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Bankruptcy is the legitimate procedure by which monetarily troubled firms, people, and sporadically governments settle their obligations. The insolvency procedure for firms assumes a focal job in financial aspects, since rivalry drives the most wasteful firms bankrupt, subsequently raising the normal proficiency level of those remaining. This study provides a comparative analysis of the most significant aspects of bankruptcy for individuals in Russia and the United States. The objective of the study was to determine the conditions involved in declaring a citizen insolvent in US and Russian law, for which we studied the ways of filing applications in these countries, as well as some methods of abuse by creditors that reduce the effectiveness of the bankruptcy institution, and the ways to minimize them. Based on the results of the analysis, proposals were made to improve the legislation that governs people’s bankruptcy. These proposals are based on the positive experience of the United States in the field of legal regulation of insolvency institutions.

Design of flux profile and guided motion of magnetic flux quanta (also known as vortices) are central issues for functionality of superconducting devices. Anchoring vortex movement by trapping flux lines through the use of defects and preventing vortex entry by shielding magnetic field have been broadly explored, which can also enable reduction of noise for optimal device operation. Removing vortices entirely via the so-called ratchet effect (employing an asymmetric energy potential) is another alternative. This ratcheting potential is also used in DNA splitting, particle separation, surface atom electromigration, and electrophoresis. Utilizing a superconductor with the ratchet vortex pinning potential induces a dominant motion direction, which can be used to pump flux out from device functional zones. In this work, a varying thickness superconductor with its tailored intrinsic pinning mechanism has been simulated and proven to provide this preferential vortex motion. We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that a varying thickness superconducting ratchet is indeed possible. Furthermore, the sawtooth shape of the bridge provides a tunability to the preferred vortex motion direction, dependent on the ramp gradient and intrinsic pinning strength.

To improve the usefulness of superconducting devices the critical current density (Jc) oftenneeds to be improved ormodified. This can simply be done by increasing the amount of defects present, allowing more magnetic flux to be trapped. These defects can be introduced artificially after deposition by use of for instance controlled holes throughout the surface (antidots), or prior to deposition by manipulating the procedure or substrate type/surface. In this paper, LaAlO3 substrates were annealed at 1000 °C for 2 h prior to deposition of approximately 250 nm of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 . Across several depositions, on average the Jc of the annealed substrate film is improved∼10-15% relative to a plain substrate film. Aside from a Jc enhancement, the annealed substrate samples were found to have a much higher consistency between depositions, particularly at lower applied magnetic fields. Furthermore, ion beam etching is often required on the substrate for fabrication of superconducting devices. This paper has shown that annealing can restore the substrate surface to the same quality as the manufactured plain substrate, based on the very similar Jc values.

The critical current density, J c, can be increased by introducing defects throughout YBa 2Cu 3O 7 superconducting thin films. We propose a new approach of substrate nanoengineering to produce well-controlled defects. LaAlO 3 substrates have been ion-etched with different 34 nm deep patterns prior to the deposition of the films. An annealing step at 1000 °C after substrate etching has been undertaken to negate the Ar-ion damage to the surface. The J c of the so-prepared samples measured at different temperatures has been compared to thin films deposited on plain substrates at the same time. In general, an increase in J c is observed across all temperatures and fields as a result of both patterning and annealing. In particular, at zero field and 85 K, the largest enhancement of > 40% has been recorded for circle and triangle patterns. This new substrate nanoengineering technique is very promising for flux trapping of superconducting devices, particularly because an increase to critical current ( I c) also occurs. Further optimization of depth, size, and shape of the patterns is expected to produce further improvements to J c.

Magnetic particles can be used to take advantage of both defect and magnetic pinning in high-temperature superconductors. We combined layers of ferrite+cerium oxide with YBCO to see their effect both on the structure of the YBCO and on flux pinning. The deposition temperature of the ferrite greatly affects its structure and also the saturation magnetization. Combined with YBCO, the magnetic layer distorts the structure of YBCO, although, for example, the critical temperature remains rather unchanged. According to the structural results achieved here, the magnetic pinning layer is best positioned on the top of YBCO. This way, an improvement in Jc(B) is seen in all the field range, and also, a clear improvement of the accommodation field was measured. However, it does not play a huge role whether the ferrite is CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, or ZnFe2O4, all mixed with CeO2.