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BACKGROUND Congenital ocular anomalies are one of the important causes of childhood blindness. Blindness is a serious public health issue, and also a social and economic problem worldwide. Majority of global blindness is avoidable and curable. Most of global blindness is in developing countries. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of congenital ocular anomalies in the paediatric age group and its associated risk factors in a tertiary care hospital in Kancheepuram. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among children of 0 – 14 years age group attending the ophthalmology department of SRM Medical College and Hospital, Kancheepuram from December 2018 to November 2020. Congenital ocular anomalies were detected by detailed ocular examination and the type of congenital ocular anomaly was assessed. Associated risk factors like family history of congenital ocular anomalies, family history of consanguinity and significant antenatal history of the mother of the children were collected. RESULTS Out of 9865 cases, we found that 61 cases had congenital ocular anomalies. There was a male preponderance. Majority of the cases were in the age group 0 - 5 years. A positive history of consanguinity was present in 10 % of cases. The most commonly found cases were congenital cataract and congenital dacryocystitis. CONCLUSIONS Children with congenital ocular anomalies and functional vision should be given glasses and low vision aid. There is a great need for early screening, detection and treatment by paediatric or trained ophthalmologists in referral hospitals. KEYWORDS Congenital Ocular Anomalies, Paediatric Age Group, Prevalence

Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome has three clinical entities- Chandler’s syndrome, progressive iris atrophy and Cogan Reese syndrome. A 40 year old female presented to the department of Ophthalmology with a chief complaint of unusually looking left eye for many years. Ocular examination revealed left eye visual acuity 6/6, Several iris stretch holes at 9 to 12 o’clock, with marked iris thinning. Pupil had polycoria and corectopia. Fundus examination revealed normal disc with 0.5cup disk ratio, IOP -24mm Hg. OCT RNLF and visual fields were normal. RE was completely within normal limits. Patient was started on eye drop Timolol 0.5%, 1 drop BD in left eye. On follow up the IOP was under control (18 mm Hg). Since patient had predominant progressive changes in the iris and specific unilateral clinical features, it was diagnosed as essential iris atrophy with early secondary glaucomatous features. Keywords: Progressive iris, Secondary glaucoma.

In India, the survival rates for preterm infants have increased, thereby risk of developing ROP has also increased. There are not enough reports on the prevalence of ROP in India. The aim of study is to determine the prevalence of retinopathy in preterm infants. Infants with birth weight, 2000 grams and gestational age 32 weeks and or 32-34 weeks with other risk factors of ROP were examined over a period of one year in a tertiary care hospital. Results: 68 infants full filled the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of ROP in our study was 22.05%.40% percent of the infants had stage 1 ROP, stage 2 was found in53.33%, stage 3 in only 6.66% preterm babies. The mean gestational age for ROP group is 28.20 with SD of 1.74 whereas for non ROP group is 30.58weeks with SD of 2.1. There is a significant differences between the ROP group and non ROP group p =0.001. The mean birth weight of ROP group is 1002 gram with SD of 0.24 and non ROP group is 1330 gram with SD of 0.41. There is a significant differences between the mean weight of ROP group and of non ROP group, P 0.007. Infants with lower birth weight and lower gestational age at birth had a significant higher incidence of ROP. Therefore, in order to make ROP as an avoidable cause of blindness in children, more emphasis should be given on early screening and detection of ROP in premature babies. Keywords: Retinopathy of prematurity, Low birth weight, Gestational age.

Introduction: One of the most important cause of dry eye is diabetes mellitus. Longer the duration of diabetes in a patients, higher is the chance of developing dry eye. Level of blood sugar in diabetic patients also has a role to play in causing dry eye disease. It is seen that dry eye disease is more common in patients with poor blood sugar control. In India, not much studies has been done on dry eyes in diabetic patients. This study was carried out in an attempt to find out prevalence of dry eye in diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Hospital based prevalence study of hundred patients with type II diabetes was conducted in SRM medical college and hospital between august 2012 and July 2013.Detailed diabetic history, slit lamp bio microscopy, Schirmers test, tear break up time, fluorescein staining, Rose Bengal staining were done, along with a standard questionnaire. Results: Forty three (43%) type II diabetes patients had dry eye in our study. A significant association is found in dry eye with poor glycaemic control [p-0.001] and with longer duration of diabetes [p Conclusion: Good glycaemic control is essential to reduce the prevalence of dry eye. Examination of dry eye should be considered as an integral part in the assessment of diabetic eye diseases. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Glycaemic control, Prevalence, Dry eye.

Aim: The objective of this study was to screen the patients with rheumatoid arthritis for dry eye and to find out prevalence of dry eye disease in these patients. We also studied the association of rheumatoid arthritis with severity of dry eye disease. Materials and Methods: This cross section study was carried out in SRM medical college ophthalmology department. Duration of this hospital based study was from november2013 to October 2014. Forty four patients with rheumatoid arthritis from rheumatology department were taken and forty four age and sex matched patients were taken from SRM ophthalmology department as control for study. Detailed history and eye examination was done. SPSS 16 and Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Overall prevalence of dry eye disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients was15/44(34.09%) in our rheumatoid arthritis patients, as compared to5/44(11.36%) control. In our study 17/44(38.63%) of rheumatoid arthritis patients had TBUT Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of dry eye disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients in South India. Severity of dry eye disease is also more in rheumatoid arthritis patients as compared to normal population. There is a statistically significant difference of tear quantity and tear quality between two groups. We recommend early diagnosis and prompt treatment of dry eye disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients because greater percentage of patients had signs of dry eye disease as compared to symptoms of dry eye disease. Therefore it is very important to screen all rheumatoid arthritis patients for dry eye disease irrespective of duration and severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Dry eye disease, Tear break up time (TBUT), Schirmers test, Prevalence. Introduction An overall of 1% general population,[1],[2] is affected by rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis has been described as a symmetric deforming polyarthritis. It i

Caste as a social and religious system has been undergoing changes over time. As we know caste is nothing but a mental situation of ‘Purity and Pollution’ which exhibit through different behavioral patterns of the people who have ascribed their status of socio-religious distinction. If we observe their behavioral patterns with intensity and apprehend the mental state behind those patterns, we find that the system still exists in a perishable manner. As ethnography, this study intends to explore the situational context of caste system in a Bangladesh village where both Hindus (Sanatana religion) and Muslims live together in separate residential areas. The study has designed to achieve some objectives through participated observation method in a village which is situated in Badarganj sub-district of Rangpur district. The both authors stayed in the village for fourteen months with two recesses. It was found that the present situation of caste system in the village has changed with the changes of the notions and attitude; the concept of untouchability has gradually weakened, but this can be the prediction that so long Hinduism persists, the concept of untouchability will endure. But, in general, the concept has been confined to the kitchen, and women have been the custodians of the concept. Regarding the changing pattern, we can say that caste, which was prevailing in a rigid form, is turning less rigid, and more flexible and adaptive in nature. It never was open, and never will be open like the class system.

Pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy (PPCRA) is an uncommon retinal disorder of unknown etiology that is neither well understood nor classified. We report an atypical case of PPCRA, associated with Coat's like response (CLR) in a 64-year-old man of Asian origin. Both the eyes were involved, though asymmetrically.