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Where there is a will, there is a way. This proverb can also be used to characterize the seizure of Gustav von Klemperer's porcelain collection. In 1938, Reich Governor Mutschmann expressed the will that the collection become the property of the Saxon state and instructed his authorities to take the necessary measures for this. Since the pretense of legality was to be maintained, the way was long and the goal could only be reached at the beginning of 1943, after the „legal basis” for the final and complete plundering of the emigrated and deported Jews had been created in November 1941 with the Eleventh Decree to the Reich Citizenship Law.

Wo ein Wille ist, ist auch ein Weg. Mit diesem Sprichwort lässt sich auch die Entziehung der Porzellansammlung Gustav von Klemperers charakterisieren. Reichsstatthalter Mutschmann äußerte 1938 den Willen, dass die Sammlung Eigentum des Sächsischen Staates wird und wies seine Behörden an, die hierfür notwendigen Maßnahmen zu ergreifen. Da dabei gleichwohl der Schein der Legalität gewahrt bleiben sollte, war der Weg lang und konnte das Ziel erst Anfang 1943 erreicht werden, nachdem nämlich im November 1941 mit der Elften Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz die „Rechtsgrundlage“ für die endgültige und vollständige Ausplünderung der ausgewanderten und deportierten Juden geschaffen worden war.

International audience; Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]) might change the abundance and the function of soil microorganisms in the depth profile of agricultural soils by plant-mediated reactions. The seasonal pattern of abundance and activity of nitrate-reducing bacteria was studied in a Mini-FACE experiment planted with oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Three depths (0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) were sampled. Analyses of the abundances of total (16S rRNA gene) and nitrate-reducing bacteria (narG, napA) revealed strong influences of sampling date and depth, but no [CO2] effects. Abundance and activity of nitrate reducers were higher in the top soil layer and decreased with depth but were not related to extractable amounts of nitrogen and carbon in soil. Dry periods reduced abundances of total and nitrate-reducing bacteria, whereas the potential activity of the nitrate reductase enzyme was not affected. Enzyme activity was only weakly correlated to the abundance of nitrate-reducing bacteria but was related to NH4+ and NO3− concentrations. Our results suggest that in contrast to the observed pronounced seasonal changes, the elevation of atmospheric [CO2] has only a marginal impact on nitrate reducers in the investigated arable ecosystem.