Search

10 p.-6 fig., Lentinula is a broadly distributed group of fungi that contains the cultivated shiitake mushroom, L. edodes. We sequenced 24 genomes representing eight described species and several unnamed lineages of Lentinula from 15 countries on four continents. Lentinula comprises four major clades that arose in the Oligocene, three in the Americas and one in Asia–Australasia. To expand sampling of shiitake mushrooms, we assembled 60 genomes of L. edodes from China that were previously published as raw Illumina reads and added them to our dataset. Lentinula edodes sensu lato (s. lat.) contains three lineages that may warrant recognition as species, one including a single isolate from Nepal that is the sister group to the rest of L. edodes s. lat., a second with 20 cultivars and 12 wild isolates from China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East, and a third with 28 wild isolates from China, Thailand, and Vietnam. Two additional lineages in China have arisen by hybridization among the second and third groups. Genes encoding cysteine sulfoxide lyase (lecsl) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (leggt), which are implicated in biosynthesis of the organosulfur flavor compound lenthionine, have diversified in Lentinula. Paralogs of both genes that are unique to Lentinula (lecsl 3 and leggt 5b) are coordinately up-regulated in fruiting bodies of L. edodes. The pangenome of L. edodes s. lat. contains 20,308 groups of orthologous genes, but only 6,438 orthogroups (32%) are shared among all strains, whereas 3,444 orthogroups (17%) are found only in wild populations, which should be targeted for conservation., This research was supported by the NSF awards DEB-1456588 to D.H. and DEB-1442113 to A.R., the Department of Energy award 0000238431 to D.H., the GENOBIOREF (BIO2017-86559-R) project of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (cofinanced by FEDER funds) to F.J.R.-D., S.C., and A.T.M., grant PID2019-103901GB-I00 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to P.F., and the NIH award R56AI146096 to A.R. J.L.S. and A.R. were supported by the HHMI and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund. The work (proposal: 10.46936/10.25585/60001048) conducted by the US Department of Energy JGI (https://ror.org/04xm1d337), a DOE Office of Science User Facility, was supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy operated under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

Contribuir para el debate y reflexion sobre el tema: produccion, mercado y comercializacion solidaria es el motivo que impulsa la realizacion del presente estudio. Partimos de la idea de que el mercado es frecuentemente visto como “un mecanismo autorregulado mediante los precios y de la relacion entre la oferta y la demanda”, lo que a nuestro juicio constituye una mera abstraccion. En ese sentido, el estudio se vincula a la defensa de la idea de acortar las distancias entre produccion y el consumo y sus consecuentes impactos sobre el sistema agroalimentario en el Estado de Amazonas. En el caso brasilero la matriz hegemonica de las acciones economicas volcadas para la produccion, especialmente la de alimentos y demas productos originarios del sector agropecuario, sin duda alguna es ampliamente vinculada al agronegocio y para las grandes cadenas de comercializacion y distribucion de productos y servicios. Asi es que en el contexto actual “las nuevas posibilidades de insercion de la agricultura familiar en los mercados agroalimentarios, con base en estrategias autonomas, requieren una optica de ‘construccion de mercados’ adecuados a la realidad de los agentes economicos de pequeno porte.

Omphalotaceae is the family of widely distributed and morphologically diverse marasmioid and gymnopoid agaric genera. Phylogenetic studies have included the family in Agaricales, grouping many traditionally and recently described genera of saprotrophic or parasitic mushroom-producing fungi. However, some genera in Omphalotaceae have not reached a stable concept that reflects monophyletic groups with identifiable morphological circumscription. This is the case of Gymnopus and Marasmiellus, which have been the target of two opposing views: (1) a more inclusive Gymnopus encompassing Marasmiellus, or (2) a more restricted Gymnopus (s. str.) while Marasmiellus remains a distict genus; both genera still await a more conclusive phylogenetic hypothesis coupled with morphological recognition. Furthermore, some new genera or undefined clades need more study. In the present paper, a phylogenetic study was conducted based on nrITS and nrLSU in single and multilocus analyses including members of the Omphalotaceae, more specifically of the genera belonging to the /letinuloid clade. The resulting trees support the view of a more restricted Gymnopus and a distinct Marasmiellus based on monophyletic and strongly supported clades on which their morphological circumscriptions and taxonomic treatments are proposed herein. The results also provide evidence for the description of two new genera: Paragymnopus and Pusillomyces. Pusillomyces manuripioides sp. nov. (type species of the genus) is described with morphological description, taxonomic and ecological remarks, and illustrations.

Lentinula (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) includes the most widely cultivated mushroom in the world, Lentinula edodes, also known as shiitake (Japanese) or xiang-gu (Chinese). At present, nine species are recognized in the genus, based on morphology, mating criteria, and geographic distribution. However, analyses of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal RNA genes have suggested that there are cryptic lineages. We analyzed a global-scale phylogenetic dataset from 325 Lentinula individuals from 24 countries in Asia-Australasia and the Americas plus Madagascar, with 325 sequences of ITS, 80 LSU sequences, and 111 sequences of translation elongation factor (tef1-α) genes. We recovered 15 independent lineages (Groups 1-15) that may correspond to species. Lineages in Asia-Australasia (Groups 1-5) and the Americas plus Madagascar (Groups 6-15) formed sister clades. Four lineages are represented only by sequences from single individuals and require further molecular sampling, including L. aff. raphanica (Group 7), L. ixodes (Group 8), L. boryana (Group 12), and L. aff. aciculospora (Group 14). Groups 1 and 5 are here referred to L. edodes and L. aff. edodes, respectively. However, these groups most likely represent the same species and are only recognized as (unsupported) monophyletic lineages by maximum likelihood analyses of ITS alone. Other putative species resolved here include L. lateritia (Group 2), L. novae-zelandieae (Group 3), L. aff. lateritia (Group 4), L. raphanica (Group 6), L. aff. detonsa (Group 9), L. detonsa (Group 10), L. guzmanii sp. nov. (Group 11), L. aciculospora (Group 13), and L. madagasikarensis (Group 15). Groups 9-12 represent the "L. boryana complex". Molecular clock and historical biogeographic analyses suggest that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Lentinula can be placed in the middle Oligocene, ca. 30 million years ago (Ma), and had a likely presence in neotropical America. The MRCA of Lentinula in the Americas and Madagascar lived ca. 22 Ma in the Neotropics and the MRCA of Lentinula in Asia-Australasia lived ca. 6 Ma in Oceania. Given the current knowledge about plate tectonics and paleoclimatic models of the last 30 Myr, our phylogenetic hypothesis suggests that the extant distribution of Lentinula is likely to have arisen, in large part, due to long-distance dispersal. Lentinula collections include at least four dubious taxa that need further taxonomic studies: L. reticeps from the USA (Ohio); L. guarapiensis from Paraguay; Lentinus puiggarii from Brazil (São Paulo); and "L. platinedodes" from Vietnam. Approximately ten of the fifteen Groups are reported on Fagaceae, which appears to be the ancestral substrate of Lentinula.

The high diversity of the genus Geastrum and the difficulty of obtaining mycelial cultures impairs the study of the ecophysiology and the exploration of the biotechnological potential of the taxon. In this study, different culture media were tested to obtain mycelial cultures for G. lloydianum and G. subiculosum collected in the Brazilian Amazon. Data on spore germination, and isolation of monokaryotic cultures and in vitro sexual reproduction are presented, as well as a brief morphological description of the cultures obtained. For both species, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was the most promising of the tested culture media. The highest growth in agar culture ever recorded for this genus is reported (4.9 mm per week for G. lloydianum and 7.5 mm for G. subiculosum). In the PDA culture medium, spores germinated after 35-40 days of incubation and the isolation of monokaryotic cultures of the two species, as well as in vitro sexual crosses, were successfully performed. RESUMO A alta diversidade do gênero Geastrum e a dificuldade de obtenção de culturas miceliais prejudicam o estudo ecofisiológico e a exploração do potencial biotecnológico do táxon. Nesse estudo, foram testados diferentes meios de cultivo, visando a obtenção de culturas miceliais para G. lloydianum e G. subiculosum coletadas na Amazônia brasileira. A germinação dos esporos, o isolamento das culturas monocarióticas e o cruzamento sexual in vitro são apresentados, além de uma breve descrição morfológica das culturas obtidas. O meio de cultura Batata Dextrose Ágar (BDA) foi o mais promissor dentre os meios de cultura testados no cultivo das duas espécies. Reportamos o maior crescimento em cultura de ágar já registrado para esse gênero (4,9 mm por semana para G. lloydianum e 7,5 mm por semana para G. subiculosum). Nesse meio de cultivo, os esporos germinaram após 35-40 dias de incubação e o isolamento de culturas monocarióticas das duas espécies, assim com os cruzamentos sexuais in vitro, foram realizados com sucesso.

Panus strigellus was first recorded in Amazonas State of Brazil. This edible mushroom has macroscopic characteristics similar to those of P. lecomtei. In this study, we used evidence obtained from a morphological comparison, molecular analyses and mating tests to clarify the taxonomic status of P. strigellus and show differences compared to the sympatric species of Panus. In addition, this paper discusses and reports some morphological characteristics of P. strigellus. The tetrapolar mating system of P. strigellus and the incompatibility between P. lecomtei and P. strigellus was confirmed. The geographical distributions of both species in the Americas are presented.

No existe un conjunto de indicadores universales que puedan utilizarse para evaluar la sostenibilidad de cualquier tipo de sistema. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fueevaluar la sinergia entre cada uno de los principios aplicados por los agricultores de la Redde Agricultores Tradicional del estado de Amazonas, Brasil (REATA). En este trabajo se hautilizado el MESMIS modificado. Fueron evaluados agricultores de la REATA de los municipios seleccionados de Codajás, Manaos, Tefé y Urucará. Los indicadores fueron los trece principios que nortean la REATA. La aplicación de los trece principios como indicadores demuestra que existe sostenibilidad en las dimensiones ambiental, social y económica en los cuatro municipios evaluados. El índice de sostenibilidad general de la REATA fue 2,61 . La utilización de los indicadores nos permitió observar independencia entre las dimensiones, así como sinergia y sincronización entre los principios/indicadores de la REATA evidenciando la sostenibilidad de los agroecosistemas.

Los artrópodos pueden afectar directamente el desarrollo micelial y de basidiomas, siendo el cultivo de hongos una actividad perjudicada, produciéndose daños reflejados en pérdidas de producción y calidad del hongo. De ahí la importancia del conocimiento de artrópodos asociados a hongos comestibles en estados silvestres puede ayudar en el establecimiento de sistemas de prevención, que permitan controlar y manejar las posibles plagas potenciales de especies de hongos en el futuro. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar artrópodos asociados a seis especies de hongos comestibles de ocurrencia natural en Manaus-Amazonas-Brasil. Las muestras de artrópodos pertenecieron a colectas de basidiomas de Lentinula raphanica, Favolus brasiliensis, Oudemansiella cf. platensis, Panus strigellus, Pleurotus djamor y Pleurotus sp., encontrados en diferentes zonas de Manaus, desde noviembre del 2008 hasta mayo del 2011. Los grupos de artrópodos encontrados con mayor frecuencia fueron Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) en L. raphanica, P. strigellus y Pleurotus sp.; Siphonophorida (Diplopoda) en O. cf. platensis; Mesostigmata (Acari) en F. brasiliensis y P. djamor. Además, se observó que Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) y Formicidae (Hymenoptera) se encontraron asociados a las especies de hongos comestibles en estudio, excepto en O. cf. platensis. De esta manera podemos afirmar que los artrópodos asociados a hongos comestibles amazónicos con potencial de cultivo, se constituyen por ser posibles plagas y considerando los daños causados por artrópodos podrían afectar la calidad comercial de los hongos en un cultivo comercial. Palavras-chave: cultivo de hongos; plagas potenciales; basidioma; micofagia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v3n3p54-63

The protocols of in vitro cultivation described in the literature for mushrooms are usually correlated with temperate climate habitat, but it is necessary to study protocols for species of tropical climates. In this article, we collected, isolated, and evaluated the conditions of in vitro mycelial growth of Lentinus strigosus and correlated these with the characteristics of its habitat. These results indicate, as optimal conditions of in vitro mycelial growth for L. strigosus, the use of 35°C for incubation, initial pH from 5 to 7, without illumination, Sabouraud dextrose agar medium, and agitation for culture in liquid medium.

Na Amazônia brasileira, estudos etnomicológicos a partir das décadas de 60 e 70 relatam o consumo de espécies de cogumelos por grupos indígenas como os Yanomami, Tucano, Nambiquara, Caiabi, Txicão e Txucurramãe. Estudos mais recentes relatam o etnoconhecimento de indígenas Uitoto, Muinane e Andoke da Amazônia colombiana, indígenas Hotï da Amazônia venezuelana, assim como povos rurais e ribeirinhos da Amazônia peruana. Neste trabalho, foram atualizados os nomes científicos dos relatos etnomicológicos compilados, reduzindo assim a confusão e a duplicação de esforços objetivando ajustar o entendimento dos resultados publicados. Para tanto, foram realizadas consultas nos bancos de dados micológicos e trabalhos de taxonomia. Obteve-se uma lista de 34 espécies de macrofungos comestíveis. Até o momento, das espécies relatadas dez espécies foram encontradas na região de Manaus. Os gêneros mais relatados pelos grupos indígenas e ribeirinhos da Amazônia Auricularia, Favolus, Lentinula, Lentinus sensu stricto, Panus e Pleurotus. Estes gêneros apresentam espécies com potencial de cultivo de cogumelos nativos para a região amazônica. Palavras-chave: congumelos comestíveis, etinobiologia, taxonomia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v3n1p58-65

The objective of this work was to perform a screening of residues of forest species of the Central Amazon to prepare spawn of the edible mushroom Panus strigellus. Sawdust substrates from 11 forest species were tested. Then supplementation with beer yeast, cereal bran and regional fruit residues in sawdust:supplementation relation (5:1 and 10:1) were evaluated. Mycelial growth of P. strigellus occurred in all the substrates composed of the Amazonian forests species, suggesting that all have potential for use in spawn formulation and/or cultivation of this edible mushroom. Among these species the substrate formulated with Simarouba amara sawdust promoted higher mycelial growth (P

El Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP) ha iniciado un programa de mejoramiento genéticode Mauritia flexuosa L. f. aguaje, mediante colecciones de germoplasma, en el departamento de Loreto, entre los años 1999 y 2001. Se colectaron 30 entradas en poblaciones naturales, chacras de agricultores, y huertos familiares, en los distritos de Sapuena y Jenaro Herrera (Requena), Parinari (Loreto), Lagunas (Alto Amazonas), Santa María, San Juan, Punchana, Indiana e Iquitos (Maynas). Los registros de las colecciones se realizaron con el uso de descriptores de pasaporte propuesto por el descriptor de frutas tropicales. El banco de germoplasma cuenta con 30 introducciones, con 33 individuos cada uno, y está situado en el Centro de Investigaciones Allpahuayo, del Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), localizada entre los km 25.5 y 28.5 de la carretera Iquitos - Nauta. En la evaluación de infrutescencias se encontraron los valores promedios de: longitud de pedúnculo 94 cm, longitud de raquis 186 cm, número de raquillas 40, longitud de raquillas 89 cm, frutos por raquillas 14 y frutos por racimo 548. Respecto a descriptores de los frutos se encontraron valores promedio de: largo de fruto 5.37 cm y ancho 3.90 cm, largo de semilla 4.00 cm y ancho 2.91 cm, peso del fruto 59.68 g , peso de semilla 27.32 g, peso de cáscara 11.15 g, peso de pulpa 15.55 g, peso de episperma 4.70 g. La composición porcentual de frutos fue: semilla 46.29 %, pulpa 26.41 %, cáscara 19.27 % y epispermo 7.91 %.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da variação do pH na atividade de lacase e na descoloração de corantesindustriais por um extrato enzimático do fungo de podridão branca Panus lecomteicultivado em meio líquido. Made available in DSpace on 2019-08-27T01:04:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 v.8n.3CB6CB152019.pdf: 463112 bytes, checksum: b13e1e60e7120f5a03a0ec5cb889644d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019