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Until recently, mainstream approaches to low carbon mobility transitions had largely avoided considering mobility reductions as a serious option, focusing instead on making mobility “cleaner” or more “efficient”. In 2020, however, not going to work or not going anywhere became a reality for hundreds of millions of people as a result of restrictions related to COVID-19. The paper proposes that experiences of a less mobile life under COVID-19 may offer us insight into both the taken-for-granted meanings of mobility in daily life before COVID-19, now made visible, and into the potential hurdles faced by low-carbon mobility transitions ahead. Drawing on the analysis of written interviews with 50 people from various countries, the paper explores what living without commuting means for different people, what experiences they miss, and what they find enjoyable.The results indicate that the majority of respondents miss quite a few aspects of daily mobility, but have also discovered new experiences, routines and meanings that hold their daily life together and make it pleasant. Not commuting, thus, just like commuting itself, simultaneously entails positive and negative experiences for most people. Building on these findings, the paper suggests that mobility transition policies need to accommodate this complexity by looking at which needs particular mobilities fulfil. In a context of reduced mobility (e.g. due to teleworking), this means thinking about how needs related to mobility can be accommodated and orchestrated through employer policies, transportation planning and urban design in a way which strengthens sustainable, inclusive mobilities.

Een hardnekkig probleem in STEDELIJKE GEBIEDEN is de hoge parkeerdruk. Mede door parkeerbeleid is daar sturing aan te geven. Om goed parkeerbeleid te ontwikkelen, is het van belang de MAATSCHAPPELIJKE TRENDS in het oog te hebben die van invloed kunnen zijn op de parkeerdruk in woongebieden. In dit artikel wordt daarom aandacht besteed aan een AANTAL DEMOGRAFISCHE ONTWIKKELINGEN die in samenhang met ontwikkelingen in verstedelijking en stedelijke mobiliteit van invloed zijn op AUTOBEZIT.

A cross-sectional study was carried out to identify bacteria and parasites that caused disease and lowered productivity in indigenous chickens in Rachuonyo and Migori districts in Southern Nyanza, Kenya. A total of 21 chickens from 11 randomly-selected homesteads, within a group that was recruited into the African Institute of Capacity building and Development (AICAD) project, were used in the study. The chicken-keepers routinely vaccinated their birds against Newcastle disease and were recovering froman outbreak of Gumboro disease which had caused high mortalities. Picking of the chickens for postmortem examination was by random selection at household level and also geared towards picking thosethat showed signs of disease. Bacterial isolations were done from pooled oro-pharyngeal and cloacal swabs, and swabs from liver and/or other organs showing pathology. Parasitological isolations were done from skins and gastro-intestinal tracts. Pasteurella and Klebsiella were isolated from cases that were showing respiratory signs, while Salmonella Gallinarum was isolated from liver and spleen of a few birds showing signs of mild peritonitis. Other bacteria isolated, from oro-pharyngeal and cloacal swabs, included: Staphylococcus, Bacillus, E. coli, and Enterobacter. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from a case of skin wounds and defeathering. Parasitological isolations included: ascarids, tape worms, flukes, pin worms, tetrameres, stick-tight fleas and scaly-leg mites. These organisms were associated with various pathological lesions. Since they indirectly cause stress that is associated with increased susceptibility to other diseases and reduction in productivity of the birds, it was found advisable that, in addition to vaccination against the viral diseases, the poultry-keepers exercised regular deworming and dusting of the birds with acaricides, as well as treating the birds whenever they appear sick.

RésuméLes microparticules sont des vésicules phospholipidiques de moins d‟un micromètre relâchées dans le sang par différents types cellulaires, comme les cellules endothéliales, les plaquettes ou encore les globules blancs et rouges. Elles sont bioactives et impliquées dans de nombreux processus physiologiques incluant l‟hémostase. De plus, un nombre élevé de microparticules circulantes dans le sang a été observé dans différentes pathologies.Dans le domaine de la transfusion, les microparticules de globules rouges ont été détectées dans les concentrés érythrocytaires. Le but de cette recherche était de caractériser les microparticules de globules rouges et d‟évaluer si ces dernières avaient un rôle en transfusion. Pour ce faire, une approche globale utilisant différentes techniques comme la cytométrie de flux, la protéomique, la microscopie ainsi que des tests d‟hémostase de routines, a été adoptée.Le présent travail de thèse a démontré que les microparticules de globules rouges s‟accumulent dans les concentrés érythrocytaires pendant le stockage. Leur bioactivité a été démontrée de part leur rôle actif dans le processus de la coagulation. En effet, lors de test de génération de thrombine, elles peuvent non seulement supporter ce processus de coagulation, mais aussi le déclencher par un mécanisme inconnu sous certaines circonstances. Les microparticules de globules rouges présentent aussi des antigènes de groupes sanguins à leur surface, toutefois, leur implication potentielle dans l‟induction d‟une réponse immunitaire n‟est pas connue. Bien que le mécanisme de formation et d‟émissions des microparticules par les globules rouges ne soit pas complètement élucidé, il a été démontré qu‟elles n‟ont pas toutes le même contenu protéique et donc qu‟elles pourraient avoir des fonctions différentes.Au vu des résultats, notamment par leur implication dans la coagulation, il est fort probable que la présence de microparticules puisse affecter la qualité des produits sanguins, et causer des réactions transfusionnelles.

Millions of blood products are transfused every year; many lives are thus directly concerned by transfusion. The three main labile blood products used in transfusion are erythrocyte concentrates, platelet concentrates and fresh frozen plasma. Each of these products has to be stored according to its particular components. However, during storage, modifications or degradation of those components may occur, and are known as storage lesions. Thus, biomarker discovery of in vivo blood aging as well as in vitro labile blood products storage lesions is of high interest for the transfusion medicine community. Pre-analytical issues are of major importance in analyzing the various blood products during storage conditions as well as according to various protocols that are currently used in blood banks for their preparations. This paper will review key elements that have to be taken into account in the context of proteomic-based biomarker discovery applied to blood banking.

The ability to adapt our behavioral repertoire to different situations and tasks is crucial for our behavioral control. Since the same motor behavior can have different meanings in different task situations, we often have to change the meaning of our responses when we get into a different task context. In a functional MRI experiment we manipulated this response recoding process. Subjects were required to execute two simple spatial tasks in a task switching paradigm. In one condition both tasks required the same set of responses, hence each response had two different meanings depending on the relevant task (bivalent condition). In the other condition subjects used a separate set of responses for each task (univalent condition). While subjects were required to recode the meaning when switching from one task to the next in the bivalent condition, response recoding was not required in the univalent condition. We demonstrate that the lateral prefrontal cortex is involved in recoding of response meaning. These results extend previous assumptions on the role of the prefrontal cortex in behavioral control.