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A newly designed superconducting magnet of the Canted-Cosine-Theta (CCT) type was developed as a result of a collaboration between Swedish universities (Uppsala and Linneaus) and Swedish industries. This magnet was designed to function as a replacement of the present LHC orbit corrector magnets, which are approaching their end of life due to the radiation load. As a result, the new CCT magnet was developed to be more radiation tolerant and to constitute a one-to-one replacement to the currently installed version, which is a 1 m long 70 mm double aperture dipole magnet. The final magnet, which is currently under construction, will be tested at FREIA laboratory at Uppsala University and generate a magnetic field of 3.3 T and an integrated field of 2.8 Tm at about 85 A. To examine the magnet quench behavior and to identify a suitable quench protection system, the 3D electro-magnetic and thermal behavior of the coil was modeled using the RAT-Raccoon software. Based on the simulation results, a Metrosil varistor was selected to protect the magnet during the test. In this article, we report the results of the numerical analysis. The magnet model is equipped with a spot heater to initialize the quench and the temperature and voltages are monitored during the avalanche effect. The simulated current decay and the hot-spot temperature are analyzed with a focus on the impact of quench-back on the magnet protection.

We have developed a new and unique experimental setup integrating the central part of the Wide Angle Shower Apparatus (WASA) into the Fragment Separator (FRS) at GSI. This combination opens up possibilities of new experiments with high-resolution spectroscopy at forward 0 and measurements of light decay particles with nearly full solid-angle acceptance in coincidence. The first series of the WASA-FRS experiments have been successfully carried out in 2022. The developed experimental setup and two physics experiments performed in 2022 including the status of the preliminary data analysis are introduced.

Interests on few-body hypernuclei have been increased by recent results of experiments employing relativistic heavy ion beams. Some of the experiments have revealed that the lifetime of the lightest hypernucleus, hypertriton, is significantly shorter than 263 ps which is expected by considering the hypertriton to be a weakly-bound system. The STAR collaboration has also measured the hypertriton binding energy, and the deduced value is contradicting to its formerly known small binding energy. These measurements have indicated that the fundamental physics quantities of the hypertriton such as its lifetime and binding energy have not been understood, therefore, they have to be measured very precisely. Furthermore, an unprecedented Lambda nn bound state observed by the HypHI collaboration has to be studied in order to draw a conclusion whether or not such a bound state exists. These three-body hypernuclear states are studied by the heavy-ion beam data in the WASA-FRS experiment and by analysing J-PARC E07 nuclear emulsion data with machine learning.

A novel technique to study bound states of exotic hadrons in subatomic nuclei, such as hypernuclei and mesic nuclei, has been developed by employing the Fragment Separator FRS and the WASA central detector at GSI. Two experiments, S447 for studying light hypernuclei, especially hypertriton and a Ann bound state, and S490 for searching for ri' mesic-nuclei, were recently performed. Data analyses are currently in progress, and light charged particles such as protons and x & PLUSMN; are clearly observed and identified in the both experiments. For S447, light nuclear fragments that can also be residual nuclei from decays of hypernuclei of interests have been analysed by the FRS, and a momentum resolution, Ap/p, of 5 x 10-4 has been achieved. Further data analyses are to be completed. The WASA-FRS project will be continued and extended with the FRS at FAIR Phase 0, and upgrading of the WASA magnet and detectors is currently in progress. Furthermore, construction of a larger detector system with the Super-FRS at FAIR Phase 1 is also under consideration.

A prototype CCT dipole magnet developed by a collaboration between Swedish universities, Swedish industry and CERN will be tested at Uppsala University. This 1 m long double-aperture magnet can provide a field strength of 3.3 T at 85 A in a 70 mm aperture with an integrated field of 2.8 Tm. It is intended to replace the current LHC orbit corrector magnets which are reaching the end of their expected life due to the radiation load. The new magnet is designed to handle the radiation dose of the upgrade to the high-luminosity LHC, which will deliver about ten times the current radiation dose. It must therefore be more resistant to radiation and meet strict requirements in terms of electrical insulation while matching the original field quality and self-protective capability, mechanical volume, and maximum excitation current. This paper will present the latest of the design and manufacturing work, including the results of simulations of the mechanical field and the mechanical stress. Details of the various tests performed before machining the parts are also presented.

This article proposes a novel validated de-embedding approach to S-parameter measurement. This de-embedding approach benefits from the fully symmetric nature of the designed tapered transmission line test fixture and requires only a Through (THRU) standard. A key point of this approach is solving for a new coefficient Rx, which is defined to take into account the inherent physical properties of the transmission network. Compared with previous thru-only de-embedding methods, the present approach is applicable to a significantly wider range of frequencies and offers more flexibility in the design of the test fixture. In addition, this approach simplifies multiport configurations compared with traditional complicated calibration methods such as Through, Reflect, Line (TRL). For validation purposes, symmetric two-and four-port tapered THRUs were designed and measured. This novel de-embedding approach is verified by comparison measurements with the classic TRL method or the HFSS simulation and shows a very good agreement.

The High Luminosity LHC requires dipole orbit correctors grouped in double aperture magnet assemblies. They provide a field of 3.1 T at 100 A in an aperture of 70 mm. The current standard design is a classical cosine-theta layout made with ribbon cable. However, the electric insulation of this cable is not radiation-resistant enough to withstand the radiation load expected in the coming years of LHC operation. A new design, based on a cable with polyimide insulator, that can replace the existing orbit correctors, is needed. The challenge is to design a magnet that fits directly into the existing positions and that can operate with the same busbars, passive quench protection, and power supplies. The new orbit corrector design meets high requirements on the field quality while keeping within the same mechanical volume and maximum excitation current. A collaboration of Swedish universities and Swedish industry has been formed for the development and production of a prototype magnet following a concurrent engineering methodology to reduce the time needed to produce a CCT magnet. The magnet has a 1 m long CCT dipole layout consisting of two coils. The superconductor is a commercially available 0.33 mm wire with polyimide insulation in a 6-around-1 cable. The channels in the coil formers, that determine the CCT layout, allow for 2 x 5 cable layers. A total of 70 windings makes that the coil current can be kept below 100 A. We will present the detailed design and preliminary quench simulations.

The FREIA Laboratory at Uppsala University focuses on superconducting technology and accelerator development. It actively supports the development of the European Spallation Source, CERN, and MAX IV, among others. FREIA has developed test facilities for superconducting accelerator technology such as a double-cavity horizontal test cryostat, a vertical cryostat with a novel magnetic field compensation scheme, and a test stand for short cryomodules. Accelerating cavities have been tested in the horizontal cryostat, crab-cavities cavities in the vertical cryostat, and cryomodules for ESS on the cryomodule test stand. High power radio-frequency amplifier prototypes based on vacuum tube technology were developed for driving spoke cavities. Solid-state amplifiers and power combiners are under development for future projects. We present the status of the FREIA Laboratory complemented with results of recent projects and future prospects.

A variable-temperature pulsed high-voltage system has been constructed and a series of high-field measurements on copper electrodes have been carried out. The measurements are made at ambient to cryogenic temperatures and include conditioning, breakdown threshold, and field emission. A significant, up to 50%, increase in the breakdown threshold and remarkable stability of field emission are observed when cooled to cryogenic temperatures compared to room temperature. These results provide important experimental input for the development of quantitative theories and models of high-field processes as well as practical input for cryogenic radio-frequency systems.

We plan a semi-exclusive measurement of the C-12(p,dp) reaction to search for eta'-mesic nuclei, aiming at investigating in-medium properties of the eta'-meson. We employ a 2.5 GeV proton beam impinging on a carbon target to produce eta'-mesic C-11 nuclei via the C-12(p,d)eta'circle times C-11 reaction. Using coincidence measurements of the forward going deuterons, important for missing-mass spectroscopy, and decay protons emitted from the eta'-mesic nuclei for event selection will provide a high experimental sensitivity to observe eta'-mesic nuclei. We will perform the measurements by combining the WASA detector system with the fragment separator FRS at GSI and also with the Super-FRS at FAIR in the future. The plan of the experiments and the present status are reported.

This paper presents the first results of an in-house developed low-level radio frequency (LLRF) system and a 10 kW solid state power amplifier (SSPA). The design approach for the SSPA is based on eight resonant single-ended kilowatt modules combined using a planar Gysel combiner. Each of the single-ended modules is based on a two-stepped impedance resonant matching, allowing for harmonic suppression, simple design for massive production, and high-performance design. A design methodology to tune SSPA modules for optimum combining efficiency is presented thoroughly in the time domain. We characterize the power droop due to capacitor banks in the time domain. In open loop of compensation, it is about 1 kW within the pulse of peak value 10 kW and a duration of 3.5 ms. This may lead to the beam instability of the accelerator as particles are not provided with the same energy during the pulse. By incorporating our LLRF system, it is demonstrated that the objective of amplitude and phase stability is satisfied, as required in the European Spallation Source proton accelerator. The presented design also offers the advantages of compact form factor, low complexity, and better performance. In closed loop compensation, the variation of amplitude (pulse droop) is measured on the order of 20 W, which is equivalent to 0.2% at 10 kW peak output power.

ESS, the European Spallation Source, will adopt a single family of double spoke cavities for accelerating the beam from the normal conducting section to the first family of the elliptical superconducting cavities. It will be the first double spoke cavities in the world to be commissioned for a high power proton accelerator. The first double spoke cavity for the ESS project was tested with high power in the HNOSS cryostat at Uppsala University. A pulse-mode test stand based on a self-excited loop was used in this test. The qualification of the cavity package involves a double-spoke superconducting cavity, a fixed fundamental power coupler, tuner, a low-level radiofrequency (LLRF) system and a high-power radiofrequency (RF) station. The test represents an important verification milestone before the module assembly. This cavity had unfortunately a high dynamic loss of 12W @ 9 MV/m, where potential causes for such a high value have been studied and corresponding suggestions are listed. This paper presents the test configuration, RF conditioning history, first high power performance and experience of this cavity package.

This study presents a new two-way Gysel combiner based on an air-dielectric stripline which allows to handle very high radio-frequency power levels with low-loss suitable for power combination in accelerator applications. The insertion loss of the combiner is 0.1 dB (2%). A thick stripline implementation allows improving the power capability in both continuous wave (CW) and pulsed operation. In addition, a mechanical tuner allows compensating for assembly and fabrication discrepancies. A methodology of designing the Gysel combiner as well as high-power measurements up to 22 kW in pulsed mode are presented. Simulations and measurements are in very good agreement., ESS

This paper presents the time domain characterization of high power pulsed solid state amplifiers to be used forlinear accelerator applications. The study comprises nonlinear circuit envelope simulations and time domainenvelope measurements. Measurements and simulations are performed under the pulsed conditions (3.5 mspulse width, 5% duty cycle) specific to the European Spallation Source (ESS) high intensity proton accelerator.We measure the characteristics of pulsed LDMOS based power amplifiers such as: pulse droop along the pulse,efficiency, average envelope pulse amplitude and phase, pulse drain current waveform, pulse drain voltagewaveform, etc. A comparison between the measured results and the simulated results is also presented. Inaddition to the pulse profile characterization, the pulse to pulse (P2P) stability of the presented solid state poweramplifier (SSPA) is investigated as variations of amplitude and phase. The P2P stability simulations areintroduced as a combination of the Monte-Carlo simulations and the nonlinear circuit envelope simulations. Thesimulated results are used for fitting the P2P measurements to give an early insight of causes of instabilities ofthe nonlinear LDMOS models., ESS

We present radio frequency (RF) and thermal characterization of a compact 12-way power combiner designed for operation at 352 MHz at a power level of 100 kW with 5% duty factor. The combiner is based on a reentrant cavity with 12 input doorknob couplers and one output coupler that is integrated with the post of the cavity and forms doorknob type geometry. We introduce convenient design formulas that allow easy identification of a suitable parameter space, which is then refined with numerical simulations. Low-power RF measurements of a prototype show 0.2% insertion loss and a relative rms amplitude imbalance between the ports of 0.1% and phase imbalance of 0.036 degrees rms. The matching is better than -25 dB over a 3-dB bandwidth around the design frequency. We also tested the combiner up to 200 kW and found the RF loss to be comparable to that of the low-power measurement. In a long test run at 100 kW with 5% duty factor, the combiner temperature stabilized at 10 degrees above ambient.

A compact single-stage 8-1 Gysel Combiner in planar technology for operation with 352-MHz pulses with peak output power of 10 kW has been designed, manufactured, and tested. The module has 0.2-dB insertion loss when operated at nominal power, and the return loss of all ports is 20 dB or better. The module was operated using 3.3-ms pulses at 14-Hz repetition rate without any signs of degradation, thermal heating, or arcing. The new design makes use of inclusions of weakly coupled lines in the common point section of the Gysel combiner. It is possible to adjust port imbalances caused by parasitic line coupling in the system for optimum performance at a given frequency by adjusting the coupling.