraçâo. De fato, a Galiza é o território espanhol mais próximo a Portugal em muitos sentidos. Também constitue uma continuidade do eixo urbano atlântico que, desde Setúbal até A Corunha-Ferrol define o corredor de maior concentraçâo urbana e econômica da Península Ibérica. A Galiza e o Portugal formaram um reino e uma língua comum nos inícios da Idade Média. Na atualidade as suas relaçôes econômicas, medidas em Investimentos Exteriores Diretos e comércio exterior, multiplicaram-se desde a integraçâo nas Comunidades Europeias. O nascimento e consolidaçâo duma Eurtorregiâo entre a Comunidade Autônoma de Galiza e a Regiâo Norte de Portugal ele faz, mas afirmar, o interesse duma cooperaçâo interterritorial acrescentada. A Geografia deve compreender e explicar este importante processo recente que introduz uma realidade a diferentes escalas no mundo globalizada dos começos do século XXI. In this work points the cultural and linguistic similarity between Galician and Portuguese, as well as the proximity to which gives the streak of Minho, lets reinterpret close the geopolitics of Galicia, Portugal and lusophony. Galicia is Spain closer to Portugal in many senses. It constitutes also a continuity of urban Atlantic axis that since Setubal until A Coruña-Ferrol defines the largest urban and economic concentration of the Iberian Peninsula. Galicia and Portugal formed a Kingdom and a common language at the beginning of the middle age. Today their economic affairs, Foreign Direct Investments and measures in foreign trade, have multiplied since the soul integration in the European Community. The birth and consolidation of a Euroregion between the Autonomous Community of Galicia and the Northern Region of Portugal, but say the interest an inter-territorial cooperation added. Geography should understand and explain this important process that introduces a reality the different scales in the globalized world of the 21ST century starts.

This chapter presents a geographical analysis of the Way of Saint James in several venues. Its contemporary dimension is favored, providing the basic keys to understanding the changes discussed, but certainly a focus is on the past. We begin with a theoretical review of the peregrination issue from a geographic perspective. Next a geopolitical interpretation of the rise and development of the Jacobean phenomenon in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period is proposed. We then turn to explain the contemporary revival of the Way of Saint James, conveyed through various geographical scales that have discursively used it. Five intersecting scales are: Spain as a nation-state construction; Galicia as national construction; devolved regions and nationalities that attained autonomy within the framework of a decentralized political system in Spain since the late 1970s; local governments; and the European Union. The next section deals with the contemporary spatial production of the Way. The final section is devoted to the interaction between landscape and the Way of Saint James, highlighting the critical contribution of books that give a prejudicial perspective to walkers/pilgrims before they experience the Camino. The conclusion systematizes the binomial tourism/pilgrimage nexus in the current Jacobean phenomenon and shows the enormous explanatory power of geography to address the Way of Saint James in its many contemporary facets.

Resumen

In recent decades the well-defined contexts of the social sciences have shown a tendency to disappear. This is particularly relevant for geography and economics, two disciplines that have discovered a set of common interdisciplinary interests. In this process, the growing consideration of space and territory as essential variables to be considered has permitted the elaboration of new perspectives for the analysis of the economic system and of international financial regulation. As a result, and within the interesting debate regarding the renovation of economic geography, we have set ourselves to the study of a subject raising unquestionable implications regarding space and the productive system: regulatory risk and country risk. Each national state presents particular models of inner institutional organization and faces individually its insertion into the global market. Geography (political) has shown this repeatedly since the end of the nineteenth century, and at present it permits the improvement of the concrete focuses of work and of the indicators employed for financial economy. It is a branch of economic knowledge that has received enough relevance when deepening its investigations concerning the behavior of the transnational capital concerned. At the same time, its relevance is due to the globalization process and to the emergence of a new and singular political map, which should be known a priori for the evaluation of the security and profitability of financial operations.